Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original...

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Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Chapter 17: Stress and Health Case Study: The Slow-Food, Low-Stress Diet Section 1: Understanding Stress Section 2: Stress: Responses and Effects Section 3: Psychological Factors and Health Section 4: Ways of Coping with Stress Simulation:

Transcript of Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original...

Page 1: Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Stress and Health

Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Chapter 17: Stress and Health

Case Study: The Slow-Food, Low-Stress Diet

Section 1: Understanding Stress

Section 2: Stress: Responses and Effects

Section 3: Psychological Factors and Health

Section 4: Ways of Coping with Stress

Simulation: Applying What You’ve Learned

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Stress and Health

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The ability of the French population to consume foods

heavy in fat and sugar but remain slim became known as

the French paradox. One French scientist claimed that the

effect was caused by drinking wine, but this theory was

disproven. Instead, researchers now think the difference is

in the way the French eat a meal: slowly, without rushing or

performing other tasks while eating. These studies show

that the French consume less food in a meal, even though

they spend more time eating. It seems that our eating

habits are not only unhealthy, they are adding to our overall

stress levels as we strive to eat more healthfully.

Case Study: The Slow-Food, Low-Stress Diet

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What do you think?

• What are some of the key factors that might explain the French paradox?

• Do you think Americans are ever likely to change their eating habits and adopt the French diet? Why or why not?

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Understanding Stress

• Stress is the arousal of one’s mind and body in response to demands made upon them.

• Sources of stress include frustration, daily hassles, and life changes.

• Different types of conflict contribute to stress.

• Some people create their own stress through their personality type.

Section 1 at a Glance

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Reading Focus• What are the two different kinds of stress?

• What are the main sources of stress?

• Why does conflict cause stress?

• How does personality type affect stress?

Main Idea

Many different situations and events can produce both good and bad stress. Some personality types may even create their own stress.

Understanding Stress

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Are you a slave to success?

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In physics, stress is defined as pressure, or a force. In

psychology, stress is the arousal of one’s mind and body in

response to demands made upon them.

• Eustress is positive stress

• Increases sharpness and motivation and can keep people alert and involved

• A sign that a person is taking on a challenge to try to reach a goal

Eustress

Different Kinds of Stress

• Distress is negative stress

• Linked to intense pressure or anxiety

• Can strain people’s ability to adjust to various situations

• Can dampen mood, impair ability, and harm the body

Distress

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Answer: Good stress can increase motivation and keep people alert and involved.

Identify Supporting Details

Why isn’t all stress bad?

Reading Check

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• Stressor: an event or situation that produces stress

• What is a stressor for one person might not be for another.

• Some stressors are common to most people.

Daily Hassles

• Everyday frustrations: household, health, time-pressure, inner-concern, environmental, financial, work, future-security

Frustration

• Being blocked from attaining a goal, such as being late to an appointment or lacking money

• Many frustrations are minor, but more serious ones can be extremely stressful

Life Changes

• Major events such as moving, serious illness, or a death

• Many life changes are positive, and tend to happen less often

Sources of Stress

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Click on the image to play the Interactive.

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Answer: Sources of stress influence a person’s life in psychological (depression or anxiety) and physical ways (health problems).

Make Generalizations

How can sources of stress influence a person’s life?

Reading Check

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Approach-Approach Conflict

• Least stressful types

• Each of the choices are positive

• Usually resolved by making a decision

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• Occurs when a choice has both positive and negative aspects

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

• More stressful

• Neither choice is positive

• Resolved by making a decision

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• Most complex form

• Each of several alternative courses of action has its advantages and disadvantages

Conflict

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Answer: avoidance-avoidance conflict, there are no desirable choices

Analyze

Which type of conflict might cause the most amount of stress?

Reading Check

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• Some people create their own stress.

• Two basic personality types: type A (intense) and type B (laid-back)

– Type A people are always on the go and put pressure on themselves

– Type B people are more relaxed and patient, and do not become angry as easily as type A

• Type A people usually achieve more than type B people, but their success comes with a price of heightened stress

Personality Types

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Answer: type B person more relaxed and less intense than a type A

Contrast

How does the behavior of type A and type B people differ?

Reading Check

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Stress: Responses and Effects

• Maintaining a positive attitude and a sense of humor are among the ways that people can reduce the effects of stress.

• Stressful situations produce the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome.

• Chronic stress can suppress the activity of the body’s immune system.

Section 2 at a Glance

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Reading Focus• What factors influence our response to stress?

• What is the general adaptation syndrome?

• How does stress affect the immune system?

Main Idea

People respond to stress in different ways, but stressful situations produce similar responses in the body. Stress—especially chronic stress—can even compromise the body’s immune system.

Stress: Responses and Effects

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Can you ever be too optimistic?

