Stripe Rust and the Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereal Rust Research Center at Izmir, Turkey
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Transcript of Stripe Rust and the Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereal Rust Research Center at Izmir, Turkey
Stripe Rust and the Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereal Rust Research Center
at Izmir, Turkey
M. Solh, M. Burak, K. Nazari, M. Keser, Y. Karaman, M. Baum and Z. Mert
International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies of Turkey
Regional Wheat Rust Research Center, AARI, Izmir, Turkey Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Izmir, Turkey
CIMMYT - ICARDA, Ankara, Turkey Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Ankara, Turkey
Outline
Ø Importance of stripe/yellow rust of wheat; Ø Epidemiological considerations of
yellow rust disease; Ø Elements of the Stripe Rust Strategy Ø Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereals
Rust Research Center at Izmir; Ø RCRRC activities in 2012-2013; Ø Conclusion Ø Acknowledgements
Importance of Stripe/Yellow Rust of Wheat
Wheat rust diseases pose serious threat to wheat production worldwide
Stripe (yellow) rust Leaf (brown) rust Stem (black) rust
Country/ Year Crop losses million $ USA 2000-07
2010 6.5 million tones 2.2 million tones
$US 30 Washington state
Australia 2003-2006 AUS $ 30-90 China 1950, 1964, 1990,
2002 14.38 million tones More than 20 million ha can be effected annually
Turkey 1992 1996 2000 2009-10
26.5% (Gereck > 1 m ha) 1.2 million tonest (Cekurova) 3% Gerek 79,
568 53 10 (> 1.5 mh)
Iran 1992-94 2007 and 09 2010
2.5 million tones 2 million ha infection 650,000 ha spray
258 ? ?
Uzbekistan 1998 2009-10
35% yield losses Yellow rust outbreak
135 30%
Morocco 2009-10 Achtar 75% of the what areas 25-35%
Syria 2010 Cham 8 (80% yield loss) 80% of Area Ethiopia, Kenya, SA
2010 $US 3.2 in fungicide application in Ethiopia
Impact of Stripe Rust Epidemics Worldwide
5
Incidence: widespread 2 or 3 years in 5 over whole production region Severity: 5-10% crop losses Incidence: localised, 2 in 5 years over 25% growing areas Severity: 1-5% crop losses
Interna=onal Stripe Rust Current Context
Wellings CR (2011) Euphytica 179:129–141
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Ethiopia Iran Kenya Lebanon Morocco Pakistan Yemen
Stem rust Leaf rust Yellow Rust
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ethiopia Iran Kenya Lebanon Morocco Pakistan Yemen
Stem rust Leaf rust Yellow Rust
Yellow rust has struck the “Wheat-Belt” in Central & West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, the Caucasus and South Asia in 2013
2013 2010
Stripe Rust, a call for action: Long-term investment to reduce the threat of stripe rust
Summary Status Component Stem rust (Ug99) Stripe rust Coordinated Global Response
X Regional Coordina=on
Clearly defined target X More is needed
Informa=on systems + Data Management
X Regional not Global
Surveillance Network + Tools
X X
Pathotyping capacity X with limita=ons (GRRC with some limita=ons)
Ahead of disease progress?
X Much more is needed
Adapted from Dave Hodson, CIMMYT
Epidemiological Considerations of Yellow Rust Disease
1. Conducive environmental conditions & climate change;
2. Genetic similarity of Mega-cultivar with yellow rust resistant (withYr9 and Yr27) and the susceptibility of local cultivars (e.g. Turkey=Gerek, Iran= Sardari, Morocco= Achtar,…);
3. Wind borne and other means of transportation factors;
4. Overlapping/continuous cropping seasons/systems; 5. Widespread of alternate host and wheat wild
relatives.
Epidemiological Factors
“Green Bridge” and “Continues Cropping” Country Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug E a s t Africa N e a r East Egypt
N o r t h Africa W e s t Asia Y e m e n o f f -season Y e m e n m a i n season
Planting Growing Harvesting No
crop 11
12
Alternate Hosts for Stripe/Yellow Rust in Wheat are widely Spread
Emergence of a New Race of Stripe/Yellow Rust in Wheat due to Climate Change in West & Central Asia , 2009/2010
Ø Serious outbreak of yellow rust on wheat in the West and Central Asia in 2009/2010 season;
Ø Due to an average higher temperature in winter (4-5%), Yellow rust has been serious in in the 2009/10 Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Morocco, as well as Syria, and is a cause for concern in both Pakistan and India with serious losses occurring last season.
