Strongly correlated many-body systems: from …cmt.harvard.edu › demler › old_talks ›...
Transcript of Strongly correlated many-body systems: from …cmt.harvard.edu › demler › old_talks ›...
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Eugene Demler Harvard University
Strongly correlated many-body systems:
from electronic materials
to cold atoms
to photons
Collaborators:E. Altman, R. Barnett, I. Bloch, A. Burkov, D. Chang, I. Cirac,
R. Cherng, L. Duan, W. Hofstetter, A. Imambekov, V. Gritsev,
M. Lukin, G. Morigi, D. Petrov, A. Polkovnikov, A.M. Rey, A. Turner, D.-W. Wang, P. Zoller
Funded by NSF, AFOSR, MURI, Harvard-MIT CUA
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Strongly correlated electron systems
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“Conventional” solid state materials
Bloch theorem for non-interacting
electrons in a periodic potential
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BVH
I
d
First semiconductor transistor
EF
Metals
EF
Insulatorsand
Semiconductors
Consequences of the Bloch theorem
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“Conventional” solid state materialsElectron-phonon and electron-electron interactions
are irrelevant at low temperatures
kx
ky
kF
Landau Fermi liquid theory: when frequency and
temperature are smaller than EF electron systems
are equivalent to systems of non-interacting fermions
Ag Ag
Ag
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Non Fermi liquid behavior in novel quantum materials
CeCu2Si2. Steglich et al.,
Z. Phys. B 103:235 (1997)
UCu3.5Pd1.5Andraka, Stewart,
PRB 47:3208 (93)
Violation of the
Wiedemann-Franz law
in high Tc superconductors
Hill et al., Nature 414:711 (2001)
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Puzzles of high temperature superconductors
Maple, JMMM 177:18 (1998)Unusual “normal” state
Resistivity, opical conductivity,
Lack of sharply defined quasiparticles,
Nernst effect
Mechanism of Superconductivity
High transition temperature,
retardation effect, isotope effect,
role of elecron-electron
and electron-phonon interactions
Competing orders
Role of magnetsim, stripes,
possible fractionalization
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Applications of quantum materials:
High Tc superconductors
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Applications of quantum materials:
Ferroelectric RAM
Non-Volatile Memory
High Speed Processing
FeRAM in Smart Cards
V
+ + + + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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Modeling strongly correlated
systems using cold atoms
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Bose-Einstein condensation
Cornell et al., Science 269, 198 (1995)
Ultralow density condensed matter systemInteractions are weak and can be described theoretically from first principles
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New Era in Cold Atoms Research
Focus on Systems with Strong Interactions
• Atoms in optical lattices
• Feshbach resonances
• Low dimensional systems
• Systems with long range dipolar interactions
• Rotating systems
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Feshbach resonance and fermionic condensatesGreiner et al., Nature 426:537 (2003); Ketterle et al., PRL 91:250401 (2003)
Ketterle et al.,
Nature 435, 1047-1051 (2005)
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One dimensional systems
Strongly interacting
regime can be reached
for low densities
One dimensional systems in microtraps.
Thywissen et al., Eur. J. Phys. D. (99);
Hansel et al., Nature (01);
Folman et al., Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. (02)
1D confinement in optical potential
Weiss et al., Science (05);
Bloch et al.,
Esslinger et al.,
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Atoms in optical lattices
Theory: Jaksch et al. PRL (1998)
Experiment: Kasevich et al., Science (2001);
Greiner et al., Nature (2001);
Phillips et al., J. Physics B (2002)
Esslinger et al., PRL (2004);
and many more …
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Strongly correlated systems
Atoms in optical latticesElectrons in Solids
Simple metals
Perturbation theory in Coulomb interaction applies.
Band structure methods wotk
Strongly Correlated Electron SystemsBand structure methods fail.
