Stress and strain Stress: A force exerted per unit area within rocks or other Earth materials...
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Transcript of Stress and strain Stress: A force exerted per unit area within rocks or other Earth materials...
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• Stress and strain
• Stress: A force exerted per unit area within rocks or other Earth materials
• Strain: Deformation (size, shape, and orientation) of rock materials caused by stress
• Rock strength: Rock’s ability to stand a magnitude level of stress before rupture
Causes for Earthquakes (1)
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Stress
Body forces :gravitySurface forces: friction
Stress on a plane: tractionNormal and shear component
From Stein Wisession 2003
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Strain
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What is an earthquake?
Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian GodsOr Poseidon getting angry???
An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a fault
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• Earthquake: Sudden release of strain energy caused by rock rupture when the stress is higher than the rock strength or the friction on the fault surface (faulting)
Causes for Earthquakes (2)
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Stick Slip
From Marshak, 2005
In the case of rocks alreadyCut by a fault
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The story of a Rock,the Wilson Cycle
From Plummer, McGeary and Carlson, 2001
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QUELLMECHANISMEN
Im Falle tektonischer Beben kann man 3 grudlegende Quellmechanismen unterscheiden:
Die Länge der Bruchflächen rangiert zwischen ein paar Metern für kleine Beben und mehr als 1000 km für sehr große Beben.
Abschiebung
normal fault
Aufschiebung
reverse fault
Seitenverschiebung
strike-slip fault
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Double couple:
This guarantee the conservation of moment
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?
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Extension:Normal fault
Compression:Thrust or Reverse fault
Conservative baoundary:Strike slip fault (transform fault)
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QUELLMECHANISMEN
Beispiel: Quellmechanismen und Tektonik
Subduktion, Aufschiebung,
Nord Amerika über Pazifik Seitenverschiebung
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Bookshelf faulting
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