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People with different personalities respond to stress in different

ways. The stress of an event depends largely on what the event

means to the person involved. Biology also accounts for

differences in people’s responses to stress.

• Beliefs people have that they can accomplish goals that they set for themselves

• Closely related to self-confidence

• Self-confident person likely to keep cool under pressure

Self-Efficacy Expectations

Responses to Stress

• People with certain traits can withstand stress

• Commitment—stress as motivation

• Challenge—prefer change

• Control—feelings of being in control of their lives

Psychological Hardiness

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Sense of Humor

• Students who had a sense of humor and saw humor in difficult situations experienced less stress than students who were not able to find humor in the same situations.

• Some research suggests that emotional responses may aid the immune system.

Predictability

• Having the ability to predict a stressor seems to reduce the amount of stress it causes.

Social Support

• The presence and interest of other people provide support that helps people cope with stress.

• Ways to help: express concern, provide physical relief, offer information, provide feedback, and socialize

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Answer: Attitude affects how one responds to stress. A positive attitude yields a positive response to stress. A negative attitude yields a negative response to stress.

Draw Conclusions

What role might attitude play in responding to stress?

Reading Check

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• Selye observed that different stressful situations each produced similar responses by the body.

• The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages:

– The alarm reaction

• Initiated when a stressor is perceived

• Sometimes described as the fight-or-flight reaction

• Certain hormones are released that prepare the body for stress

– The resistance stage

• If the stressor is not removed, people try to find a way to cope and to avoid being overwhelmed

– The exhaustion stage

• If stressor still is not removed, hormones are depleted, muscles are worn out, heart and breathing rates slow down

The General Adaptation Syndrome

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Answer: alarm reaction, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage

Summarize

What are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

Reading Check

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The Immune System

• Most people are exposed to a great variety of disease-causing organisms, but an intact immune system fights off most of them.

• White blood cells destroy disease-causing microorganisms, worn-out body cells, and malignant cells.

• The immune system “remembers” some invaders and maintains antibodies to fight them, often for years.

Stress and the Immune System

• One reason stress exhausts people is that it stimulates bodies to produce steroids, which suppress the immune system.

• One study showed lower immune-system functioning during more stressful periods.

• Another study showed that training in coping skills improved the functioning of the immune system.

Effects of Stress on the Immune System

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Answer: by producing white blood cells that destroy disease-causing microorganisms

Analyze

How does the immune system protect people against disease?

Reading Check

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Psychological Factors and Health

• Both biological and psychological factors play important roles in health problems.

• Headaches are among the most common stress-related health problems.

• People can make behavioral changes to help reduce the risks of heart disease.

• People with cancer must cope with the biological aspects of their illness as well as with its psychological effects.

Section 3 at a Glance

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Reading Focus• How do biological and psychological factors affect health?

• What are the most common types of headaches?

• What factors contribute to heart disease?

• How is cancer linked to stress?

Main Idea

Both biological and psychological factors play an important role in medical problems, including headaches, heart disease, and cancer.

Psychological Factors and Health

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Can you see my pain?

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• Biological factors such as family history of a disease, exposure to disease-causing microorganisms, inoculations against certain diseases, accidents, injuries, and age play an important role in physical illness.

• Psychological factors also affect health problems.

– Attitudes

– Patterns of behavior

– Anxiety

– Depression

• Health psychology: concerned with the relationship between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical illness.

Biological and Psychological Factors

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Answer: A bad family medical history is an opportunity to keep harmful genes from expressing themselves.

Analyze

How can a bad family medical history be a positive opportunity?

Reading Check

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Among the most common stress-related health problems

• Most frequent is muscle-tension: dull, steady pain on both sides of the head

• Second most common is migraine headache: sudden onset and severe throbbing on one side of the head

• Affect 10 percent of Americans

• Type A more affected

Types of Headaches

Headaches

• Aspirin, acetaminophen, and prescription drugs are used to fight headache pain.

• Different medicines work in different ways.

• Changing behaviors is also helpful: progressive relaxation and biofeedback training help to relieve pain

Treatment

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Answer: Headaches are often caused by muscle tension. The pain of the headache increases rather than relaxes muscle tension.

Identify Cause and Effect

How can headache pain result in a vicious cycle?

Reading Check

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Risk Factors

• Nearly half of U.S. deaths are caused by heart disease. Causes include:

• Family history (genetics)

• Physical conditions

• Patterns of consumption

• Type A behavior

• Anger and hostility

• Job strain

• Lack of exercise

Behavioral Changes

• Various medical treatments exist, but certain behavioral changes can reduce risk:

• Quitting smoking

• Controlling weight

• Reducing hypertension

• Lowering serum cholesterol levels

• Changing type A behavior patterns

• Exercising regularly

Heart Disease

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Answer: quit smoking, control weight, reduce hypertension, lower cholesterol, change type A behavior, and exercise regularly

Summarize

What can people do to help reduce the risk of heart disease?

