Structural Equation of Resident's Attiudes of Tourism Management

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Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530

A structural equation model of residents attitudes for

tourism development

Dong-Wan Koa,*, William P. Stewartb

aDivision of Tourism Science, Kyonggi University, San 94-6, Yiui-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon-Si, Kyonggi-Do 442-760, South KoreabDepartment of Leisure Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 Huff Hall, 1206 S. Fourth Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA

Received 3 July 2001; accepted 4 January 2002

Abstract

This study tests the structural equation model between residents perceived tourism impacts and attitudes toward host

community. The model consisted of five latent constructs and nine path hypotheses and is based upon 732 mailback questionnaires

returned by residents of Cheju Island, Korea, a major domestic tourism destination. It was found that residents community

satisfaction was closely related to perceived positive and perceived negative tourism impacts. These constructs were directly

causing attitudes toward additional tourism development. But the hypothesized path relationships between personal benefits from

tourism development and the constructs of perceived negative tourism impacts and overall community satisfaction were rejected.

In conclusion, community satisfaction was influenced by perception of tourism impacts, and may be useful in planning for

additional tourism development. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Tourism impacts; Overall community satisfaction; Residents perception and attitudes

1. Introduction

Tourism development is widely viewed as an im-

portant set of economic activities to enhance local

economies. Many studies have suggested that develop-

ment and promotion of tourism is a source of new

employment, revenues, additional tax receipts, foreign

exchange benefits, and enhances community infrastruc-

ture that will, in turn, attract other industries (Lankford

& Howard, 1994). Until recently, the development and

promotion of the tourism industry has been widely

accepted as a positive economic step, especially in less

developed countries (Cooke, 1982).

The term tourism impact has been gaining increasing

attention in the tourism literature. A number of studies

in recent years have examined host residents perception

of the impact of tourism development on their commu-

nity, and it continues to be an important issue. A major

reason for rising interest has been the increasing

evidence that tourism development leads not only to

positive, but also has the potential for negative,outcomes at the local level (Lankford & Howard,

1994). Liu and Var (1986) noted that tourism develop-

ment is usually justified on the basis of economic

benefits and challenged on the grounds of social,

cultural, or environmental destruction. Furthermore,

the economic benefits traditionally associated with

tourism development are now being measured against

its potential for social disruption (Cooke, 1982). Huang

and Stewart (1996) indicated that tourism development

may change residents relationships to one another and

to their community. It is generally felt that the

perception and attitudes of residents toward the impacts

of tourism are likely to be an important planning and

policy consideration for successful development, mar-

keting, and operation of existing and future tourism

programs (Ap, 1992).

Although many studies have been performed to

identify residents perception of tourism impacts and

attitudes toward tourism, just a few have assessed

relationships between tourism development and com-

munity satisfaction. To date, little research has exam-

ined the relationships between residents perceived

impacts of tourism on their community and attitudes

toward their own community. Residents must perceive

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-31-249-9509; fax: +82-31-249-

9503.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D.-W. Ko), wstewart

@uiuc.edu (W.P. Stewart).

0261-5177/02/$ - see front matter r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

PII: S 0 2 6 1 - 5 1 7 7 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 0 6 - 7


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tourism in overall positive terms to sustain development

of tourism programs. In this context, relationships

between residents perception of tourism impacts and

community satisfaction are an important, yet not well

understood, area of research.

A significant portion of the social impact of tourism

literature suggests that stakeholder involvement andcommunity-based planning should be a part of the early

stages of tourism development (Jamal & Getz, 1995). It

has been argued that when residents are involved in the

planning process, then tourism development will be

socially responsible and social impacts will be perceived

as appropriate by the host community (Robson &

Robson, 1996). However most studies directed at

residents perceptions of tourism and community-based

planning have been conducted in the west: Canada (e.g.,

Ritchie, 1993), the US (e.g., Ap & Crompton, 1993), the

UK (e.g., Robson & Robson, 1996), or Australia (e.g.,

Brown & Giles, 1994). Whether or not community

involvement effects social impacts within Asian coun-

tries is still an open point that has yet to be fully

examined.