Novel phenomena in strongly correlated electron systems:
Quantum magnetism, phase separation, unconventional superconductivity,
high temperature superconductivity, fractionalization of electrons …
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Strongly correlated systems
of photons
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Strongly interacting photons
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Atoms in a hollow core photonic crystal fiber
Nanoscale surface plasmons
α – group velocity dispersion
χ(3) – nonlinear susceptibility
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Strongly interacting photons in 1-D optical waveguides
BEFORE: two level systems and
insufficient mode confinement
Interaction corresponds to attraction.
Physics of solitons (e.g. Drummond)
Weak non-linearity due to insufficient
mode confining
Limit on non-linearity due to
photon decay
NOW: EIT and tight
mode confinement
Sign of the interaction can be tuned
Tight confinement of the
electromagnetic mode
enhances nonlinearity
Strong non-linearity without losses
can be achieved using EIT
Fermionized photons are possible (D. Chang et al.)
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Why are we interested in making
strongly correlated systems of cold
atoms (and photons) ?
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New Era in Cold Atoms Research
Focus on Systems with Strong Interactions
Goals
• Resolve long standing questions in condensed matter physics(e.g. origin of high temperature superconductivity)
• Resolve matter of principle questions(e.g. existence of spin liquids in two and three dimensions)
• Study new phenomena in strongly correlated systems
(e.g. coherent far from equilibrium dynamics)
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Outline
• Introduction
• Basics of cold atoms in optical lattices
Bose Hubbard model. Superfluid to Mott transition.
Dynamical instability.
• Two component Bose mixtures
Quantum magnetism
• Fermions in optical lattices
Pairing in systems with repulsive interactions. High Tc mechanism
• Low-dimensional Bose systems in and out of equilibrium
Analysis of correlations beyond mean-field
Emphasis: detection and characterzation of many-body states
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Atoms in optical lattices.
Bose Hubbard model
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Bose Hubbard model
tunneling of atoms between neighboring wells
repulsion of atoms sitting in the same well
U
t
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4
Bose Hubbard model. Mean-field phase diagram
1+n
Uµ
02
0
M.P.A. Fisher et al.,
PRB40:546 (1989)
MottN=1
N=2
N=3
Superfluid
Superfluid phase
Mott insulator phase
Weak interactions
Strong interactions
Mott
Mott
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Set .
Bose Hubbard model
Hamiltonian eigenstates are Fock states
Uµ
2 4
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Bose Hubbard Model. Mean-field phase diagram
Particle-hole excitation
Mott insulator phase
41+n
Uµ
2
0
MottN=1
N=2
N=3
Superfluid
Mott
Mott
Tips of the Mott lobes
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Gutzwiller variational wavefunction
Normalization
Interaction energy
Kinetic energy
z – number of nearest neighbors
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Phase diagram of the 1D Bose Hubbard model.
Quantum Monte-Carlo study
Batrouni and Scaletter, PRB 46:9051 (1992)
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Extended Hubbard Model
- on site repulsion - nearest neighbor repulsion
Checkerboard phase:
Crystal phase of bosons.Breaks translational symmetry
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Extended Hubbard model. Mean field phase diagram
van Otterlo et al., PRB 52:16176 (1995)
Hard core bosons.
Supersolid – superfluid phase with broken translational symmetry
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Extended Hubbard model.
Quantum Monte Carlo study
Sengupta et al., PRL 94:207202 (2005)
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Dipolar bosons in optical lattices
Goral et al., PRL88:170406 (2002)
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Bose Hubbard model away from equilibrium.Dynamical Instability of strongly interacting bosons in optical lattices
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Moving condensate in an optical lattice. Dynamical instability
v
Theory: Niu et al. PRA (01), Smerzi et al. PRL (02)Experiment: Fallani et al. PRL (04)
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Question: Question: How to connectHow to connect
the the dynamical instabilitydynamical instability (irreversible, classical)(irreversible, classical)
to the to the superfluid to Mott transitionsuperfluid to Mott transition (equilibrium, quantum)(equilibrium, quantum)
U/t
p
SF MI
???Possible experimental
sequence:
p
Unstable
???
