Stress Versus Strain

7/30/2019 Stress Versus Strain

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St ress versus St rain

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MaterialFracture: Background

Tensile Test | Stress versus Strain | Defects and Cracks

Stress versus Strain

Stress-Strain Curve

The stress-strain curve is produced from the tensile test.

The engineering stress is

P is the load on the specimen and Ao is the original cross-sectional area near the center of the specimen.On the other hand, the true stress is the load devided by the true area, which continues to be smaller by

the tensile load. The true stress continues to increase to the point of fracture, while the engineering stressdecreases to the point of fracture due to the increasing load and the constant cross-sectional area. Theengineering strain is

l is the gage length at a given load and lo is the original gage length with zero load

Information of Stress-Strain Curve
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The stress-strain curve can be devided into two distinct deformation regions, which are the elasticdeformation and the plastic deformation. The elastic deformation is temporary and is fully recovered whenthe load is removed. The plastic deformation is permanent and is not recovered when the load is removed,even though a small portion of elasitic part in the deformation is recovered. The recovered portion is calledthe elastic recovery. The point deviating between the elastic region and the plastic region is often difficult tospecify in the curve. The usual convention is to define the yield strength, which is the intersection of thecurve with a straight line parallel to the elastic deformation and offset 0.2% on the strain axis. The yieldstrength( Y.S.) represents the stress necessary to generate the small amount of permanent deformationand indicates the degree of easiness which the material can be formed by rolling and drawing operations.The slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region is the modulus of elasticity, which is

known as Young's modulus. It represents the stiffness of the material-resistance to elastic strain. Thedescription of Hooke's law can also be found from the slope.

E is the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus. As the plastic deformation continues in the curve abovethe yield strength, the engineering stress reaches to a maximum point, which is called the tensile strength(T.S.). The plastic deformation produces dislocations within the region in the curve between Y.S. and T.S..The increasing dislocation density makes the plastic deformation harder. This phenomenon is the strainhardening and a key factor in shaping the material by cold work. The srain at failure occurs after thespecimen fractures. It is the interaction point of the plastic recovery region in strain axis. It is known as

ductility. The ductility is the percent elongation at failure and indicates that the general ability of the materiato be plastically deformed. The toughness is used to describe the combination of strength and ductility. Thisis defined as total area under the stress-strain curve. A high strength alloy that is also highly brittle may notbe usable as a deformable alloy with a low strength. Two extreme cases are shown below.


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Along with the modulus of elasticity, the Poisson's ratio is the fundamental description of the elasticbehavior although it is not directly appeared in the stress-strain curve. For certain materials, especially low-carbon steel alloys, the stress-strain curve produces an upper yield point and a lower yield point.


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The material produces a nonhomogeneous deformation in the elastic region. This comes from a contractionperpendicular to the extention by a tensile load. This effect is characterized by the Poisson's ratio.

ex is the strain in x direction and ey is the strain in y direction

Tensile Test | Stress versus Strain | Defects and Cracks
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Stress Versus Strain

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