Currently, there is limited understanding of the

relationships between residents perception of tourism

impacts and community satisfaction. The lack of such

research limits the current literature on understanding

residents behavior toward the impacts of tourism (Ap,

1992). For a tourism-related economy to sustain itself,

residents must be willing partners in the process.

Because of the frequency of interaction between

residents and tourists, their willingness to serve as

gracious hosts is critical to the success of tourism.Therefore, residents must be involved in the planning

and their attitudes toward tourism and perceptions of its

impact on community life must be continually assessed

(Allen, Long, Perdue, & Kieselbach, 1988). The purpose

of this study is to demonstrate a structural model that

explains the relationships between the residents percep-

tion of tourism impacts and attitudes toward host

community.

2. Conceptual model integrating community satisfaction

Although most of the studies of host community

tourism attitudes and perceptions have focused on

differences in the perceived impacts of tourism among

different types of local residents, a few have discussed

relationships between residents perception of tourism

impacts and attitudes toward their own community.

McCool and Martin (1994) found that Montana

residents were concerned that increasing levels of

tourism would crowd them out of local fishing, hunting,

and other recreation areas. Allen et al. (1988) revealed

that relationships between tourism development and

satisfaction of various dimensions of community life

were generally nonlinear with citizen involvement,

public services, and the environment being most

sensitive to tourism development. They argued that

negative attitudes about tourism appear to be confined

to certain dimensions of community life related to public

services and opportunities for civic involvement. Un-

fortunately, their study did not discuss relationshipsbetween residents perception of tourism impacts and

community life satisfaction. Also, Allen, Haffer, Long,

and Perdue (1993) found that residents agreed that their

community should attract more tourists because this

would lead to a higher quality of life.

Although very little research has directly examined

the influence of personal benefits from tourism on

perception of impacts, numerous authors have inter-

preted the observed relationship between resident

characteristics and perceptions of impact as supporting

a positive relationship between personal benefits from

tourism and favorable perceptions of tourism impacts

(Perdue, Long, & Allen, 1990). However, most of these

studies do not test the assertion that residents percep-

tion of tourism impacts influences attitudes toward

community satisfaction.

As a notable exception, Perdue et al. (1990) developed

a model that examined relationships between residents

perception of tourism impacts and their support for it.

They tested a model that hypothesized relationships

among rural resident perceptions of tourism impacts,

support for additional tourism development, restrictions

on tourism development, and support for special

tourism taxes. They found that when controlling for

personal benefits from tourism development, perceptionof impacts were unrelated to socio-demographic char-

acteristics and that support for additional development

was positively related to perceived positive impacts of

tourism. Support for additional tourism development

was negatively related to the perceived positive future of

the community. Their conclusions were based on a

multivariate regression analysis, however goodness-of-

fit was not fully addressed in their reported process of

model development.

The hypothetical model (Fig. 1) is adapted from

Perdue et al. (1990) whose model consisted of five latent

constructs about tourism development and community

satisfaction. Also, it has nine path hypotheses, which are

the relationships among five latent constructs: personal

benefits from tourism development, positive perceived

tourism impacts, negative perceived tourism impacts,

overall community satisfaction, and attitudes for addi-

tional tourism development. Each path represents an

hypothesized relationship with the direction of effect

identified as either positive (+) or negative ().

Primary research questions are directed at the

influence of perception of tourism impacts on overall

community satisfaction, and the extent to which

community satisfaction effects attitudes for additional

D.-W. Ko, W.P. Stewart / Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530522


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tourism development. The model also hypothesizes

relationships among five latent constructs. This research

tests the goodness-of-fit of the model and hypotheses

with structural equation modeling.

