Netherlands development organisation

Montenegro

STRENGTHENING PRIVATE FORESTRY IN MONTENEGRO (2008 – 2010)

CASE STUDY

by

Franc Ferlin

and Mensura Nuhodzic

Podgorica, January 2011

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Context

One third of Montenegrin forest and other forest land – which cover 54% of the

state territory - is privately owned. Because of strong human influence and non-

sustainable use in the past, the private forests are in much worst condition than the

state ones. The coppice forests and other, lower forest vegetation are now highly

dominating (84%) having much lower production potential. It is estimated that

there is about 50.000 private forest holdings in Montenegro. Consequently, the

private forests are pretty small scattered, although the situation is better than in

neighbouring countries. In spite of that, private forests play an important role in

household economy of private forest owners (PFOs), in mitigation of rural poverty

as well as in the local and national economy. They are important also for the

conservation of the nature and protection of the environment.

The situation in forestry before 2007, when the new forest policy development

proccess started, was characterised by a polarised relationship between private

forest owners (PFOs) and the Forest Administration (FA), and the lack of any

constructive communication. The FA’s way of work in carrying out the forestry

administrative procedures and professionally-technical activities for PFOs was

authoritative and non-service oriented. PFOs have not been organised yet by that

time. No any real forestry extension / education service existed.

In order to stimulate the communication and dialogue between PFOs and the FA, to

enable corresponding influence of PFOs on decision making in forestry, and to

establish the minimum institutional and human capacities of the weak private forest

sector in Montenegro, SNV started with technical support to it in 2006. The support

was firstly oriented to establishing the private forest owners associations (PFOAs) at

municipal level. By the middle of 2008, already 8 municipal PFOAs were registered,

representing majority of private forests of Northern Montenegro. Also the National

Private Forest Owners’ Association (NPFOA), serving as umbrella organisation, was

established by that time under exclusive SNV’s support.

In parallel to the establishing of PFOAs from 2007 to 2008 and later, SNV technically

supported and facilitated the National forest policy (NFP) development, in

collaboration with the Lux-Development “Forest sector development in Montenegro

(FODEMO)” project. Within that support, SNV took particular care for the

involvement of, and technical assistance to PFO(A)s. The resulting, inclusive NFP

document, which reflects the PFOs’ interests and needs, was adopted by the

Government in early 2008. It promotes, among others, the sustainable

management of state and private forests and anticipates Governmental technical

and financial support to private forests/owners. The document serves as framework

for development of new Forest law (FL), new Forestry strategy (FS) and

corresponding Budget programmes (BPs), as well as for institutional reforms and

building of human capacities.

Based on good experiences and results of the described SNV’s technical support, the

adopted NFP commitments and the expressed needs of clients, further support of

SNV to Montenegrin forest sector became indispensable, from that point on still in

more widened and comprehensive form. In addition to the support to private

forestry sector, it included also technical support to creation of new legal

framework1.

1 The assistance was carried out under the AA on Development of forest and related legislation in Montenegro (9/2008 – 12/2009, extended to 5/2010) – client the MAFWM and is a matter of another case study.

The case study includes technical support under three MOUs with the following four

AAs (for the period September 2008 - January 2011):

a) Organizational2 development, training and advocacy skills of NPFOA (3/2009 –

12/2009) - client the NPFOA;

b) Strengthening private forestry in Montenegro (9/2008 – 8/2010) - client the FA;

c) Strengthening private forestry and related forest owners associations’ capacities

in Montenegro (11/2008 – 8/2010) – client the NPFOA, and

d) Strengthening regulatory technical framework3 and human capacities for

sustainable forest management with particular attention to private forests

(9/2010 – 1/2011) – clients the Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water

management (MAFWM), the FA and the NPFOA.

The main stakeholders interested in the technical support were the FA’s local units,

the PFOAs and to lesser extent, the state forest concession holders. The main final

beneficiaries in terms of capacity building were forestry professionals, members of

NPFOA/PFOAs management boards and individual PFOs, and in terms of promotion

the school children and general public.

The technical support is in line with the UNFF (UN Forum on Forests) and the MCPFE

(Ministerial Conferences on Protection of Forests in Europe) forestry commitments

and guidelines, particularly related to the national forest programmes, and

contribute to realisation of the two MDG-based national development objectives:

environmental sustainability and poverty reduction. At the same time, the

interventions are in line with EU forestry, environmental and rural development

objectives.