Reading Check

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• Cancer involves the rapid growth of malignant cells.

• Individuals whose immune systems are weakened appear to be more likely candidates for getting cancer.

Psychological Aspects

• Cancer patients must cope with weakness, pain, and medicine side-effects.

• They may face anxiety, fear, depression, and vulnerability.

Risk Factors

• People may inherit a tendency to develop certain kinds of cancer.

• Certain behaviors increase risk.

• Stress may be a risk factor.

Positive Attitude

• One study found a significantly higher survival rate among women who met their cancer diagnosis with a “fighting spirit.”

• Social support increases the survival rate.

Cancer

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Answer: People with cancer face anxiety regarding treatment and the possibility of death.

Identify Supporting Details

What psychological effects might those with cancer face?

Reading Check

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Ways of Coping with Stress

• Defensive coping methods as a means of handling stress are self-defeating and usually harmful.

• Effective active coping methods for dealing with stress include changing stressful thoughts, relaxing, and exercising.

Section 4 at a Glance

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Reading Focus• What are some defensive coping methods?

• How do active coping methods help ease stress?

Main Idea

People handle stress using both defensive and active coping methods. Defensive coping methods are often self-defeating, while active coping methods are far more effective.

Ways of Coping with Stress

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Why won't Japanese businessmen take a break?

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• Defensive coping: a way to handle stress and reduce immediate effects, but not the most desirable way. It may involve socially unacceptable behavior. It does not eliminate the source of stress.

– Substance abuse

• People may become psychologically dependent on these substances in an effort to decrease their awareness of stress or disguise an unpleasant reality.

– Aggression

• Using violence to cope with stressful situations rarely, if ever, provides a solution to the problem. May heighten the problem.

– Withdrawal

• Can be emotional or physical withdrawal.

– Defense mechanisms

• Protect ego from anxiety produced by an awareness of unacceptable ideas or impulses. They become problematic when they are the only coping mechanisms a person has.

Defensive Coping

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Answer: Defensive coping strategies are socially unacceptable and self-defeating.

Find the Main Idea

Why are defensive coping strategies not the most desirable ways to deal with stress?

Reading Check

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• Active coping: involves changing the environment or situation (in socially acceptable ways) to remove stressors, or changing one’s response to stress so that stressors are no longer harmful.

– Changing stressful thoughts

• People who have stressful thoughts can learn to recognize and change them before becoming overwhelmed by them.

– Relaxation techniques

• A number of techniques for reducing the bodily reactions to stress:

– Meditation

– Biofeedback

– Progressive relaxation

– Exercise

• Fosters physical health, enhances people’s psychological well-being, and helps people cope with stress.

– Breathing

• Practicing controlled breathing can reduce stress.

Active Coping

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Answer: Active coping methods can relieve some health problems by reducing stress that compromises the body’s immune system.

Identify Supporting Details

How can active coping methods relieve some health problems?

Reading Check

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Coping with Catastrophe

Even though the tragedy of September 11, 2001, mostly affected those who

lost family and friends, people who only witnessed the attacks on television

suffered what psychologists call “second-hand stress.”

Current Research in Psychology

• Many people who witnessed the terrorist attacks on television suffered symptoms similar to post-traumatic stress disorder.

• Similar reactions occurred after Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

• Watching scenes on television can cause the biological fight-or-flight reaction.

• Some scientists suggest taking a break from the news to alleviate symptoms; others say this is a form of denial.

• One study found that those who donated blood or money felt less helpless.

• Disasters can bring a nation together when the shared response is to reach out and help the victims.

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Thinking Critically• How does helping disaster victims reduce second-hand

stress?

• Think of a time when you helped someone overcome difficulties. What did you do? How did it make you feel?

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Stress and Active Coping Methods

What is the most effective way to cope with a stressful situation?

• In this simulation, you will work in a group to develop and perform a simulation in which you role-play a stressful situation and effective coping methods.

• Your teacher will assign each group one stressful situation.

1. Introduction

Simulation: Applying What You’ve Learned

• Discuss with your group the source of stress that you have been assigned.

• Assign a role to each member.

• Discuss appropriate responses to the situation.

• Write the dialogue and practice it several times.

2. Prepare the Simulation

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• Speak loudly enough.

• Act your role in a serious manner.

• Be supportive of group members if they falter.

• As an audience member, take notes on:

• stressor being shown

• effectiveness of coping methods

• how you would react

3. Perform the Simulation

Simulation (cont'd.)

• As a class, discuss the following:

• What did you think of the performances?

• Did each represent a stressful situation realistically?

• What were some of the effective coping mechanisms portrayed?

• Can you use what you have learned to deal with stress more effectively?

4. Discussion

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