3. Method

3.1. Study site

The study was conducted in Cheju Island in Koreaduring November and early December 1997. Cheju

Island is the largest and southernmost island of the

Korean peninsula, is 1846 km2, oval-shaped, and in 1996

held a population of 524,000 people. The highest point is

Halla Mountain at 1950 m in elevation; most of the

residents live on the coastal plains at elevation of 300 m

or less.

Cheju Island is one of the most popular tourist

destinations in Korea. The Korean government initiated

tourism development on Cheju Island in the 1960s, and

the local governments of the island made it a top

priority in the 1970s. The main attractions of Cheju

Island are its outstanding natural scenery of mountains

rising from beautiful coastlines, the cultural heritage of

the island people, the historic ambience of the rural

villages, and opportunities for playing golf. According

to the Cheju Statistical Yearbook (Cheju Do, 1997),

there are 41 hotels with a collective capacity of 5168

rooms. In 1996, 4,140,000 visitors (209,000 were

international) visited the island and spent the equivalent

of US$ 1205 million that accounted for 28% of the gross

income of Cheju Island. Tourism is the primary business

sector of the Cheju economy, with the tangerine-

growing industry as second at US$ 720 million. In

1997, various local governments initiated the develop-

ment of 23 additional tourism sites for the island.

3.2. Procedures

The 1041 mailback questionnaires were delivered to a

proportional stratified random sample of adults in each

community of Cheju Island. A 70% response rate

resulted from 732 usable questionnaires returned.

Respondents consisted of 448 males (61%) and 284

females (39%). Their age ranged from 20 to 63 yearswith 61% being 4049 years and 23% being 3039 years

old. Native residents of the island comprised 83% of

respondents.

The items of this study were originally derived from a

comprehensive review of existing literature. The items

for residents perception of tourism impacts were taken

from seven existing empirical studies (e.g., Pizam, 1978;

Belisle & Hoy, 1980; Liu & Var, 1986; Milman & Pizam,

1988; Perdue, Long, & Allen, 1987; Lankford &

Howard, 1994; Haralambopoulos & Pizam, 1996).

Although these combined studies reported 39 items

about residents perception of tourism impacts, this

study used 24 items due to exclusion of uncommon

items (e.g., increases morality, honesty, politeness and

manners, mutual confidence, and attitude toward work,

increases exploitation of local natives) and redundant

items.

The items of community satisfaction were derived

from studies related to Allen, Long, Perdue, and their

colleagues. Allen and Beattie (1984) and Allen et al.

(1988) developed 33 items that grouped into seven

dimensions of community satisfaction: public services,

economic, environment, medical services, citizen invol-

vement, formal education, and recreation services and

H4 +H1 +

H3 + 8 -

H2 - H6 -

Personal

Benefit from

Tourism

Development

PerceivedNegative

Tourism

Impacts

Perceived

Positive

TourismImpacts

Attitudes for

Additional

Tourism

Development

Overall

Community

Satisfaction

H5 +

H9 +

H8 -

H7 -

Fig. 1. Relationships between residents perceived tourism and attitudes toward host community (Adapted from Perdue et al., 1990).

D.-W. Ko, W.P. Stewart / Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530 523


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opportunities. This study employed all but two elements

(adult education, dentists) that were not relevant in the

case of Cheju Island.

A 5-point Likert-type scale was utilized for most items

in this study (5=strongly agreed or very satisfied;

1=strongly disagreed or very dissatisfied). Maddox

(1985) recommended the use of a Likert-type scale intourism impact research due to its superior validity

(convergent and discriminant). An exception was the use

of a binary scale (2=yes; 1=no) for attitude for

additional tourism development.

Data analysis was performed in two stages. In the first

stage, reliability analysis was conducted using SPSS (ver.

