Street Gangs of Japan
of 5
Transcript of Street Gangs of Japan
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
1/8
24
Street
Gangs
f
Swenteenth-Century
Japan
Part1.
Wth Swods
andTobacco
lpes
by
Michael Fredholmvon
Essen,Yokohama
Edo, he eading
ityofjapan nd he apital
f heSh6gun,ad y he
mid-seventeenth
entury nlyexistedor
a ewdecades.ie city
was
not much lder han
heTokugawa hogunate
bdfrr4r)
hathad uled
Japanince 603.
When
he
FirsiShdgunftheTokugawa
amily.leyasu
1543-1616),
unified
apan nder is
personal
ule, isaim
Nas
o enforce
eacein
th€country-oalargeextent.esucceeded.ithin ewdecadeshe
counrry
as t
peace.
o*ever,
y hen icioustreet
angs
ad
aken
over he treetsf Edo.
In 1603, do
presentT6ky6)adbeen mere astle
o$rn eld y
Tokuga\r,aeyasu. do,
however, as ov chosen s he
new apital f
Japan.
he eason
wa
partly
becausehe o{tt
was n theTokugawa
heanlandndthussafelysurroundedby
eyasusupporters,
ndpanly
becausehe
puritanicaleyasu, sothernilitary ulers
elore im,
believedhar he ophisticated
iving ndine rts f he ormer
apital,
Ky6ro,
ould o(upt he imple
arriori(ues fhis rustedetainers.
The
population
f Edo thereaft€r
rew
apidly.Tle
geographical
area f
Edoalso
gradually
xpanded,
ndby the early ighteenlh
century,he ily
alreadyountedround
millioninhabitants.dowas
one f h€ argest
rban reasn he
world,
robably
he argest,nd as
remained
oever ince.
Administratively,
do
war
dilided
nto neighbourhoods
cnd
or
ndcli),eacbconsistingof
majorstreei
ndthe ouseslocat€donbolh
sideslong
t.Each eighbourhood
asoradministrativend
ractical
purposes
sell-contained
illagelike ommuniiy,ftenwithsom€
distruslowards
eighbouringreas.
his,combined ith heexislence
of a la4e number
f unemployed
arriors.madeh€ city ipe or
Violentcrime
as aturallynavoidable
n agrealcilysuchsEdo.
and his
ypeof crimewas
panicularlyanpantn theseventeenth
cenlury.
apan ad, fter ll.
ust
emergedromseveralenluriesf
civilwar.Later n the
period
he
police ere
more fficientnd he
marrial pirit of masterless
arriorsand ighters adbeen omevhat
diluted.
As early
as1612, small
oup
of
valets
crrnSer)
ill€da highofficer
in revenge
or hemurder f one
of theirnumber.t
was
oonound
hal
thereweresev€ral
angs
f
valets hroughouthe
cily, under eaders
known by fancy
names uchas Arashi-no-suk€
roughlym€aning
"Captain
Storm"although,
ngeniously,
n alternativeendering ad
themeaning
Captain
Valet"asanother
word or
valetwas
farht'lo).
Themembers
adsworn o
protect
each ther n anycircunstances.
Several
undredmembersf th€
gangs
eresubsequentlyaptured
r
kiUed
n bdttlewith a\{enforcement
orces.
Bur
heval€r
gangsvercnol the irst o causerooble
n Edo. n lhe
1600s,
manyof the aranoto,
samurai
who
had
directaffess o the
Sh6gun,
ere
oung en. Althoughheir ncone
was omfortabl€,
theirduti€s
ere very ight. Manyof thenore
violentmembersf this
group
ormed treet
angsnd oamedhecity.The ackof occupation
and
for them meaningful
ctivitiesn times f
peace
ausedhem
10 eek xcitement
n street-fighting
nd obbery. le
{,ayo{ ife within
the streel
gangs
€quired attention
o outrageous ostume
and
haintyle,
unusual
argon,
obedienc€
o leaders, nda codeof
loyalty
'dthin
the
gang.
hemenbers
ere herefore nowna5 arr*i_moro,
meaningcughly
crazy
ones'or
"eccentrics"
(ldbr,t&
means
to
inclhe" r
"to
lean").
Some
angs
icluded both samumi ndcommoners.round16,45,
iwo hatamoto f high ank
rated
at 10.0tJ0,totund ,000 oh of rice,
respectively)
ere ellknown
eader f
gangs
fyatto
Gervan$,
ho
often onpensatedor their owstatus y
vearing
tylish ress),or this
reason nownas atamoro
allo.