Clients and partners

The main clients of the technical support were the NPFOA and the FA

(Headquarters). These are also two main institutions, representing private and state

forests and owners, playing crucial role in sustainable forest and forestry

development.

The NPFOA is a national umbrella organisation of municipal PFOAs and PFOs. Its

primary mission is to participate in elaboration of policies, programs and plans

related to forests and forestry with the aim to improve private forest condition,

protect interests and increase benefits of PFOs, while acknowledging the principles

of sustainability and environment protection. At the moment of establishing (in

2008), it represented 8 municipal PFOAs, while today 14 of them. Only Southern

Montenegro with predominantly coppice forests, macquis and bare land is not

represented yet (because of not enough interests to establish local PFOAs). Through

its mission, it plays also an important role in reduction of poverty of PFOs. All kinds

of technical support and capacity buildings, from the basic ones in terms of PFOA

administration and functioning, to the specific in terms of advocacy / representation

of PFOs’ interests and potential service provision to PFOA members, have been

needed. Potential of the NPFOA to influence the forest legislation and programmes

was estimated – based on the NFP experiences - as high. From the other side,

potential of the NPFOA to make a difference in the field of private forest

management, including appurtenant service provision to its members, was

estimated as very law, mainly because of non-existent financing support system4

2 The assistance was carried out under the AA on Further establishment of NPFOA and remaining municipal PFOAs in Montenegro (6/2008 – 12/2009, extended to 3/2010) – client the NPFOA.

3 This part is included into another case study on Development of forestry legal and regulatory framework.

4 This has not been improved neither by the new FL.

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and lack of voluntary human capacities, as main constraints. However, its potential

outreach to numerous individual PFOs – through local PFOAs - could certainly be

very high.

The FA is a centralized state administration organ (directly under Government

structure) in form of agency, in charge for administrative-technical procedures for

all forests, the management and assuring utilisation of state forests and directing

the management of private forests. It has central and 15 local administration units

with about 460 public employees. The administrative-technical procedures and

barriers for private forests / PFOs, which were of our main interests, include felling

requests and approvals, obligatory marking and labelling of trees for felling5,

measuring and stamping of timber assortments at the felling sites and approving of

the sites (after forest order is made), and additional measuring and labelling of

timber assortments (before dispatching) at the forest road side6 which must be

accompanied with confirmations of their origin. An important, and until 2010 not

really implemented task of the FA is education of PFOs. The FA indirectly plays also

a role in mitigation of rural poverty, e.g. by providing fuel wood to local people

under favourable conditions and granting the rights for collecting of non-wood forest

products (NWFP) from state forests. The main FA capacity gaps in terms of private

forestry were identified in the forestry extension and communications skills (of

foresters), in contemporary forest planning, sustainable and multipurpose forest

management and forest-related business knowledge. Potential of the FA to make a

difference in terms of private forest management and particularly to outreach of a

big number of forest owners, with which the foresters regularly cooperate, is very

high. The main constraints in this regard are in the lack of quantity, quality and

non-appropriate age structure of forestry professionals in charge for private

forests/owners, in ill or non-existent equipment and serious budget limitations for

providing private forest services.

The main local partners as service providers were the Forestry Institute (FI) and the

Forestry and Wood Processing Secondary School (FWPSS). The FI was engaged with

provision of private forests data and information and the FWPSS with forest

promotion.

The main international partners were Lux-Development - through the FODEMO

project - and the Slovenia Forest service (SFS). The mission of the FODEMO project

– phase II (2007 – 2011) is to improve the institutional and technical framework

conditions for sustainable forest sector development in Montenegro”. As it is similar

to the SNV’s mission, a joint planning, coordination but also division of activities was

needed. Cooperation with the SFS contributed to the development of forestry

extension and a copyright for certain popular forestry education materials/brochures

in Montenegro.

Intervention logic and methods

The technical support included into the case study, contained the following goals by

individual fields of interventions with performed7 activities and methods used:

a) Strengthening the NPFOA functional capacities (from 2008 onwards), mainly by

SNV advisors, by:

5 Under the new FL, this activity could now be performed also by licensed private persons.

6 The responsibilities on the road side had now been transferred by the new FL from the FA to PFOs and concession holders.