Widespread Yellow Rust Infestation in 2009/2010
15
Ø Race analysis confirmed that epidemic caused by new aggressive race which is virulent on the widely used Yr-gene Yr27;
Ø This race was detected in more than 90% of identified physiological races using Yr differential sets at ICARDA;
Ø Breeding germplasm evaluated at ICARDA headquarters in Syria against the new race identified high level of resistance to the new race;
Yellow rust resistant material developed at ICARDA
Ready for mulH-‐locaHon tesHng and fast-‐track seed mulHplicaHon for distribuHon to affected countries
Susceptible Resistant Susceptible
The Need for Setting a Disease Surveillance Short to Long Term Strategy for Coping with Stripe/Yellow Rust in Wheat
17
Elements of Stripe Rust Strategy
19 Organized by ICARDA, BGRI, CIMMYT, FAO, IFAD and AARINENA
Based on the outcome of the International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium, Elements of the Strategy were developed to develop durable resistance to yellow rust and reduce wheat stripe/yellow rust infestation in wheat.
Elements of Yellow Rust Strategy
Elements of the Strategy to address wheat stripe rust disease
Ø Surveillance and information exchange within and between countries;
Ø Basic epidemiological research of stripe rust including beter understanding of alternate hosts;
Ø Early warning and early reaction including planning, monitoring, awareness, and preparedness to rapidly deliver appropriate seeds and fungicides where they are needed to arrest the spread of wheat rust diseases;
Ø Developing capacities and skills in national research and educational institutions, extension services, and at the farm level to develop effective strategies for managing rust diseases;
Ø Research to utilize germplasm for new sources of resistance and for developing improved varieties with durable
resistance to the emerging pathotypes of stripe rust.
Approaching Stripe Rust as a Social Disease
Ø Stripe rust does not respect national borders and
“Rust does not Sleep”; Ø The rusts including stripe rust are ‘social diseases’; Ø The fight against rust requires good neighbors,
partner working together and networking; Ø The role of policy makers and global leadership is
crucial if we are to take a significant step forward in minimizing the impacts of stripe rust;
Ø Requires building a cooperative attitude for information sharing, the mutual sharing of
risk analyses, and trust at both regional and international levels.
The Need for Developing National Action Plans
Ø A multi-faceted approach is needed by countries to combat wheat rusts.
Ø Disease monitoring and immediate action to combat new rust pathotypes through the use of fungicides
Ø Reducing the cropping of susceptible mega-cultivars across vast wheat growing areas is perhaps the best insurance policy against widespread rust damage
Reducing the impact of dependence on narrow range of varieties
Ø Diversified cropping of wheat varieties (DW & BW);
Ø Use of non-race specific durable resistance genes;
Ø Maintenance breeding as short-term strategy; Ø Better understanding of genetic basis of
resistance of current cultivars and candidate advanced lines;
Ø Search and utilization of new sources of resistance from land races and wild relatives.
Coordinated Effective Seed Production System
Ø Developing a clear approach to seed multiplication and farmer engagement in the evaluation of new and diverse varieties;
Ø Strengthening NARS in capacity development; Ø To establish fast-track variety release systems; Ø Participatory demonstration and accelerated
seed multiplication of newly released wheat resistant varieties;
Ø Fast replacement of existing vulnerable commercial varieties.
• Capacity development
• Fast-‐track variety release
• Accelerated seed multiplication and seed delivery
• International, regional and national training courses • Long & short -‐term training
• Graduate student • Regional traveling workshop
• International program
• National program
• Utilization of genetic resources
• Race analysis • GRRC • National rust laboratory
• Trap Nurseries • Exchange information
Co-‐ordinated pathogen monitoring
and awareness
Co-‐ordinated breeding for
durable resistance
Effective seed production
system
Capacity development and training
Elements of the Stripe Rust Strategy
Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereals Rust Research Center at Izmir, Turkey
International Rust Laboratories
Ø IPO, in Wageningen (Yr) § 1956-1992 :5000 samples from 60 countries
Ø Global rust Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
Ø Cereal Disease Laboratory, USDA-ARS, St. Paul, University of Minnesota
Ø Cereal Research Center, AAFC, Winnipeg, CANADA
National Rust Laboratories
• Australia • India • Iran • Ethiopia • Kenya • South Africa
• Turkey • Pakistan • Egypt • Morocco
30
Attempt to establish Regional Rust center in Iran followed by 1st Regional Yellow Rust Conference, 2001, Iran SPII
Turkey-‐ICARDA Regional Cereal Rust Research Center (RCRRC), Izmir, Turkey, established in 2012
Major Goal of the Turkey – ICARDA RCRRC Developing and Promoting Durable Stripe Rust Resistance
in Central & West Asia and North Africa through Partnership and Networking
Kumarse Nazari
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS (ICARDA), ALEPPO, SYRIA 2011 BGRI Technical Workshop, JUNE 13-‐16, 2011
Yellow Rust in CWANA in 2010-2011 “The situation and Measures Taken”
CWANA
Highly Diverse &
Challenging Region
Population: >1 Billion people Wheat Area: ~ 50 million hectares
33
Izmir
Wheat: a staple food in Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Ø Wheat = 37% of total food supply (calories) in MENA
Ø Average annual per capita consumption: § North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) = 174 kg § Middle East = 158kg § Total MENA = 166kg § World average = 66kg
Ø The region imports almost half its wheat needs, but at an increasing cost
Top 10 net wheat Importers & Exporters 2010 (mt)
Source: FAOSTAT, 2013.