At night, he
gang
membersobbed
and illed
eople
n thestreet. heir eaders
ore
anciful ostumes,
andtheirhairwasressedn fancitul iyles. nlike rdinaryamurai,
lhey
grew
side-whisken,onething ven oday associatedith
gangste$.
neof these
angs,
he
"White
H'h Gang
(Shirutsuka.
8 1n1i)
as rguablylheosteccentric.
The members f this
gang
wore 'hite sashes ndwhite ittings o
their words,
hich lso ereongerhanwas rdinary.romhis, hey
derived heir
name. hei dresswasalsohighlyeccentric,eputedly
single hort kimono
n winter, and hree ong ones n summer. o
appear ven ore stylish,hey
put
eadweights long hebottomedge
of heir lothes,o makehem wing
henwalking.f withoutmon€y,
lhe
gang
embersefusedo
paytheirbills.
ndwhenhey admon€y,
they
paid
n arge
oins
ndbecameiolent f anychange as ffer€d.
Another imilar treet
ang
ashe
"Great
andSmall eaven
nd
EadhGodsGang"Daish6'jingi'gumi).he amurain hisand ther
gangs
erenmost ases en f500rhr or essncome,
ho ad een
separaredrom their land and nstead
given
ixed stipends.
hese
slipendsere otalwaysadequate,osometooko obbing
omake p
thedifference.
The activitiesf the samurai
angs e.e
avoured
y the still
remainingustomf br./igiri
"cuuing
o*n al
thecross-road").s a
samurai ad he ight o kill anycommoner
,ho
ackedn or did
not
pay
him sufficient espect,t \ras common or ruthlessor bloodlhinty
lamurai
o attacknnocent
asseE-by
o iest heirsvords,
ractise
manialechniques,rsimplyo rob.Such illings
enerally
ook
place
atnight, nd
'ere itecomnonn heearly do
period.
he ushn
of trrlii8i,
was
evenruallyrrictly
prohibiled
y the
Shogunale,
hich
setup civil
parroh
o combathis
malpraclice.rom henon, he
customas everelyunished.
Asif heexistence
f he amuraistreet
angswere
otenough,
here
$ere lsogangsflow-class
ownsmen.
hese
angs eremainly ade
upof manualabourers,
oners,
nd o
on.As hey ook o
wearing
longswords.heyoften
camento direcl
andverybloody onflict
with
rhe
sainurai
ang(.
mong
he many
ownsmen
angc.
r
maybe
sufficient
o mentionhe ollowing
ample:he
Gun
Gang"
?epp6-
gnfli). he
Bamboo
SieleGang
(Zara'8o?t),lhe
Yoshiya
Gang"
(voshilo-gumi,
naned
^fier a
place).
he
"Wagtail
Gang"
Sekrrei-
gd"r/,
amedafte.he
irdwhich ccordinglolegendtaught
h€
wo-
male nd emale-deities
zanagind
znanamiounitesexually),
nd
the
Chinese
DogGang
litldn
8uni,
named fterts
eader, 6ken
"Chinese
Dog"Gonbei,
very
trong
manwhoassumed
hisname
afterkilting byhand-two ierce,mpodedighting ogs).
Ti€ townsm€n
angs enerally antedo attraclaltentiotr smuch s
enrichhemselles,o hey requenlly
esorledo extremes,uch s
violent obbery nd ighting n thestreets.
These
young
ownsmen ecame nown as mochi-Jakko
machi
signifyingown, marking hem as to*nsnen
ralher than samurai).
Tl€ir behaviour nddress
ere
similar
o the 1aranolo-yrtto.whom
theyapedn customsndbehaviour,
ut heir €aden suallyame
from he onmonerclass.eing
he
sons
f shopke€persr crafismen.
In later
itemlure, hesem€nwerestyledo/otodlre, meaning rav€
men
who
slandup
againslnjustice.They were eputed o remedy
injustice
nd o
punish
vil-doers.his alianteputation
as
ar ron
conlempomry,
owever, ndonginat€d hiefly n eighteenth-century
Kabuki
lays
n which
ang
membe$ fthe
previous
enturyrequently
figureasheroes.
Nor all townsmen
ang
m€mbers ad swords. he right to carrya
sword
was
often strictly regulated.Some
herefore €liedon other
weapons,monghem omethings nexpecl€d
s he obacco
ipe.