7 For rationality reason only the activities which have been realised, are presented.

providing a minimum office and IT equipment (from the SNV’s written off

equipment);

providing assistance to the PFOA management in completion of PFOAs’

membership lists;

carrying out two (two-days) training workshops on internal strategic planning

and project cycle management skills (in workshop form) for the NPFOA board

members, in collaboration with local consultants;

providing advice in preparation of an (IPA cross-border) project proposal

related to private forestry;

providing temporary administrative and communication assistance (national

and international level);

preparation of a popular information (brochure) on the NPFOA mission /

objectives.

The individual on-the-job learning and group learning (workshop-type)

approach were used.

b) Establishing the NPFOA’s professional advocacy / representation platforms and

its own capacities for influencing the creation of enabling legal and other

environment for sustainable development of private forest sector, by SNV

advisor, by:

elaboration of expert proposals (in 2008 and 2009) on possible legal

solutions on e.g. adapted operational private forest planning; assured

participation of PFOs in the forest planning and decision making; adapted

timber harvesting procedures for PFOs (including marking of trees for felling,

harvesting requests and approvals, registering and labelling timber

assortments, approving of harvesting sites and issuing proofs of origin of

harvested timber); assuring benefits of PFOs from the (third persons’) use of

forest land, NWFP and forest function services including a mechanism for

financing the NPFOA and the PFOAs through that income from private

forests; introduction of compensations to PFOs for the lost income from

protected private forests; adapted regulation of forest administration and

extension service activities and possibilities for their privatisation / licensing;

reduced financial contribution / tax the PFOs have to pay to the budget;

introduction of an additional budget financing source from forest ecosystem

services and introduction of an EU harmonised system of financial incentives

to PFOs and PFOA;

continuous representation PFOs’ and private sector’s interests through expert

facilitation of new FL drafting and assuring the enabling proposals are

included into Draft FL;

providing technical bases for expression PFOs’ interests and needs

(publically) within the First Montenegrin forest forum and public consultations

on the Draft FL (all in 2010);

providing expert advice for inclusion of PFOs’ interests and needs into forest

management and development planning methodologies (to the FODEMO

planning team);

providing extensive expert review and recommendations, including

amendments, to the final Proposal of FL prepared by Government without

participation of stakeholders (in 2010);

exploring possibilities and perform certain lobbying for Parliamentary political

support to private forest sector (in late 2010) in order to return some

(removed) PFOs’ benefits into the final FL proposal;

temporary facilitation of NPFOA’s communication with forestry and other

national institutions and providing other brief forestry-related advices.

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The expert experiences, individual and group work and consultations,

advocating and lobbying approaches were used.

c) Development of new forestry extension service model in organisational and

functional terms, by SNV advisor / consultant, based on:

analysis of organization and functioning of administrative-technical activities

of the FA (in 2008) related to private forestry (within the FA);

elaboration of a detailed list of forestry extension activities (in 2009),

included into draft FL;

elaboration of final proposal for a new decentralised Forestry education and

extension service unit (within the FA), including forest related SME / business

promotion activities (in 2010), and a proposal for a new Forestry training

centre (within the NPFOA).

The expert experiences were used.

d) Introduction and strengthening of forestry extension and communication

capacities, by SNV advisor / consultant, based on:

analysis of forestry education and training needs for foresters and PFOs (in

2008 and 2009);

preparation of annual forestry extension / education plans for foresters and

PFOs (within the FA);

carrying out a number of basic forestry extension and communication

trainings (in duration of 2 – 3 days each) for more than 70 foresters (5% of

women) of foresters as well as advanced forestry extension trainings (in

total duration of 6 - 12 days) for more than 15 candidates for the trainers

(20% of them women) (from 2008 onwards);

preparation of two detailed training modules (on proper cutting of trees with

safety at work and tending of young forest) and two short education

materials / brochures (on aforestation and tending of young forest) for

publishing (in 2010);

publishing of three short educational brochures (on tree cutting techniques

and maintaining chainsaw, based on translation of the SFS originals, in

edition of 9.000 pieces per brochure) and delivering them to the FA and the

NPFOA for distribution among PFOs and executors of forest operations (in

2010).

The participatory approach, the adults and group learning (workshop-type)

approach and expert experiences were used.

e) Introduction and strengthening of forestry business promotion capacities, by

SNV consultant, based on;

analysis of forestry SME situation, including wood processing in Northern

Montenegro (in 2008);

carrying out a complex training process of the Market analysis and

development (MA & D) methodology, developed by FAO (in total duration of

10 days), for five candidates for SME facilitators (in 2009 and 2010);

elaboration of complete business plans for the most promising three forest-

related products / services and the three new pilot SMEs (in 2010);

conducting of a corresponding knowledge transfer to the FA forestry and

other professionals (over 20 of them) in form of a half-day workshop (in

2010).