U/J
π/π/π/π/2222
Stable
SF MI
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Linear stability analysis: States with p>p/2 are unstable
Classical limit of the Hubbard model. Discreet Gross-Pitaevskii equation
Current carrying states
r
Dynamical instability
Amplification ofdensity fluctuations
unstableunstable
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GP regime . Maximum of the current for .
When we include quantum fluctuations, the amplitude of the order parameter is suppressed
Dynamical instability for integer filling
decreases with increasing phase gradient
Order parameter for a current carrying state
Current
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SF MI
p
U/J
π/π/π/π/2222
Dynamical instability for integer filling
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
p*
I(p)
ρs(p)
sin(p)
Condensate momentum p/π
Dynamical instability occurs for
Vicinity of the SF-I quantum phase transition. Classical description applies for
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Dynamical instability. Gutzwiller approximation
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
d=3
d=2
d=1
unstable
stable
U/Uc
p/π
Wavefunction
Time evolution
Phase diagram. Integer filling
We look for stability against small fluctuations
Altman et al., PRL 95:20402 (2005)
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The first instability
develops near the edges,
where N=1
0 100 200 300 400 500
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.00 0.17 0.34 0.52 0.69 0.86
Ce
nte
r o
f M
ass M
om
en
tum
Time
N=1.5
N=3
U=0.01 t
J=1/4
Gutzwiller ansatz simulations (2D)
Optical lattice and parabolic trap.
Gutzwiller approximation
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Beyond semiclassical equations. Current decay by tunneling
phase
jphase
jphase
j
Current carrying states are metastable. They can decay by thermal or quantum tunneling
Thermal activation Quantum tunneling
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Decay rate from a metastable state. Example
0
2
2 3
0
1 ( ) 0
2c
dxS d x bx p p
m d
τ
τ ε ετ
≅ + − ∝ − → ∫
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Need to consider dynamics of many degrees of
freedom to describe a phase slip
A. Polkovnikov et al., Phys. Rev. A 71:063613 (2005)
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Strong broadening of the phase transition in d=1 and d=2
is discontinuous at the transition. Phase slips are not important.Sharp phase transition
- correlation length
SF MI
p
U/J
π/π/π/π/2222
Strongly interacting regime. Vicinity of the SF-Mott transitionDecay of current by quantum tunneling
Action of a quantum phase slip in d=1,2,3
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Decay of current by quantum tunneling
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
d=3
d=2
d=1
unstable
stable
U/Uc
p/π
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Decay of current by thermal activationphase
j
Escape from metastable state by thermal activation
phase
j
Thermalphase slip
∆E
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Thermally activated current decay. Weakly interacting regime
∆E
Activation energy in d=1,2,3
Thermal fluctuations lead to rapid decay of currents
Crossover from thermal to quantum tunneling
Thermalphase slip
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Phys. Rev. Lett. (2004)
Decay of current by thermal fluctuations
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Decay of current by thermal fluctuations
Experiments: Brian DeMarco et al., arXiv 0708:3074
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Outline
• Introduction• Basics of cold atoms in optical lattices
Bose Hubbard model. Superfluid to Mott transition.
Dynamical instability.
• Two component Bose mixtures Quantum magnetism
• Fermions in optical lattices. Bose-Fermi mixturesPairing in systems with repulsive interactions. Polarons
• Low-dimensional Bose systems in and out of equilibrium
Analysis of correlations beyond mean-field.
Interference experiments with low dimensional condensates
Emphasis: detection and characterzation of many-body states
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Magnetism in condensed matter systems
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Ferromagnetism
Magnetic memory in hard drives.Storage density of hundreds of billions bits per square inch.
