Stress Management
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Transcript of Stress Management
Understanding the concepts
Frustration• Frustration, Stress, and Burnout are the elements of human
behaviour• Resulting from the blocking of goal-directed activity• Experiencing incongruence• And the end result of stress experienced but not properly
coped with.
• Frustration is the result of privation, deprivation, and conflict and starts a cycle of frustration and hope. Exploration helps a frustrated individual to cope and offers remedies to manage frustration more effectively.
The Dynamics of Frustration• What causes frustration? -Several factors contribute to frustration. All of these are goal-related factors. these are shown in the following formula:
F = fL * V * O + I + PWhere: F = Frustration f = is the function L = expectation to achieve the goal V= valence (attractiveness of the goal) O= opportunity to achieve the goal in the near future (low) I = investment of efforts and other inputs in the achievement of the goal P = public knowledge of the expected achievement.
THE CIRCULARITY OF FRUSTRATIONTHE CIRCULARITY OF FRUSTRATION
Adaptive deterioration
Adaptive deterioration
Defensive behaviourDefensive behaviour
Distorted perceptionDistorted
perceptionIsolationIsolation
Problem solving
Problem solving
Realistic analysisRealistic analysis
Exploration Exploration insightinsight
Disappointment Disappointment
Frustration cycle
Frustration cycle Hope cycleHope cycle
STRESS
Several terms have been used synonymously with stress :• Stress• Strain• Conflict• Pressure
eustress dis-stress
• Life Stress : stress is produced from several happenings in life. In general every transition or change produces stress.
Definition of Stress• According to Fred Luthans :
“An adaptive response to an external situation that results in physical, psychological and/or behavioral deviations for organizational participants.”
• According to Robbins :“Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important”.
What is not Stress
• Stress is not simply anxiety.
• Stress is not simply nervous tension.
• Stress is not necessarily something damaging, bad or to be avoided.
STRESS MODEL
Environmental Factors:•Economic uncertainty•Political uncertainty•Technological uncertainty
Environmental Factors:•Economic uncertainty•Political uncertainty•Technological uncertainty
Organizational Factors:•Task demands•Role demands•Interpersonal demands•Organizational structure•Organizational leadership•Organization’s life stage
Organizational Factors:•Task demands•Role demands•Interpersonal demands•Organizational structure•Organizational leadership•Organization’s life stage
Individual factors:•Family problems•Economic problems•Personality
Individual factors:•Family problems•Economic problems•Personality
Individual Differences•Perception•Job experience•Social support•Belief in locus of control•Self-efficacy•Hostility
Individual Differences•Perception•Job experience•Social support•Belief in locus of control•Self-efficacy•Hostility
Experienced stressExperienced stress
Physiological symptoms:•Headaches•High blood pressure•Heart disease
Physiological symptoms:•Headaches•High blood pressure•Heart disease
Psychological symptoms:•Anxiety•Depression•Decrease in job satisfaction
Psychological symptoms:•Anxiety•Depression•Decrease in job satisfaction
Behavioural symptoms:•Productivity•Absenteeism•Turnover
Behavioural symptoms:•Productivity•Absenteeism•Turnover
Potential SourcePotential Source ConsequencesConsequences
Effects of Stress
Stress is the “wear and tear” our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment. It has physical and emotional effects on us and creates positive or negative feelings.
As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to perform an action which results in new awareness
As a negative influence it can result in feeling of “rejection”, ”anger” and “depression”.
Effects of stress can differ from individual to individual
They can be:-
1. Reduced: if there is support available.
2. Aggravated: if there are other outside circumstances which also put stress on the individual.
Effects of stress can be categorized as:-
• Mental (how the mind works)
• Physical (how the body works)
• Behavioral (the things we do)
• Cognitive (the way we think and concentrate)
Stress is a combination of responses in the body. Stress can be short-term (acute) or chronic, acute stress is the “fight to flight” response.