The participatory approach, the adults learning and group learning

(workshop-type) and expert experiences were used.

f) Development of new forest planning methods with participation of PFOs, by

SNV advisors / consultants (mainly in 2008), based on:

preparation of a (Government to Government) project proposal on

development of integral forest development and management planning in

Montenegro8 (the FA and the MAFWM as beneficiaries);

elaboration of a possible new forest management planning and information

system framework model with particular attention to private forests /

holdings, based on Slovenian experiences;

advising the appurtenant (FODEMO) forest planning development teams by

an SNV advisor (in 2010).

The expert / advisory experiences and participatory planning approach were

used.

g) Introduction and strengthening of sylvicultural techniques for multipurpose

forest management with particular attention to private forests, by an SNV

advisor / consultant (in 2010), based on:

introduction of international experiences and good practices from the

multipurpose sylviculture;

conducting of experimental marking of trees for felling (by a local team of 4 –

7 specialists, under SNV’s expert guidance) in a number of selected forest

plots (7) in private and state forests, in few forest types (fir-spruce, spruce-

fir, beech) and districts (Pljevlja, Mojkovac, Kolasin) in Northern Montenegro;

elaboration of educational material on principles and experimental results

and recommendations for implementation of the improved sylvicultural

systems and marking of trees for felling in every day practice;

conduction a corresponding knowledge transfer to local forestry professionals

(over 25 of them) in form of a two-day’s field workshop.

The experimental approach including experimental forest plots, and expert

experiences were used.

h) Strengthening basic knowledge of PFOs on proper execution of forest

operations (in 2010), mainly by SNV advisors, based on:

carrying out a larger number (more than 20) of one-day training courses for

PFOs (by the FA and the NPFOA trainers) on selected forestry operations, e.g.

aforestation, young forest tending, thinning with marking of trees, forest

order, forest protection, forest fires, tree cutting techniques and safety at

work, tailoring of timber assortments and maintenance of the chainsaw) for

more than 210 interested PFOs.

The adults’ and group learning approach was used.

i) Introduction and strengthening professional exchange between Montenegrin

and foreign private forest-related institutions (from 2008 to 2010), by SNV

advisors, by:

facilitating cooperation with Confederation of European forest owners (CEPF)

and its project related to NPFOAs in selected WB countries;

accompanying and empowering the representatives of the FA and NPFOA on

international meetings related to international private forest policy (Serbia,

2009) and rural development issues (Macedonia, 2010);

carrying out two study visits to selected foreign countries (Austria and BiH, in

2009) for the NPFOA and FA representatives as well as two receptions of

8 This proposal has finally not been delivered by MAWFM to the Montenegrin EU Representation Office, mainly because the FODEMO’s launching of a tender with the similar terms.

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neighbouring NPFOA representatives (Macedonia, Kosovo and Albania in

2009 and 2010);

providing other support to the international communication.

Existent personal and institutional connections were used.

j) Raising general public awareness on importance of forests, by SNV advisors,

by:

a number of releases and reports on private forestry association issues and

activities in daily newspapers and local TVs;

organising public promotion events on aforestation within European forest

weeks in collaboration with PFOs (in 2008) and for school children (in 2010,

by a trainer from the FA ).

Public relation and communication skills were used.

Outcomes

The technical support described under the intervention logic and methods has

contributed to the following outcomes:

Established and improved basic functioning of the NPFOA including internal

administration, IT and action planning skills as well as capacity for

management and representation of the organisation and communication with

state forestry institutions;

Established all necessary NPFOA’s professional advocacy / representation

platforms and its own, minimum capacity for influencing the creation of

enabling legal and other environment for sustainable private forest sector

development, resulting in adoption of an inclusive draft (and somewhat less

inclusive final) FL, as well as in participative forest planning concept9; the

empowered NPFOA (by such SNV’s expert support) recognized as a main

stakeholder and partner in the forest sector;

Adopted management-level decision for establishing of a new Forestry

extension service unit (within the FA) at central and local levels, as well as

expressed interest for establishing of a new Forestry training centre (within

NPFOA);

Established and improved forestry extension and communication capacities of a

significant number of foresters and candidates for trainers (within the FA and

the NPFOA) for successful forestry extension service provision, based on

contemporary public participation and adults’ learning approaches;