Magnetic needle in a compass
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Stoner model of ferromagnetism
Spontaneous spin polarizationdecreases interaction energybut increases kinetic energy ofelectrons
Mean-field criterion I N(0) = 1
I – interaction strengthN(0) – density of states at the Fermi level
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Antiferromagnetism
High temperature superconductivity in cuprates is always foundnear an antiferromagnetic insulating state
Maple, JMMM 177:18 (1998)
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( + )
Antiferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model
( - )S =
( + )t =
AF =
AF = S t
Antiferromagnetic state breaks spin symmetry. It does not have a well defined spin
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Spin liquid states
Alternative to classical antiferromagnetic state: spin liquid states
Properties of spin liquid states:
• fractionalized excitations• topological order
• gauge theory description
Systems with geometric frustration
?
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Spin liquid behavior in systems with geometric frustration
Kagome lattice
SrCr9-xGa3+xO19
Ramirez et al. PRL (90)Broholm et al. PRL (90)Uemura et al. PRL (94)
ZnCr2O4A2Ti2O7
Ramirez et al. PRL (02)
Pyrochlore lattice
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Engineering magnetic systems
using cold atoms in an optical lattice
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t
t
Two component Bose mixture in optical latticeExample: . Mandel et al., Nature 425:937 (2003)
Two component Bose Hubbard model
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Quantum magnetism of bosons in optical lattices
Duan, Demler, Lukin, PRL 91:94514 (2003)
• Ferromagnetic
• Antiferromagnetic
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Exchange Interactions in Solids
antibonding
bonding
Kinetic energy dominates: antiferromagnetic state
Coulomb energy dominates: ferromagnetic state
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Two component Bose mixture in optical lattice.
Mean field theory + Quantum fluctuations
2 ndorder line
Hysteresis
1st order
Altman et al., NJP 5:113 (2003)
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Questions:Detection of topological orderCreation and manipulation of spin liquid statesDetection of fractionalization, Abelian and non-Abelian anyonsMelting spin liquids. Nature of the superfluid state
Realization of spin liquid
using cold atoms in an optical latticeTheory: Duan, Demler, Lukin PRL 91:94514 (03)
H = - Jx Σ σix σj
x - Jy Σ σiy σj
y - Jz Σ σiz σj
z
Kitaev model Annals of Physics 321:2 (2006)
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Superexchange interaction
in experiments with double wells
Immanuel Bloch et al.
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Preparation and detection of Mott statesof atoms in a double well potential
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J
J
Use magnetic field gradient to prepare a state
Observe oscillations between and states
Observation of superexchange in a double well potentialTheory: A.M. Rey et al., arXiv:0704.1413
Experiments:
I. Bloch et al.
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Comparison to the Hubbard modelExperiments: I. Bloch et al.
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Basic Hubbard model includesonly local interaction
Extended Hubbard modeltakes into account non-localinteraction
Beyond the basic Hubbard model
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Beyond the basic Hubbard model
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Connecting double wells …
J’
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Goal: observe antiferromagnetic order of cold atoms in an optical lattice!
Detection: quantum noise, using superlattice (merging two wells into one), …
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Boson Fermion mixtures
Fermions interacting with phonons.