7.5) to evaluate the stability and consistency for

measured items. In the second stage, the evaluation of

goodness-of-fit indices for the proposed structural

equation model and testifying hypotheses were per-

formed by using Analysis of MOment Structure

(AMOS, ver. 3.6), and were estimated using asympto-

tically distribution free (ADF) method because the items

of attitudes for additional tourism development were

measured via binary scale. Standardized scores were

used in the second stage of the analysis.

4. Results

4.1. Reliability analysis

Reliability analysis was used to evaluate the stability

and consistency for measured items of each latent

construct. The criteria used in deciding whether to

delete an item were its corrected item-to-total correla-

tion and whether the elimination improved the corre-

sponding alpha values (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, &

Berry, 1988). In general, items with corrected item-to-

total correlations below 0.30 were eliminated.

Reliability analysis was performed in two stages. Thefirst stage of reliability analysis was directed at scales

related to perceived tourism impact and overall com-

munity satisfaction. The variable of these latent

constructs used summated rating scales comprised of

many items. The corrected items-total correlation and

Cronbach Alpha Coefficients for perceived tourism

impacts are shown in Table 1 (positive tourism impact)

and Table 2 (negative tourism impact).

The items of positive perceived economic impacts

(four items), positive perceived social and cultural

impacts (six items), negative perceived social and

cultural impacts (five items) and negative perceived

environmental impacts (three items) in Table 1 had

Cronbach Alpha Coefficients of over 0.74 with no

increase resulting if any of the items were deleted. This

Cronbach Coefficient Alpha exceeds Nunnally and

Bernsteins (1994) recommendation of 0.70, and sup-

ports the use of these items in each scale.

The perceived positive environmental impacts scale

(three items, Table 1) and perceived negative economic

impacts scale (three items, Table 2) had Cronbach

Alpha Coefficients under 0.70. Even though the three

items for perceived positive environmental impact had a

Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of 0.54, it would increase to

Table 1

Reliability of perceived positive tourism impact scales

Variable name and description Mean (SD) Items-total correlation Alpha if items

deleted

Economic impacts 0.80

Improves investment, development, and infrastructure in

the economy

3.3(0.9) 0.61 0.74

Increases employment opportunities 3.0(0.9) 0.66 0.72

Contributes to income and standard of living 3.1(0.9) 0.64 0.73

Improves towns overall tax revenue 3.3(0.8) 0.53 0.78

Social and cultural impacts 0.74

Improves quality of life 3.2(0.9) 0.51 0.70

Increases availability of recreational facilities and entertainment 2.8(0.9) 0.50 0.70

Improves understanding and image of different communities/cultures 3.0(0.8) 0.55 0.69

Increases demand for historical and cultural exhibits 3.0(0.9) 0.48 0.71

Encourages variety of cultural activities 3.0(0.9) 0.49 0.71

Improves quality of police and fire protection 3.1(0.9) 0.37 0.74

Environmental impacts 0.54

Preserves environment and improves the appearance (and images) of

an areas

3.0(0.9) 0.23 0.64

Improves living utilities infrastructure (supply of water, electric, and

telephone, etc.)

3.4(0.8) 0.41 0.34

Improves public facilities (pavement, traffic network, and civic center) 3.6(0.8) 0.43 0.33



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0.64 if the item of preserves environment and improves

the appearance (and images) of an areas was deleted.

This item is qualitatively distinct from the other two

items that deal directly with community infrastructure,

which explains the high alpha (0.64) if this item is

deleted. The items of negative perceived economic

impact had a Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of 0.65 with

no increase resulting if any of the items were deleted.

However, these two scales had items-total correlation of

over 0.30, which is a general criterion for acceptable

reliability. Therefore, this study used the two scales forperceived positive environmental impact (after the item

of preserves environment and improves the appearance

(and images) of an areas was deleted) and the scale for

perceived negative economic impact without any items

deleted.