Established forest-related business / SME promotion capacities of a minimum

number of candidates for trainers (within the FA and the NPFOA), based on a

specific MA & D approach, explored market possibilities and created technical

conditions (business plans) for registering of a few pilot SMEs;

Developed a possible new forest management planning and information system

framework concept, with particular attention to private forests / holdings;

Improved specific forestry knowledge of a significant number of forestry

professionals (mainly from the FA) on multifunctional forest management /

sylvicultural techniques and appurtenant marking of trees for felling, and

contemporary forest management planning, with particular attention to private

forests;

Improved basic knowledge of a significant number of PFOs on proper execution

of various forest activites and operations;

9 The methodology currently under development (by the FODEMO).

Improved professional exchange between national and foreign private forest-

related institutions;

Raised public awareness on private forests and forestry, particularly on local

level.

Impact

The technical support has, through influencing the creation of enabling forestry

legal, organizational, functional, planning and business environment, through

improved capacities and performance of forestry institutions (the FA and the

NPFOA) and increased knowledge of PFOs about sustainable forest management,

significantly contributed to possibility for higher, more qualitative and save forest

production, higher need for employment and higher forest-related income from

private forests for PFOs as well as for other rural households (as it would be without

our technical support in the circumstances of global economic crisis), based on

principles of sustainability, mitigation of rural poverty and environment protection.

According the Annual report of the MAFWM10, the main forest sector result indicators

for 2010 are:

- increased forest production compared to 2009 for 36 %, realized largely on the

account of private forests (in which the index of realization of the plan was 1,45

times higher than in state forests);

- increased amount of tree seedlings planted (2.110.625 in all forests, of that

400.000 in private forests);

- increased contribution of the forest sector to GDP (statistical figure not available

yet).

In terms of other sectoral indicators, which are more of long-term nature, the

situation could be assessed as follows:

- the private forest area is increasing due to both, natural and the

denationalization processes;

- the private forest growing stock, increment and carbon stock are increasing;

- extent of private forest utilization work and number of forest operators are

increasing;

- income of private forest holdings is increasing.

Our technical support is certainly contributing to these sectoral indicators. More

concretely, significant economic benefits could potentially be realized, for example,

through the legally introduced:

- private forestry planning and technical assistance in forest utilization and

protection, which is gratis for PFOs (financed from state budget);

- subsidies to PFOs for sustainable forest management, which will increase their

income;

- decreased financial burden / tax needed to be paid by PFOs, which will lower

their forest related expenditures;

- various financial compensations to PFOs (for use of their forest land and forest

roads for different non-forestry purposes and for the lost income from protected

forests) as source of their additional income;

- rights for gratis collection and utilization of fuel wood as well as possibility for

selling of the fuel and technical wood under favorable conditions to local people

(for their own needs) from the state forests;

- the right for gratis collection of NWFPs by local people from the state forests

(only buyers/processors pay the compensation).

10 Available at http://www.minpolj.gov.me/vijesti/101959/Izvjestaj-o-realizaciji-medunarodnih-projekata-u-sumarstvu-za-2010-godinu.html.

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Whereas the first four benefits are directly contributing to the increased income of

PFOs, the last two of them are contributing to the increased income of other rural

people and the mitigation of rural poverty.

Lessons learned

Taking into account that our objectives were almost fully realised, it could be also

stated that our approaches worked very well. There was no any of them which did

not work.

The following lessons have been learned:

An encouraging forestry extension potential already exists (in the FA) and

presents a real potential for establishment of a new forestry extension service

unit and its future work;

Team approach which combines an international forestry advisor/consultant and

(best) selected national professionals is very efficient and brings most

satisfactions;

Realization of planned forestry technical activities by local professionals is

however usually questionable because there is a small/limited number of

capable professionals available and different activities are often targeting the

same of them;

Employees of forestry institutions do not refresh their basic forestry knowledge

(internal education do not exists) and are the more thankful for capacity building

/ education on new trends and developments in forestry;

However, many forestry professionals already have a lot of knowledge and

experience, and they just need somebody to encouraged and guide them in

order to provide certain additional contribution.