Tobaccoadbeenntroduced
nto
Japan
y hePortuguese,long
with
heir otherdeal noveltv: irearms.
he useoI bothcommodities
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
2/8
25
spread apidly hroughouth€ country. n 1609, he Edo authorities
prohibited
moking ecaus€f lhe firescnused y reckless moke$,
andas he
practice
as onsidered
grave
inancialwasle. et another
reason as
hat n hesame
ear,
ighlsbroke ut n Ky6tobetw€enwo
gangs
rmedwithv€ry
ong,healT obacco
ipes
mad€ f ron. Some f
these
ipes
ven ad word
uads
mountedo
protect
hehands f the
vielderhile
ighting.ecausef ts hape,he obacco
ipe
was asily
u:ed a cudgelor ongmace. heuse l robacco
ipes
s
eapons
soonspreado Edo. Edictsagaitrstobaccowereannouncedeveral
times uring he ollo'{ing
years,
nd n 1615,h€Edoaulhoriti€s ven
conducled hous€'to-houseearchor
pipes,
onfiscatinghoseound.
Most
angmembers,
hethersamuraircommoners,eli€d n he
s*ord
as hemainweapon.
thers
sedheir obacco
ipes
r ong
daggers.any ther ypes fweapons.ncludingolh ong nd hon
speaE,werelson commonse mongtheamuraigan8s.ows nd
anows,
oth he ongJapaneseompositeow nd curiousminiature
version
sed
y ownsmenor
practice
ndamusement,ere reely
available
n Edo.Matchlock usketsnd
pistols
ere ol.however.
excepthe
occasionalne
successfully
mugglednto heciiy a
crine
Dunishable
vd€ath.
Neither arnuraior ownsmen
enerally
sed rmour. lthough
availablet easto thesamurai.he
wearing
f rnilitary tyle rmour
wasooconspicuouso
pass
heapprovaloflhedoauthorities.ong
speantoot
were
ikewise
rohibited
arlyinhehistorv f Edo.
In
popular
irerature,$e mosr anous oI the machi-jakko
was
Banzuiin h6be'
1622
657). he acts f his ife haveargely een
mixed p
with
egend. h6bei ppean o havebeenborn nto a
nasterlessamuraiamily n southemapan. round 640, e irst
cameoEdo.
where
isbrotherseemsohave een bbotofaBuddhist
temple. h6bei ethimself p asa labour roker. ecruitingnd
organising
orkers
o build oads round doand o repairthetone
walls f EdoCastle. anof lhe wages e
paid
hisworkers, h6bei
recoveredbyopeninga
amblingdenwheretheycouldspendtheirfree
limeand,ncidentally,heirwag€s.h6bei\
ang,
heRoppit-gr./rri
a
wordol dubious riginandmeaning, hich atercarn€o neana
Kabuki tage xit r,ith oldgesticulation).oon ecam€he eader
a'j.onqthe achi-ykko.
By moving p ir the
gang
ierarchy, h6bei\
gang
ecamehe
enemy fseyeralother
angs,
ncludingheGreal ndSmall eaven
and Eafth GodsGang, he hatamoto-yakkoandof MizunoJnr6-
zaemon
died
1664),heoffspringfa $ell'knovnwarrioramily.t
wasna ightwithhim hat
Chdbei
eemso alemet h are,
ossibly
-
theslory
goes
asa
guest
reacherouslynvitednto
Mizuno's
house. hdbei€alisedhedangernd, ccordingo he
tory,
xpected
10be killed.But as herewasno
way
out of the nvitation xcept
throughhe renunciationf his reputationor bralery.he
went
an)ryay.h6beipresentedimselfalonetMizuno's ansioo.ftera
luxuriousinner. e
was
killedby Mizuno\
gang.
His corps€
as
discoveredbree aysater loating ownte Kanda iver.
Ch6bei'sieutenanlnd uccessor.6ken
Chinese
Dog Gonbei,
was
deteminedo alenge is ateboss.He sawhischance
hen
Mizuno.n mocknitation fthe
Buddhist
eventh-dayemorialf a
dead
elative.roughl8menbersfhis
ang
o he
leasure
uaner
t
Yoshiwarao celebralehesuccessfulurder l Ch6bei. fier wo
days nd wonights f debauchery.izuno ndhismen inallyel t
Yoshiwara.l
was
awn nd hey
were
ingingnd aughingoudly.