Polarons. Competing orders
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Boson Fermion mixtures
BEC
Experiments: ENS, Florence, JILA, MIT, ETH, Hamburg, Rice, …
Bosons provide cooling for fermionsand mediate interactions. They createnon-local attraction between fermions
Charge Density Wave Phase
Periodic arrangement of atoms
Non-local Fermion Pairing
P-wave, D-wave, …
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Boson Fermion mixtures
q/kF
/EF
ω
4
3
2
1
0 2 1 0
“Phonons” :Bogoliubov (phase) mode
Effective fermion-”phonon” interaction
Fermion-”phonon” vertex Similar to electron-phonon systems
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Boson Fermion mixtures in 1d optical lattices
Cazalila et al., PRL (2003); Mathey et al., PRL (2004)
Spinless fermions Spin ½ fermions
Note: Luttinger parameters can be determined using correlation functionmeasurements in the time of flight experiments. Altman et al. (2005)
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Suppression of superfluidity of bosons by fermions
Fermion-Boson mixtures, see also Ospelkaus et al., cond-mat/0604179Bose-Bose mixtures, see Catani et al., arXiv:0706.278
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Fermions
Orthogonality catastrophy for fermions. Favors Mott insulating state of bosons
Bosons
Fermions
Competing effects of fermions on bosons
Fermions provide screening. Favors SF state of bosons
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Uc-Usuperfluid
Competing effects of fermions on bosons
0
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Interference as a probe of low
dimensional condensates
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Interference of one dimensional condensatesExperiments: Schmiedmayer et al., Nature Physics (2005,2006)
Transverse imaging
long. imaging
trans.imaging
Longitudialimaging
Figures courtesy of
J. Schmiedmayer
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x1
d
Amplitude of interference fringes,
Interference of one dimensional condensates
For identical condensates
Instantaneous correlation function
For independent condensates Afr is finite but ∆φ is random
x2
Polkovnikov, Altman, Demler, PNAS 103:6125 (2006)
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For impenetrable bosons and
Interference between Luttinger liquids
Luttinger liquid at T=0
K – Luttinger parameter
Finite temperature
Experiments: Hofferberth,Schumm, Schmiedmayer
For non-interacting bosons and
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Interference of two dimensional condensates
Ly
Lx
Lx
Experiments: Hadzibabic et al. Nature (2006)
Probe beam parallel to the plane of the condensates
Gati et al., PRL (2006)
Observation of the BKT transition.
Talk by J. Dalibard
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Fundamental noise in
interference experiments
Amplitude of interference fringes is a quantum operator. The measured value of the amplitude will fluctuate from shot to shot. We want to characterize not only the averagebut the fluctuations as well.
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Shot noise in interference experiments
Interference with a finite number of atoms. How well can one measure the amplitude of interference fringes in a single shot?
One atom: NoVery many atoms: ExactlyFinite number of atoms: ?
Consider higher moments of the interference fringe amplitude
, , and so on
Obtain the entire distribution function of
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Shot noise in interference experiments
Interference of two condensates with 100 atoms in each cloud
Coherent states
Number states
Polkovnikov, Europhys. Lett. 78:10006 (1997)
Imambekov, Gritsev, Demler, 2006 Varenna lecture notes, cond-mat/0703766
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Distribution function of fringe amplitudes
for interference of fluctuating condensates
L
is a quantum operator. The measured value of will fluctuate from shot to shot.
Higher moments reflect higher order correlation functions
Gritsev, Altman, Demler, Polkovnikov, Nature Physics (2006)
Imambekov, Gritsev, Demler, cond-mat/0612011; c-m/0703766
We need the full distribution function of
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Higher moments of interference amplitude
L
Higher moments
Changing to periodic boundary conditions (long condensates)
Explicit expressions for are available but cumbersomeFendley, Lesage, Saleur, J. Stat. Phys. 79:799 (1995)
Method I: connection to quantum impurity modelGritsev, Polkovnikov, Altman, Demler, Nature Physics 2:705 (2006)
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Impurity in a Luttinger liquid
Expansion of the partition function in powers of g
Partition function of the impurity contains correlation functionstaken at the same point and at different times. Momentsof interference experiments come from correlations functionstaken at the same time but in different points. Euclidean invarianceensures that the two are the same
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Relation between quantum impurity problem
and interference of fluctuating condensates
Distribution function
of fringe amplitudes
Distribution function can be reconstructed fromusing completeness relations for the Bessel functions
Normalized amplitude
of interference fringes
Relation to the impurity partition function
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is related to the Schroedinger equationDorey, Tateo, J.Phys. A. Math. Gen. 32:L419 (1999)
Bazhanov, Lukyanov, Zamolodchikov, J. Stat. Phys. 102:567 (2001)
Spectral determinant
Bethe ansatz solution for a quantum impurity
can be obtained from the Bethe ansatz followingZamolodchikov, Phys. Lett. B 253:391 (91); Fendley, et al., J. Stat. Phys. 79:799 (95)
Making analytic continuation is possible but cumbersome
Interference amplitude and spectral determinant
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0 1 2 3 4
P
rob
ab
ility
P(x
)
x
K=1
K=1.5
K=3
K=5
Evolution of the distribution function
Narrow distributionfor .Approaches Gumbeldistribution.