Critical success factors which made the impact possible could be summarized as

follows:

freshly established private forestry organization and PFOs were particularly

susceptible for good proposals;

forestry professionals very much welcomed and were willing to accept

contemporary knowledge and international experiences;

there was very good cooperation established with local forestry professionals;

crucial in terms of ability to make a difference was in high professional and other

capacities of SNV advisors;

crucial in terms of concrete cooperation was in assuring the SNV’s financial

support (also for the clients’ experts).

Sustainability

The outcomes of this case study are different in terms of sustainability for the

future. In general, such sustainability in the Montenegrin conditions, taking into

account specific peoples’ mentality, is hardly to achieve as there is lack of human

and financial capacities, enthusiasm, self-motivation, innovativeness, stimulation

and consequently preparedness of people to work and produce new values.

With regard to the NPFOA self-functioning and representation capacities, it could be

stated that it is not sustainable yet without external technical and financial support.

Main reason is in the fact that the system of financing of the NPFOA/PFOAs, which

would allow at least a part of professionalization, e.g. employment of forestry

professional(s), is not yet assured.

With regard to the FA, sustainability in terms of implementation of new forestry

extension organisation model seems to be assured after new systematisation is

adopted. Inclusion of specific forest business promotion activities within the forestry

extension unit, or the FA in general, does not seems to have a promising future,

also because of the fact that such activities are usually a domain of other agencies.

The forestry extension / advisory capacities of foresters, including some specific

contemporary forestry knowledge, are well assured for the near future. However,

further maintenance of the capacities and introduction of additional forestry

knowledge seems not to be self-sustainable without external technical and financial

support. Provision of the forestry extension services to PFOs and executors of forest

operations, except of obligatory administratively-technical businesses, resulting in

increased number of educated individuals, is also assessed as not assured for the

near future yet without additional technical and financial support from donors’

projects.

Sustainability in international professional knowledge exchange between private

forest-related institutions is also not assured yet without external technical

assistance. Similar seems to be true also in terms of forestry public promotion.

The final impacts of these case study interventions depend on the (level and quality

of) implementation of the new forest legislation and the clients’ capacities and

performances. They are all mainly of medium or long-term nature. Only the impact

of educated final beneficiaries, e.g. forestry professionals (who directly create the

forest development) and forest owners / operators (who execute the forest

operations) could be considered as immediate or short-term. However, also that

impact, when considered at sectoral level, could only be shown in long-term.

This case, which followed the national private forest sector development needs, has

already its follow-up and provides useful backgrounds for other international actors,

such as Lux-Development and EU. In order to sustain the SNV interventions for the

follow-up, including further development of forestry regulatory technical framework,

forestry capacity building, advocacy and related assistance, the SNV’s core financing

should continue indispensably.

The main opportunity in terms of partnership is continuation of the cooperation with

the Lux-Development which is also taken over the management of a new EU IPA

Forestry capacity building project. The FODEMO project extension (until 2012) and

the IPA project (2011-2013) are offering big opportunities for resource mobilisation,

mainly through competing on its future tenders for providing the forestry capacity

building services. However, the fact that SNV did not extend the contract with its

international forestry advisor and that it remains only with a local forestry advisor

now, is a serious bottleneck for such resource mobilisation.

Photos and quotes

Photos for this document are attached in compressed form and will be uploaded as

instructed.

Quotes

Mr Miodrag Bakic, President of NPFOA: “Thanks to SNV we obtained a most inclusive

draft forest law which optimally expresses private forest owners’ needs.”

Mr Joveta Terzic, Head of forest utilisation section of the FA: “It is very much

appreciated that we could work with SNV also in the very forest”.

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Mr Vidan Jakic, Head of forest utilisation section of the FA: “SNV is assisting us in

not only how to develop the forest policy than also to tend the forest itself”.

Mr Dragoljub Ivanovic, local forestry engineer in the FA: “With its sylvicultural

assistance, SNV has returned as back to our forestry profession”.

Standard data

Start and end date of the contracts within which the interventions occurred:

September 2008 – January 2011;

Composition of the team: SNV-staff/LCBs and external consultants:

Franc Ferlin, Mensura Nuhodzic and Aleksandra Redzic as SNV staff, over 20

LCBs and 3 international consultants;

Number of PP-days invested per category (staff/LCB/external consultant):

670 days (270 of advisors, 220 of LCBs and 180 of external consultants)

Relevant partnerships:

non-formal partnership with Lux-Development FODEMO project and the Slovenia

forest service.

The financial resources invested (programme costs only):

€66.000

Clients satisfaction and enhanced capacity scores:

output – 3.90, outcome 3.88.