The corrected items-total correlation and Cronbach

Alpha Coefficient for community satisfaction are shown

in Table 3. The latent construct of community satisfac-

tion consisted of seven scales. Three of the scales had

Cronbach Alpha Coefficient above 0.70, and three

additional scales were above 0.60. Each of the scales

whose coefficient was above 0.60 had items-total

correlations greater than 0.30, and thus were retained

for analysis. The economic satisfaction scale (five items)

had a Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of 0.42, which would

increase to 0.52 if the item cost of living were deleted.

Two items within this scale had items-total correlation

lower than the general criterion of 0.30. The results of

reliability analysis showed that the items of economic

satisfaction have weak reliability. However, since the

dimension of economic satisfaction is a very important

factor in discussing community satisfaction, this study

used the scale as part of community satisfaction after the

item cost of living was deleted. The weak reliability of

the economic satisfaction sub-scale remains as a

limitation of the empirical portion of this study.

4.2. Evaluation of proposed model

The proposed model hypothesized that there were

significant causal relationships among five latent con-

structs of personal benefits of tourism development,

perceived tourism impacts (positive and negative),

overall community satisfaction and attitudes for

additional tourism development. The causal relation-ships represented the nine hypotheses in the path model.

Empirical evaluation of such hypotheses is complicated

by the fact that latent constructs are not directly

observable. Evaluation is based on sets of observed or

measured variables that serve as indicators of latent

variables, with the relationship between the observed

and latent variables being estimated using factor

analysis. The relationship among latent variables or

among latent variables and surrogate latent variables

(observed variables serving as single-item proxies for

latent variables) is typically estimated using regression

analysis.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a technique

for simultaneously estimating the relationships between

observed and latent variables (the measurement model),

and the relationships among latent variables (the

structural model). SEM is a method that has gained

popularity because it combines confirmatory factor

analysis and regression analysis to model a variety of

psychological, sociological, and other relationships

(Lindberg & Johnson, 1997).

The descriptions, corrected items-total correlation,

and Cronbach Alpha Coefficients for five observed

variables of the second stage of reliability analysis are

Table 2

Reliability of perceived negative tourism impact scales

Variable name and description Mean (SD) Items-total

correlation

Alpha if items

deleted

Economic impacts 0.65

Unfairly increased real estate cost and property taxes 3.3(0.9) 0.39 0.64

Increases cost of living 3.6(0.8) 0.52 0.47Increases price of goods and services 3.6(0.9) 0.47 0.53

Social and cultural impacts 0.81

Increases traffic accidents 3.6(0.9) 0.44 0.82

Increases crime/robberies/vandalism 3.5(0.9) 0.64 0.77

Increases alcoholism, prostitution, and sexual permissiveness 3.5(1.0) 0.70 0.75

Increases gambling/illegal games 3.4(1.0) 0.65 0.76

Increases exploitation of local natives 3.3(1.0) 0.59 0.78

Environmental impacts 0.79

Damage natural environment and landscape 3.4(1.0) 0.70 0.70

Destroy local ecosystem 3.6(0.9) 0.66 0.66

Increases environmental pollution (litter, water, air, and noise) 3.7(0.9) 0.78 0.78



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presented in Table 4. The observed variables of

personal benefits of tourism development and atti-

tudes for additional tourism development were items

measured directly. The observed variables of positive

perceived tourism impacts, negative perceived tourism

impacts, and overall community satisfaction were the

summated rating scales of the first stage of the reliability

analysis (Tables 13).

In Table 4, Cronbach Alpha Coefficient exceeds

Nunnally and Bernsteins (1994) recommendation of

0.70, and supports the use of these observed variables.

There was one item, that if deleted would increase the

scales Alpha Coefficient. If the item positive environ-

mental tourism impacts, or PPTI was deleted, the

Cronbach Alpha Coefficient would increase to 0.75. But,

the marginal improvement in Alpha was not deemed

significant enough compared to the items value in this

study. Therefore, it was not deleted. Finally, the results

of reliability for the latent constructs in this study

support the use of these observed variables.