However.
hen
hey eachedhedark nd onely ausewaynown s
Nihon utsumi.unning longheenbanknenrfthecanalfromhe
SunidaRiver o Yoshiwara,hey ound
6ken
Gonbei ndhismen
waitingforthem.heodds ere
tacked
gainsr izuno
nd isband.
and
T6ken
Gonbei
s
said o have
veng€dis eader y
slicing ff
Mizunoears ndnose,
swellaslakingway is words. hetherthis
is rueor nol.Mizuno$r6zaenoneihis ate n i664.when evas
captured nd sentenced
o
death
by
repprl,
(ha.a-kni)
y the
authoritiesor
yean
of nisconductnd or bringing isgraceo his
The onely auseway.y he
ay, $'as ftenused y robbers nd
assassinsforttackingen eturning
rom he
pleasureuaner.
One heoryor thecausef enmity etweenhe vo
gangs
s he
grudge
eweenhe wo
gangs
eaden.Ch6bei ndMizuno, vera
Yoshi{aracounesan.ccordinglo*hatlitdesknown f he ncident,
shewaselenlrallywon
yCh6bei.rueornot,heYoshiwarapleasure
quarter
wasa favourii€
lay-ground
f the
gangs.
dken
Gonbei, oo,
marded
popular
oshiwara
ourtesan.amakatsun,e
was
also
lamousorhis maginalive
airstyle.certain
ypeofshavedforehead
is evennowadavsnoMl
as he T6ken'stylemong ld-fashioned
gangslers,
ho
rill set from ime o ime.
The sanurai
ganSs ere
eventually uppress€dy the authorities
Gee
heconcluding
an
ofthh article).n 1686,
ang
ctivitiesere
declaredll€gal. nd
loseo 200 r
possibly
ven 00
ang
members
were ounded p by the
authoritie5.he eaders.ncluding6ken
Gonbei.
€re
xecuted.y 1687,he
gangs
rere
inally uppressed.
The ownsmen
angs,
owever,
urvived
n
the shape
f
ganbling
gangs. rom hispoinl n Edohistory, amblingangseveloped
wherever
here as nopportunity
o organise
anbling.
TheShogunateever other€do omplelely
uppress
h€ ownsnen
gangs.
lthough elligerentnd
(what
wasworse) ndisciplined
sanurai ever ould e oleratedy he
govemmenr,
urprisingly,
synbiosiselelopedetweenheShogunatend he ownsmen
angs.
TheShogunateole.ated
heiraclivitiesn order o sometimes
rofit
from heirexhtence- he
gangs
ftenassumedesponsibilityor
-
and
the
profits
ron
-
the
provision
f day abourerso theShogunatend
the
great
ords-The
urbanunenployedften ound henselves
completely nd€r he ule
of the
gangs.
fact hat
was
helpful o the
authorities.fterall,lhe
ovemment
esiredothing ore
han
uiet
commoners hodid what h€ywere old, and
preferably
wilhoul h€
needtoactuallydministertotheirn€€ds.i€
Shogunate
t imes ven
usedhegangsohunt ownwantednd ndesirableriminals,hat s,
unorganisedr
particularly
ild
desperadoes
ho
damagedhe
inlerests
f he
govemment,
Close o-operation etween
overnment
nd orSanisedrimehas
.enained
act f Japaneseifeuntil oday.lt eemsnlikelyhat his
three-centuries-old
radition
ill
die oon.
9^J
K
WARGAMESRESEARC
GROT]P
Ihe Ke€p
k
MarchantBaracl6, LondonRoa4
Devizes,
x/iltshire
SN10 2ER.
Tel & Fai
(
01
380
724558
I\[EW
7th Edition Army tists
volDme
3
M.95
by Sieve
cldk & Dave Hutchby
(Macedonim
& Puric Va.s Period)
AND
DBM AncientsRules
e.sion 1.3
,4.95
NN n:om CSG Publicationsl
Scenarios o.
All A96
by C. S.Grant &
s. A. Asquirb
t12.50
IPSTAGE
UnitedKingdom
Add 0% minimum
50P;
Maximum53.0o
AirmailEurope
Add25%Minimum11.00
Restof
World-Add25% Surfacei50% irmail
Minimum51 O0
VISA & ACCESS
(Mastercard,
Eurocard)
ACCEPIED
For a r.rll isting ofall our
produals please
send an
S.A.E. r
2 IRC'S
o
rhe aboveaddress.
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
3/8
26
WARGAME PPLICATIONS
Basic cenario
Any
wargaDeran asily ome p
wlha
general
cenarionvolving
coupl€fstreet
angs.
nysuitable
et fskirmishules
may eused,
sohere only
offera ev hintson
how o setup he
game.
The ocation
wouldmostoften
be oneof lhe broad
nain streets f
Edo.iese
were
enerally
8metres
ide,
hile
he treels
unningff
themhada widthof 12metres. le stleelsere inedwithshops.