Stress is additive
Symptoms of stress
Various Symptoms of Stress
Causes of stressIndividual Factors:• Family problems• Economic problems• Personality
Organizational Factors:• Task demands• Role demands• Interpersonal demands• Organizational structure• Organizational leadership• Organization’s life stage
Common patterns of creating pressure1. Excellence2. Speed3. Effort4. Do the job yourself5. Please other people- Recognition and contact6. Need for structure and stability.7. Future threat: a problem today.8. Memories9. Messages from the past
Role DemandRole Stress : Role – space Conflicts• Self-role distance• Intra-role conflict• Role stagnation• Inter-role distance
Role Stress: Role- set Conflict• Role ambiguity• Role expectation• Role overload• Role erosion• Resource inadequacy• Personal inadequacy• Role isolation
Management of Stress
There are three options:-1.Prevention and control2.Escapism3.Adaption
Three major approaches to cope with stress:-
STRESS STRESS
DYSFUNCTIONAL COPINGDYSFUNCTIONAL COPING DEFENSIVE COPINGDEFENSIVE COPING DIRECT COPINGDIRECT COPING
Dysfunctional Coping
• Individuals might become alcoholic, overweight, chain-smokers, or drug addicts.
• They also run the risk of becoming accident prone.
• Individuals exhibit coronary disease-prone behavior patterns.
Defensive Coping
• It involves mental or physical escape from the stressful situation.
• Some common and important defense mechanisms are
• REPRESSION, • REGRESSION, • RATIONALIZATION, • DIRECT AGGRESSION, • DISPLACEMENT.
Direct Coping
• It involves self awareness in order to avoid the harmful and far reaching consequences of stress.
• The process involves introspection, identification of problem, determination of a solution by considering available alternatives and choosing an action accordingly.
Organizational Level Techniques
• Personal Wellness- the level of one’s physical and mental potential through a personal health promotion programs.
• Improved Communication- it reduces uncertainty by lessening role ambiguity and role conflict.
• Participative Decision Making- by giving employees a voice in those decisions that directly affects their job performance, management can increase employee control and can reduce job stress.
Contd..
• Job Design- it involves enriching job either by improving job content factors or by improving core job characteristics.
• Selection and Placement• Training and Development
Pressure at work
THREAT PERCEIVED
THREAT PERCEIVED
Assertive behaviourAssertive behaviour
Aggressive behaviourAggressive behaviour
Passive behaviour
Passive behaviour
Unassertive behaviour
Unassertive behaviour
Assertive Behaviour
• Confronting conflict is not easy for some people.
• Some managers may feel inferior or be in awe of the other person’s power.
• Neither responses is truly productive.• A constructive alternative is to practice
assertive behaviour
Assertiveness
• Process of expressing feelings.
• Asking for legitimate changes.
• Giving and receiving honest feedback.
Assertive Individuals
• Not afraid to request that other person change an offensive behaviour.
• Not uncomfortable refusing unreasonable requests from someone else.
• Direct honest and expressive
• Very confident and gains self-respect and others feel valued.
Aggressive Individuals
• Humiliate others• Elicit either pity or scorn
from others.
Stages of assertivenessStage
1. Describe the behaviour.
2. Express your feelings.
3. Empathize
4. Negotiate a change
5. Indicate consequences
Example“When you do this……”
“I feel……”
“I understand why you……”
“I want to……”
“if you do(don’t), I will…….”
Developing the skills
Understanding the options and the ideas
Underpinning your behaviour
Understanding the options and the ideas
Underpinning your behaviour
Identifying the body language you want to use
Identifying the body language you want to use
Identifying the kinds of words and phrases you want
to use
Identifying the kinds of words and phrases you want
to use
Getting your inner dialogue-
conversation with your-self right
for you and the occasion
Getting your inner dialogue-
conversation with your-self right
for you and the occasion
Practice – integrating these elements and developing realistic self confidencePractice – integrating these elements and developing realistic self confidence
Checking that you have worked on/are aware of any early messages that might get in the way of using the skills you’re choosing
Checking that you have worked on/are aware of any early messages that might get in the way of using the skills you’re choosing
Planning and rehearsal for suitable situation
Incorporating hints and technique
Planning and rehearsal for suitable situation
Incorporating hints and technique
Some more ideas
• Optimism• Laughter• Spirituality
THANK YOU…!!!