Width
Wide Poissoniandistribution for
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When K>1, is related to Q operators of CFT with c<0. This includes 2D quantum gravity, non-intersecting loop model on 2D lattice, growth of randomfractal stochastic interface, high energy limit of multicolor QCD, …
Yang-Lee singularity
2D quantum gravity,non-intersecting loops on 2D lattice
correspond to vacuum eigenvalues of Q operators of CFTBazhanov, Lukyanov, Zamolodchikov, Comm. Math. Phys.1996, 1997, 1999
From interference amplitudes to conformal field theories
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How to generalize this analysis
to 1d with open boundary conditions and 2d condensates?
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Inhomogeneous Sine-Gordon models
ω
Ω
Bulk Sine-Gordon model Boundary Sine-Gordon model
Limiting cases
ω=Ω ω = δ(x−x0)
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Inhomogeneous Sine-Gordon models
Expand in powers of g
ωΩ
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Higher moments of interference amplitude
Higher moments
Method II: connection to generalized sine-Gordon models and random surfaces
Imambekov, Gritsev, Demler,
cond-mat/
ωΩ
Example: Interference of 2D condensatesΩ = entire condensateω = observation area
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Diagonalize Coulomb gas interaction
)()()(),(1
yxmfyxf mm
m
ΨΨ=∑∞
=
Connection to the distribution function
Coulomb gas representation
∑ Ψ= m mmm xK
mfttxh )(
)(),( ∑ Ψ−= m m x
K
mfxh
2
0 )(2
)()(
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From SG models to fluctuating surfaces
Random surfaces interpretation:
),( yxf
)(xmΨ
|f(m)|
tm “noise” variables
eigenmodes
“noise” power determined by
),( mtxh fluctuating surface
10
20
30
10
20
30
-1
0
1
2
10
20
30
|),(| mtxh
Simulate by Monte-Carlo!
∑ Ψ= m mmm xK
mfttxh )(
)(),( ∑ Ψ−= m m x
K
mfxh
2
0 )(2
)()(
This method does not rely on the existence of the exact solution
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Interference of 1d condensates at finite temperature.
Distribution function of the fringe contrast
Luttinger parameter K=5
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Experiments: Hofferberth, Schumm, Schmiedmayer et al.
Interference of 1d condensates at finite temperature.
Distribution function of the fringe contrast
T=30nK
ξT=0.9µm
T=60nK
ξT=0.45µm
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Non-equilibrium coherent
dynamics of low dimensional Bose
gases probed in interference
experiments
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Studying dynamics using interference experiments
Prepare a system by
splitting one condensate
Take to the regime of
zero tunnelingMeasure time evolution
of fringe amplitudes
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Relative phase dynamics
Hamiltonian can be diagonalizedin momentum space
A collection of harmonic oscillatorswith
Need to solve dynamics of harmonic oscillators at finite T
Coherence
Bistrizer, Altman, PNAS (2007)
Burkov, Lukin, Demler, PRL 98:200404 (2007)
Conjugate variables
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Relative phase dynamics
High energy modes, , quantum dynamics
Combining all modes
Quantum dynamics
Classical dynamics
For studying dynamics it is important to know the initial width of the phase
Low energy modes, , classical dynamics
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Relative phase dynamics
Quantum regime
1D systems
2D systems
Classical regime
1D systems
2D systems
Burkov, Lukin, Demler, cond-mat/0701058
Different from the earlier theoretical work based on a single
mode approximation, e.g. Gardiner and Zoller, Leggett
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1d BEC: Decay of coherenceExperiments: Hofferberth, Schumm, Schmiedmayer, arXiv:0706.2259
double logarithmic plot of the coherence factor
slopes: 0.64 ± 0.08
0.67 ± 0.1
0.64 ± 0.06
get t0 from fit with fixed slope 2/3 and calculate T from
T5 = 110 ± 21 nK
T10 = 130 ± 25 nK
T15 = 170 ± 22 nK
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Quantum dynamics of coupled condensates. Studying
Sine-Gordon model in interference experiments