Behindheshops
as maze f back
lleys ndcrowdedenenenl
houses.n
day-time.llstreeb
ere mazinglyrowded.t
nighl,€w
people
ared
o
goout.
A
gang
enerally
eededo
parrrculat
xcure
o
engrge
n some
mayhem.
osimplyineup
your
rooPs nd ave
go
at l.
Advanced
cenario
For heskinnishwargamerwhowishes
oenterdeeperinto
hemind f
theseventeenth'century
apanese
ang
eader,he ollowingugges_
tionsmaybe
€lpful. he
ictoryconditionsmayeemnusual,ul
he
inlention
s10 llow €asonablyaithful
eproductionf
he indset f
the
participatinSang
eaden.
hey
were
ol
nenwhoexpecledo ive
forever;
whal heycraved
wasa life of
pleasures
hal endedn
everlasting
ame. eep
hisinmind, ndthe
otionhalboth idesin
fighl
anwinor ose imullaneously
ill
nol
appearo trangefter ll.
T6kenGonbei\
evengetlack nMizuno
iir6zaemons
perhaps
theultimateest or
the advanced
arganer. s Mizuno.
ou
are
outnumbered.
ou
uffer
seriousangoler-
many apaneseonol
take indlyoalcohol
and
you
re eadliredafterspendingtwodays
and
ightsn
play
nd
ames
ilh he
Yoshiwara
irls.
"Tle
Great ndSmall
ealen nd
EarlhGods ang"
MizrnoJtrozaemo,r
boss)
18 ired amuraiuffering
romhangoven,
rmed
ilh
swords
nly.
Note:
Becausef the severe
angoversnd ack
of sleep, ll are
fadgued,isorSanised,nd enerallynbad hape-
Ropp6-Eumi
T6ken
Chinese
Dog"Gonbei(boss)
18(ormore,
fyouwish)
ang
embers.
rmedo he
eethnthe sual
fashion
no irearms).
FiC 1. TtE
tu|
atJ,g ol d wual 4tait.,
(Eow.v.r'
tut
N,ri.tkt
tun is d .onnon.t, d htgh-turHie
nc,nbd o th.
.nr adnlnltiatl,L)
Theaimol TdkenGonbeisnotsomucho kill Mizuno ir6zaenon
as
to humiliateim n evengeorhis astardlyeeds..
1. If Mizunobr€aks hroogh nd escapes,
ulfering o more
casualtieshan isadvenary,
izuno insthe
ame.
2. If Mizuno scapesutsuffers
orecasuahieshan 6kenGonbei,
the
game
sa draw.
3 If Mizunoiskilled
ighlingvalianlly,he
gameisadraw.
4 If Mizunoscaplured,dkenGonbeimay akeaway is words
andsl;ceoff
isearsnd ose. 6kenGonbei ccordinglywinslhe
gane-
5 If bothMizunoandT6kenGonbeiarekilled,
othwineverlasdng
faneas
well
s he
game.
Flg2. A santal dttlldq
MINIATURE IGURES
FL'RTHER
EADING
Mostworksonhissubectarenfonunatelyonly
vailableinapanese.
For additional
rformationn English,
lease
ook out for my
fonhcoming
ook do
-
Da ly Lik in theCapitaLf the Shdgun.
For
general
ackgroundnlormation, he following wo ritles are
Mitford,AlgemonB.
(Inrd
Redesd^le'),ales l OldJryan,London:
Macmillan,871. eprintedn 1966 yCharles . Tuttle,
6ky6.A
collection f Edo-periodtories.
vonSi€bold, hilippFranz al. Manne6nd Custona f
the
lapanese,
London: ohnMurray ndNe* York:Harper& Brothe$,1841.
Reprintedn 1973 y Charles . Tuttle,
T6ky6.An earlyEnglish-
languag€ompilarion y anunknown ditorof theearly
worksof von
Siebold
ndDutchesidentsn Japan.
To beconchdedn then€xt $ttp \ilh
garl
'rttot
heTovn ragistrate
a l tneEdoPoli&.
The
eleclion
fsuilable iniatureiguressnot
great.
owever, ew
nanufaciuren
o offer25nmcivilian-dressedamurai. hese an
€asily e used or eilhergangmembersr policeorces, r even
innoceniystanders.le style f clothing
as ery
muchhesame.
withonlymaterialsnd
qualily
istinguishingetweenheclasses.