+25.1
+4.0
United States
Argentina
Nigeria
-‐4
+17.9 Europe
-‐10.6
Egypt
+11.8
Russian Federation
-‐2.4
China
Australia Net Exporter Net Importer
+ -‐
+15.9
+18.3
Canada
-‐5.0 Brazil
Japan -‐5.5
+4.3 Ukraine
Morocco -‐3.2 +5.1 Kazakhstan
Algeria
-‐5.1 -‐3.1
Mexico
• Short-term • Long term • Fellowship
• Yellow rust • Leaf rust • Stem rust
• Yellow rust • Leaf rust • Stem rust
• Yellow rust • Leaf rust • Stem rust
Regional race
analysis
Regional field
screening
Training & Capacity building
Trap Nurseries
Four Major Activities of the RCRRC
RCRRC, Izmir,
Turkey
India & Pakistan
Ethiopia &
Kenya
Turkey
Morocco
Uzbekistan &
Tajikistan
SPII, Iran
CDL Pullman
& CIMMYT
GRRC, DK
PBI Aus.
AAFC, Canada
INRA, France
ICARDA
Distribu=on of Regional Rust Trap Nurseries in 80 loca=ons in 32 countries, 2009/10
Progress in Establishing RCRRC
Ø Development of engineering designs of bio-containment facilities and pathology building; Ø Approval and allocation of construction funds by
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of Turkey;
Ø The construction process has started and it is expected that the facilities will be operation in early 2014;
Ø Field screening of wheat germplasm to Yr, Lr, and Sr already started in 2012-13 (4 ha lands with mist irrigation system).
Progress (cont’d)
• ICARDA senior cereal pathologist and technicians are relocated in Izmir
• 4 research assistants (MSc degree) were hired for the center
• 1 post doc position will be open to start Match 2014 (Financially supported by DRRW Project)
• Full rust pathology laboratory equipments are in place;
• Field machinery for planting, harvesting and threshing are available;
• Walk in growth chamber is available for seedling screening of wheat germplasm.
Regional Ceral Rust Research Center
Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereals Rust Research Center at Izmir, Turkey
Regional field screening for resistance to Yr, Lr, Sr, at the RCRRC, Izmir
1. In 2012-13, more than 10,000 genotypes from ICARDA, IWWIP, and the national breeding program were evaluated against local race of yellow rust
2. All the available sources of rust differential genotypes were planted in large scale plots for seed multiplication
3. Seeds multiplication of the three International Trap Nurseries a. International Yellow Rust Trap Nursery (80 entries) b. International Stem Rust Trap Nurseries (80 entries) c. International Leaf Rust Trap Nurseries (80 entries)
4. The three trap Nurseries will be distributed from Izmir in 2013 and beyond.
Cereal Rust Pathology Laboratory Working at the Rust Growth Chamber
Field screening 2013 Turkey-‐ ICARDA RCRRC at Izmir
Training and Capacity Development
Partners: ICARDA in collabora=on with BGRI,FAO, ICARDA, CIMMYT, na=onal, regional and interna=onal universi=es
Ø Training course – Race analysis – Field screening and geneHcs of resistance
Ø Student Internship – MSc – PhD
The 2012-‐2013 cropping season at the RCRRC at Izmir, Turkey
Regional Training Course-Rust Pathology at ICARDA
Acknowledgements
The Ministry of Agriculture of Turkey The General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies of
Turkey Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Izmir, Turkey
Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Ankara, Turkey Borlaug Global Rust Ini=a=ve (BGRI)
Conclusion
Ø The only way we can cope with the continuous threat of Stripe/Yellow Rust is to ensure durable resistance through effective partnership and networking;
Ø Partnership and cooperation is needed : § Across countries; § Across institutions; § Across disciplines involving wheat pathologists,
breeders, biotechnologists; agronomists and seed multiplication experts;
§ Across the research for development continuum involving researchers, extension agents, seed producers and most important farmers;
Ø We should always remember that ……
Ø The diverse impacts of climate change on the durabilty of stripe rust disease resistance need to be considered at national, regional and international research and development levels.
Announcement 2nd International Wheat Stripe (Yellow)
Rust Symposium, Izmir,Turkey, May…2014
Thank You for Your Attention
GRRC Wheat Rust Sample Summary 2013
GRRC Wheat Rust Sample Summary 2013
GRRC Wheat Rust Sample Summary 2013