J
Prepare a system by
splitting one condensate
Take to the regime of finite
tunneling. System
described by the quantum
Sine-Gordon modelMeasure time evolution
of fringe amplitudes
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Coupled 1d systems
J
Interactions lead to phase fluctuations
within individual condensates
Tunneling favors aligning of the two phases
Interference experiments measure the relative phase
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Quantum Sine-Gordon model
Quantum Sine-Gordon model is exactly integrable
Excitations of the quantum Sine-Gordon model
Hamiltonian
Imaginary time action
soliton antisoliton many types of breathers
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Dynamics of quantum sine-Gordon model
Hamiltonian formalism
Quantum action in space-time
Initial state
Initial state provides a boundary condition at t=0
Solve as a boundary sine-Gordon model
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Boundary sine-Gordon model
Limit enforces boundary condition
Exact solution due to Ghoshal and Zamolodchikov (93)
Applications to quantum impurity problem: Fendley, Saleur, Zamolodchikov, Lukyanov,…
Sine-Gordon
+ boundary condition in space
quantum impurity problem
Sine-Gordon
+ boundary condition in time
two coupled 1d BEC
BoundarySine-GordonModel
space and time
enter equivalently
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Initial state is a generalized squeezed state
creates solitons, breathers with rapidity θ
creates even breathers only
Matrix and are known from the exact solution
of the boundary sine-Gordon model
Time evolution
Boundary sine-Gordon model
Coherence
Matrix elements can be computed using form factor approach
Smirnov (1992), Lukyanov (1997)
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Quantum Josephson Junction
Initial state
Limit of quantum sine-Gordon
model when spatial gradients
are forbidden
Time evolution
Eigenstates of the quantum Jos. junction Hamiltonian are given by Mathieu’s functions
Coherence
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E2-E0 E4-E0
ω
E6-E0
power
spectrum
Dynamics of quantum Josephson Junction
Main peak
Smaller peaks
“Higher harmonics”
Power spectrum
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Dynamics of quantum sine-Gordon model
Coherence
Main peak
“Higher harmonics”
Smaller peaks
Sharp peaks
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Dynamics of quantum sine-Gordon model
Power spectrum
Gritsev, Demler, Lukin, Polkovnikov, cond-mat/0702343
A combination of
broad features
and sharp peaks.
Sharp peaks due
to collective many-body
excitations: breathers
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Decoherence of Ramsey interferometry
Interference in spin space
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Squeezed spin states for spectroscopy
Generation of spin squeezing using interactions.Two component BEC. Single mode approximation
Motivation: improved spectroscopy. Wineland et. al. PRA 50:67 (1994)
Kitagawa, Ueda, PRA 47:5138 (1993)
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Interaction induced collapse of Ramsey fringes
Experiments in 1d tubes:A. Widera, I. Bloch et al.
time
Ramsey fringe visibility
- volume of the system
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Spin echo. Time reversal experiments
No revival?
Expts: A. Widera, I. Bloch et al.
In the single mode approximation
Related earlier theoretical work:
Kuklov et al., cond-mat/0106611
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Interaction induced collapse of Ramsey fringes.
Multimode analysis
Bosonized Hamiltonian (Luttinger liquid approach)
Changing the sign of the interaction reverses the interaction part
of the Hamiltonian but not the kinetic energy
Experiments done in array of tubes. Strong fluctuations in 1d systems
Time dependent harmonic oscillators
can be analyzed exactly
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Theory: Luttinger liquid analysis
Gritsev, Lukin, Demler
Interaction induced collapse of Ramsey fringes
in one dimensional systems
Fundamental limit on Ramsey interferometry
Experiments in 1d tubes:A. Widera, I. Bloch et al.