However.he
purist
illfiledownheshon rdlizarii word nnost
figur€s, sonlysamurai ad he ight o ca.ry wo swords. ommoners
had
o nakedo withone,and hissword ad o be no ongerhan
approximately0centinelres
o conlormwith he ruthlessly nforced
svord
egularions.he
purisl
will also void he
winged"
shoulder
coalsusedby sanuraiasofficial dress
*oni-rrtno),
asno ordinarl
commonerandnlylewsamuraiwould
ear
uch dressn he treets
of Edo
A smallnumber f excellentiguresare alsoavailable
rom some
manufacturers'fantasyanges.hese, sually f the arge nd
bulky
variety, ake xcellentangeaden nd ersonalities.
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
4/8
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
5/8
ll
Street
Gangs f
Seventeenth-Century
Japan
Part2,
TheTonrnMaglstrate
andtheEdoPollcy
by
MichaelFredholmvon
Essen,Yokohama
THEEDO OLICEFORCE
In
1686.heEdo uthorities
ad inalb ad nough
f he
angvarfare.
A1l
gang
crilities
ere eclaredllegal.
nd loseo 200 r
possibly
even 00gangmembersererounded p br lhe aulhorjlies.
he
leaders.ncluding
6ken Chinese
og Gonbei.
erc
executed.
y
1687,ll
gangs ereinalh uppressed.
This. fcourse.
as ol he€nd f
Edoorganisedrime. ul
t was
theend f
hewell-armednd rrogant
treet
anSster.
encefoih
e
onll'appeared
n hestage r
(muchalet in th€cinena
r on the
In h€ e\enreenrh.cenrurj
apan.
dodnd lhelmdjor
i l i r '
$err
ruledb]'
the ownmagislrare
'n(thi-bugf').
Thissystem
as
ully
developedb6ll.
whentheirsl voEdo
magistraleswereppointed.
and omajor hanges
ook
place
or heduration
flhe Edo
period.
The uncrionfrhe
o{n nagistrate
aslhal
of
chiel f
police.
udge.
and
mayor. e
was
man fmany
nd ile$e esponsibilities.
The undamenlalidedfihe
ownmagislrate\
uties asmponed
fron China.bul $e prranoia f lhe Shogunareed o a najor
adaptation.Inhina.
he
posr
ftownmagisrrdte
as eld yonlyooe
person:
heShogundle.
owe\eIfound
l
sdle'
o nominaleso
individuah.o har
her'.ould epon neach ther.
doaccotdingl
had vo
at
one ime ven
hree)ownmagistrates.
ho orked utof
the Nonh Tosn Magis(aleOffice
Kran'rclii
rgld-rlo)
and he
South
ownMaginrale ffice
Mtrdr
nacftr'rlr${t-rho).
especlire'
ly.The
nonhernoffice
as
ocated
n northern arunouchi
thal s.
widinEdoCaslle).
hile
he
southern
office
as
ocaled
nsouthern
Marunouchi.lthoughh€y
had eparaleoffices.ach
agisrrale
as
on dury or a month,
ndoff duty or
lhe nexl.Noneth€less.olh
magistraresad
o igneportsubmilted
o he
government.
The mportance
flhe
post
fEdo own
agislrate
as
pprecjaled.
andahighlevelofbil;ty asusuallyequirementtonomination.he
positionas
accordingly
prestigiousne.Bul he duties
€re
not
light.and he
posting as
o sinecure.
s n China.hemagistrates
were
onsianlly
ver-worked.nd
s he
populalion
f Edo
grew.
he
duties f
hemagistfates
rew
uffi
ienlly emandinghal$e off_duly
nonth
was equired erely
o atch pon he
work elalingo one\
Dreviousonth fdut .
The rown magisrrates
erecharged
ilh keepinghe
peace.
enforcinghe laws
and supervisinghe
police.
ealing
ilh
cilil
disputes,nforcing
hecitybuilding
egulations.ssuingravelpasses.
supervisinghe
city civil adminittrarors.
irv
pfisons. ublic
eliel
agencies
nainly
oncerned
ith he dislribulionf rice n
tinesof
need),
and fire'fighting ssociadons.
mong es €rduties.
he
magistrale
lso. or inslance.
ad o locate ndelaluate uilable
connonenascandidatesor governmentwardsn filialpielyand
goodconduct.nyotherproblem
hatconcernedhecity
vas
ho
his
resoonsibilit .
Themagislrate
nduty ad
ogo o
EdoCastleverv
ay l lOan
There.
meeringsollowed
ilh hescnior
fficials f
theShogunate
adminisrration.
he
magistrateeporled
ny ction
ehad aken,
nd
then eceivedisorden. hemeetingsnsured
hat hemaghtrate
as
nor ree o eave nrilaboutp.m.Upon
isrelumio is ffice, ehad
todedlwlthheoaDerworknd rher ouline
matter...
wirhin heboundariesf Edo.only
sanrraiand
priests
emained
outsidehe ownmagistmte
urisdiction.
ther fficials ealt
with
them,meelingheEdonagislrate
hreeimes monthn heJudicial
council
d-vrAfto).