Fig. 2 shows the standardized model as estimated by

AMOS. Each of the observed variables is displayed in a

rectangle, and each of the latent constructs is displayed

in an oval. The evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices

supported the model. The w2 test provides that the

model generated w2 376; df 110; po0:01; which

Table 3

Reliability of community satisfaction scales

Variable name and description Mean (SD) Items-total

correlation

Alpha if items

deleted

Public service satisfaction 0.73

Fire protection 3.5(0.9) 0.40 0.71

Welfare and social services (public assistant) 3.1(0.9) 0.45 0.70Public transportation to and from other community 2.5(1.1) 0.39 0.71

Police protection 2.9(0.9) 0.51 0.69

Local government 3.1(0.9) 0.45 0.70

Road and highway 2.6(1.0) 0.44 0.70

Public health services 2.8(1.0) 0.46 0.70

Formal education satisfaction 0.63

Public schools (K through 12 programs) 3.2(0.9) 0.39 0.59

College university courses (for credit) 2.8(0.8) 0.57 0.32

Technical and/or vocation training for career 2.6(0.9) 0.35 0.63

Environment satisfaction 0.69

Physical geography or terrain 3.5(1.1) 0.38 0.67

Environmental cleanliness (air, water, soil) 3.4(0.9) 0.50 0.61

Climate and weather 3.8(0.8) 0.38 0.66General appearance of your living town 3.7(0.8) 0.58 0.58

General appearance of your region (Cheju Island) 4.0(0.8) 0.41 0.65

Recreation opportunities satisfaction 0.80

Private/commercial recreation (health clubs, movies, etc) 2.7(1.0) 0.61 0.77

Publicly funded recreation (social, cultural, sports/fitness) 2.5(0.9) 0.74 0.64

Park and open space 2.6(0.9) 0.61 0.77

Economics satisfaction 0.42

Shopping facilities 2.7(1.1) 0.30 0.28

Cost of living 2.2(0.8) 0.30 0.52

Housing (cost and availability) 2.7(0.9) 0.28 0.31

Utilities (water, gas, electricity, sewage) 3.8(0.8) 0.20 0.37

Job opportunities 2.3(0.9) 0.32 0.28

Citizen involvement and social opportunities 0.66

Opportunities to be with friends and relatives 3.2(0.9) 0.47 0.58

Citizen input into community decisions 2.8(0.9) 0.46 0.59

Religious organizations (church/temple) 2.9(0.9) 0.31 0.65

Opportunities in civic and fraternal organizations 3.0(1.1) 0.41 0.61

Opportunities to become familiar with other residents 2.7(0.9) 0.42 0.60

Medical services satisfaction 0.79

Hospital and medical facilities 2.6(1.0) 0.57 0.78

Medical doctors 2.6(0.9) 0.67 0.67

Emergency services 2.5(0.9) 0.65 0.69



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indicates a marginal fit (normed w2 3:42). Because this

w2 test is sensitive to sample size (n 732 in this study),

supplementary measures have been developed. The

other goodness-of-fit indices indicated a good fit within

accepted exhortation levels. The goodness-of-fit index

(GFI) is acceptable at 0.926, the root mean square error

Table 4

Reliability analysis of observed variables

Latent constructs and description of observed variables Corrected items-total correlation Alpha if items deleted