The
ost
f Edomagistrate
'as
f
vitalmportanceo heShogunale.
It was hereforeeservedor personalelainers f the Sh6gun
(ldrdnorr)
witha owestating f500 oku ol
rice- he
posl
arried
with t anallowancef3.000loi& nd coun
ank hat qualledsome
grear
ords. he llowancendtheank ounled
ore snecessitiesfor
successfllly
ulfillinghe mportanluties f
the
post,
atherthansa
source l
pe$oial
re*ard. The Dagistrat€
ad to covermany
work-relaredxpensesutofhis
personal
allei. heEdomagistrate
notonly eededtoeexlremelyoyal.
eakohad obeanouBtanding
man f high ntegrity. or€ han nce. otable
oldersf other
osls.
technically
egardedsequaln status.
ere
promoled
o the
post
f
Edomagrslrate.
The own agistraread arge
olice
orce rhis
isposal.
Immediarelynder acho*n magistrareerved
5
odi
("offered
strength or assislanl agistrates.
heywere amurai.ach
with
a
stipendf200 tolr .Originally.hewordon,tihad ignified ord's
militaryaide.ul rom helixteenthcenturythe
erm hangedeaning
to a military ommanderoflo$
ank.lnEdo,lhe ffice f)o/iki
$as
hereditary.he eir f_l n,ti ntered
sort fapprenliceshiptaround
rheage f 13.All)o/iki
of Edowere husnalives f Edo.and l
is
extremelyikelyhata new
ownmagistratead o relyenensivelyn
ihe
_vorkit
ocal xperience.
The
rorl(i
ormed ight
group.
hey ll iled n hesame
uaner,
Hatch6bori.heir anuraitatus
relented
hemromminglingreely
wnh he ownspeople.owe €r.hey
vere
lso
onsid€redrclean,
becauseflheir onnection
ith
death
a
Shinr6eligious
oncept)nd
execuredriminals.
heywere ccordinglyever
ermitted
o enter
EdoCasde.
ndwere fien hunnedyordinaryanumi.
Wloever
liked o meel policeman?_loriti ccordinglyadnohope fever
being
ronored
utofhishereditary
rofession.
he
o/iti
thereiore
had reputarionfbeing
erv
haughlynd
proud
fhis
appearance,
which t east
as
hatof a samurai.eudal
ords ommonlyribed
ro/iti1|irhexpensne
ifrs
o hat he
ro/iti
ould
ook
afterhe ords
rctainers
vheneverhey
or
drunk nd ausedouble, hutavoiding
anJ- nnecessarynbarrassment.
lothing. sually
ith
the amily
crest f rhedonor.
as
a favourile
ifr.
Giftsandbribesormed
considerable
an
ofrhe
nntralncomef a
ariti.
lt
was
eponedat
a_rorik,
ncome.ribes nd
iflsincluded.
ould mounttono
essthan
30i10
yd
ofgold.Theaveragennualncome f a ownsrnan
as en
To offera
gifr
was otslrictlyegardedsbribery, o*ever, ven
thoughhe ntention
as
10
ensDreome dvanlageo the
giver.
n
Japan. nysuperior and
anvofficial,he
ast
majority f
whom
regardedhemselves
s
uperior
o everybodyotofblalanll) uperior
ranft erpecred
o receive
ifts
rom infenors nd
ndividuah
approaching
n search f assislance.
hishabit emainsn nodem
Tdkyd.
n essblatanicasesn he orm
fmandatorygiftstooneboss,
butakoas h€
idespreadoliticalorruplionltoday\Japan.
what€verthessociation
ithdeath.menben fthesamurailass
of course ever aried
our anvacrual xeculionf a condemned
criminal. xecurions
ere lwaysarriedutbyoutca5ts.
The anks f
rhe
police
lsoncluded any
howere ot
of
)o/iki
rank.but
nevenhelessf higher latus
han he ourcaslsf rhe
Most
mpoltanr erehe egularpolice
fficers
dd$ir.
see elo\\,).
Theyvereamuraiolicemenho.o-qetherith heirassislants.ade
up$e bulk
of rhe aNenforcementorce.
kin o uniformed
olice.
theywereighly
isible nthe lreetsofEdo.utthe own agistrale
also ad therin estigarive
nits thisdisposal.