PBTD Personal benefits from Tourism Development 0.73

pnjobrl Relationship with tourism of personal job 0.57

fmjobrl Relationship with tourism of family job 0.57

PPTI Positive perceived tourism impacts 0.73

pecoimp Positive economic tourism impacts 0.58 0.60

pscimp Positive social and cultural tourism impacts 0.63 0.57

penimp Positive environmental tourism impacts 0.47 0.75

NPTI Negative Perceived Tourism Impacts 0.72

necoimp Negative economic tourism impacts 0.49 0.68

nscimp Negative social and cultural tourism impacts 0.62 0.52

nenimp Negative environmental tourism impacts 0.51 0.67

OCS Overall community satisfaction 0.77

satps Public service satisfaction 0.57 0.73

sated Formal education satisfaction 0.55 0.74

satenv Environmental satisfaction 0.32 0.77

satrec Recreation satisfaction 0.48 0.75sateco Economic satisfaction 0.58 0.73

satci Citizen involvement satisfaction 0.50 0.75

satms Medical service satisfaction 0.52 0.74

AATD Attitudes for additional Tourism Development 0.80

atdcheju Support level in Cheju regional contexts 0.67

atdcomn Support level in living community contexts 0.67

.69 .81 .52

.277a

.360a

.634a

.66

.63

.41

.80 .080

.74

.78

.63 .106a

-.101b .66 -.244

a

-.013.62

.68

.60 .81 .69

AATDOCS

pscimppecoimp nenimp

PPTI

PBTD

necoimp nenimpnscimp

PNTI

satms

satps

sated

satenv

satci

satrecfmjobrl

sateco

atdcheju

atdcomn

pnjobrl-.121 .96

Fig. 2. Standardized estimated hypothetical model (a) and (b) indicate significance at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively. Dashed lines indicate

paths that are not significant at 0.05 or better.



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of approximation (RMSEA) is acceptable at 0.058, and

also the root mean square residual (RMR) is acceptable

at 0.044.

Path hypothesis 1 (i.e., personal benefits from

tourism development are positively related to positive

perceived tourism impacts) was supported with an

optimal level at t

6:168 (po0:001) and b

0:36: Butpath hypothesis 2 (i.e., personal benefits from tourism

development are negatively related to perceived nega-

tive tourism impacts) was rejected at t 0:026 and

b 0:013:

Many studies have supported a causal relationship

between personal benefits from tourism development

and perception of tourism impacts (e.g., Lindberg &

Johnson, 1997; Madrigal, 1993; Perdue et al., 1990).

Support for this relationship aligns with common sense

that residents (or their relatives, friend, and neighbors)

who depend upon tourism-based employment would be

more favorable toward tourism (e.g., Liu & Var, 1986;

Milman & Pizam, 1988; Murphy, 1983; Pizam, 1978).

Although the related hypothesis between personal

benefits from tourism development and perceived

negative tourism impacts was supported at t 27:9

(po0:001) and b 0:157 by Perdue et al. (1990), this

study did not find a significant relationship. It could be

that the relationship between personal benefits from

tourism development and perceived negative tourism

impacts was strongly dependent upon the level of

tourism development or residents education level. An

important finding of these results is the lack of a

significant relationship between benefits from tourism

and perceived negative impacts.Path hypothesis 3 (i.e., personal benefits from

tourism development are positively related to overall

community satisfaction) was rejected at a significant

level of 95% (two tailed test, t > 1:96), but supported

with a marginal level at t 1:625 (po0:05) and b of 0.08.

If the path relationship between personal benefits from

tourism development and perceived negative tourism

impacts was deleted (due to rejection of hypothesis), the

t-value decreased to t 1:587 (p > 0:10). These results

suggest that personal benefits from tourism develop-

ment does not contribute to attitude toward overall

community satisfaction. Tourism development is widely

perceived as an important community development

strategy. It converges with intuition that overall com-

munity satisfaction would be positively related to

personal benefits from tourism development. However,

this relationship was not significant at po0:05:

Path hypothesis 4 (i.e., perceived positive tourism

impacts are positively related to overall community

satisfaction) was supported with an optimal level at t

10:10 (po0:001) and b 0:634: Also, path hypothesis 5

(i.e., perceived positive tourism impacts are positively

related to attitude for additional tourism development)

was supported with an optimal level at t 4:142

(po0:001) and b 0:291: Path hypothesis 6 (i.e.,

perceived negative tourism impacts are negatively

related to overall community satisfaction) was sup-

ported with an optimal level at t 2:319 (po0:05) and

b 0:101: Path hypothesis 7 (i.e., perceived negative

tourism impacts are negatively related to attitude for

additional tourism development) was supported with anoptimal level at t 5:923 (po0:001) and b 0:244:

These results generally converge with those of previous

research. Perdue et al. (1990) have reported that this

relationship (hypothesis 7) was supported at b 27

(po0:001). Finally, path hypothesis 8 (i.e., overall

community satisfaction is negatively related to attitude

for additional tourism development), although nega-

tive, was not statistically significant at po0:05 (the

t 1:895 (po0:10) and b 0:121).

Many researchers have suggested that residents

attitudes toward tourism may be related directly to the

degree and/or stage of development within the host

community (e.g., Doxey, 1975; Williams, 1979; Butler,

1980; Cooke, 1982; Getz, 1983; Haywood, 1986). These

studies suggest that communities have a certain capacity

to absorb tourists (Allen et al., 1988). Therefore, the

lack of a significant negative relationship between

community satisfaction and attitude toward addi-

tional tourism development may be due to the long

history of tourism development at Cheju Island.

Path hypothesis 9 (i.e., personal benefits from

tourism development are positively related to attitude

for additional tourism development) was supported

with an optimal level at t 2:635 (po0:01) and b

0:106: Many studies have found that residents who areeconomically dependent on tourism tend to favor tourist

activity (e.g., Pizam, 1978; Brougham & Butler, 1981).

Perdue et al. (1990) also found a strong positive

relationship between personal benefits from tourism

and attitudes for additional tourism development.

5. Conclusions

The purpose of this research was to test a model of

residents perceptions and attitudes of tourism, examin-

ing not only perceptions of tourism impacts, attitudes

toward community satisfaction, and additional tourism

development, but also the path relationships between

perceptions of benefits from tourism development,

positive and negative tourism impacts, community

satisfaction, and attitudes for additional tourism devel-

opment. The results support six hypotheses from

previous studies, but three of the hypotheses were not

supported at po0:05 level.

This study found that residents community satisfac-

tion was closely related to perceived positive tourism

impacts and perceived negative tourism impacts. Both

perceived positive and negative impacts were directly



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causing attitudes toward additional tourism develop-

ment. Perdue et al. (1990) found that resident support

for additional tourism was negatively associated with a

positive future for the community. Tourism develop-

ment is viewed not as a goal but as a tool or means of

community development.

Community satisfaction may be a useful concept forevaluation of residents perception of tourism impacts

and attitudes for additional tourism development.

Therefore, further research in this field is needed to

discuss integrating community satisfaction with tourism

development. But, the hypothesis that personal benefits

from tourism development would be negatively related

to perceptions of negative tourism impacts was

rejected, and contrasts to findings of past research

(e.g., Perdue et al., 1990). The implications suggest that

personal benefits from tourism are relevant to under-

standing perceptions of positive impacts but, in this

case, irrelevant to understand perceptions of negative

impacts. This may be due to the level of development on

Cheju Island, which has a longstanding history of

tourism as an integral part of its economy. In other

words, the length of time and history of tourism

development within a host community may be relevant

to understanding residents perceptions of tourism

(see also Brown & Giles, 1994; Ryan, Scotland, &

Montgomery, 1998), and should be addressed as part of

future research efforts.

Although this study supported some important

relationships between residents perceptions of tourism

impacts and community satisfaction, the limitations

include a weak reliability on community economicsatisfaction sub-scale along with a sample that may

not be representative of the population (e.g., 84% of

respondents were between 30 and 49 years of age). Many

investigations have suggested that residents attitudes

toward tourism may be directly related to the degree or

stage of development within the host community, which

may partially explain the findings. Further research

needs to address community satisfaction, level of

tourism development, and attitude toward additional

tourism development.

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