Especiallvn
hehreryearsfiheEdo
eriod.
kind fsecret
olice
was
fren
elied pon. onsistingfpaidnformen
onDitrr).
ome
{
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
6/8
these
vere
trained undercover gents
nirl),
oftell disguised
s
merchants,
riests,
r onun€-telleE. heninl from ga
province
ere
knoln to ive n Kubomachi,commoneis isrrictn Aoyama.
Others
were
rdinarynformen, homerelyelied n heireanand
eyes.
Tlere
werc
such nfonnenall overEdo.and hey ncludedmanymale
servantsn th€ brotheh.Yet others imply ingled
vith
hecrowdsn
busy ar€as, o arest anyone
who
nade remarkscritical of the
govemmeDt.
nformer ven at n he
public
aths, isguis€dy heir
nudity.Many nformenacceptedribesasa meanso
get
awaywith
some arclessenark. Yet more nformenwere herefore
radually
broughtn. lo keepan eyeon the oahernformers.n th€ best
police
statemdition.verybodypied neverybody.
Below he assistant agistrates
yo/ilt)
servedhe r€g lar
sanuni
policeofficer,
nown
sddriin
"shared
eart'or
companion
).
They
livedn thesame
uader,
alch6bori.hed6rrin,
oo.vasa closely
lnit,hereditary
roup.
ach
magistratead1t10.120,25,or 28such
policemen
erving nderhim,and hesemade p hebasic
oiice
orce.
Most nvestigationsndemergenciesere andledyddrrn.
The
sup€rior
orikr
generally
onsid€redimselfoo mportanto
take
pan
in routin€
ork.
Only n hemost pectacularr mpodantmergency
wouldhe
rnli
deigno urn
up-and then nhorseback,ressedn
chainmail€neathis lothing, itharmoured
loves
nd leeves,nd
a lat var hat /inSara). ven o. he ,o./rigenerallyontenredimsell
withdirectingh€operationron a distance.
Tle incomeof a ldrhi, was
hirty lotu ol rice,
but he, like his
superjor. ouldcount
on receiving
ifts
rom the feudal
ordsvhose
r€tainers
ot
n troublen
Edo.Accordingo one
slory, heddrrin
would
eceive coat
rmrli)
fron each eudal ord. enblazoned ith
that
ord\
family rest. e
accordinglyad o becar€fuIo
choosehe
right oatwhenev€rcallingon
ne f his enefactors.
Gifts
f clothing
were
not unusualn old
JaDan.nd he customenained
n some
instancesell nto
he
present
entury.
Although beddrirn was
lassified s
samurai, e carried nly orc
svord.andnev€r he
ormaldress f a retainer.
nstead diirlin wore
his
ersonal
lothes.
owever,enever
retended
obea
plain-clothes
policeman. ddsl,in lways ore hesymbol f hisoffice, heJi?e. his
weapon
asa 25-65
entimetresongst€el
aton, luallywithan
L shaped ook near
he handle.A skillul d{trln
could catch he
s{ord'blade f an
atlacker n thh hook, hus
disarminAim.
Co emmenr-ssne
|/rre
ere
requently
ilver.plalednddeiorated
with
ed assels,s
abadgef olfice.Most.irr€ere
arriedn he ash,
but a f€w
(kno$n
as rcliwara) were
shapedike massiveron
sword
blades ith
a dull ed8e, nd her€fore
arriedn a sword cabbard.
In the
same
ay
as h€
ontrt
delegaiedhework o the d$ir.
the
latlerusually
elegatedhe actualnvesrigativeork
ro his own
assistants.ach dslin
had woor rhree ssistantsknown
s rr?8en r
\aler.).wirhwhom
epdtrolled
heslreers.}e ,ssisranl ere
or
samurai;hey
were
ownlmen
mployedy he
Shogunare.everthe,
Iess.hey oocaniedhe
ine
asa symbol l lheir
officialslarus.he
totalnumberf hese ssistantsas etat540o560. nd hey erved
underhree
valet
headmen.rn8en,8arrlm).
he
ssisrantsotonly
patrolled
hestreets;hey
ahoacled s nformen o the
egular
olice.
Edowasdividedntofourpolice
atrols.
oeach
atrol
ad ocover
largearea. te ditrrin and his team
would
call ar the
larjous
checkpoinbthd
ere
established
n the
subdivisions
fthecity,
each
mannedya
represenlative
f
h€ ocalesidentsssociation.f there
was
auseor trouble.
hedd$r, did nol
generally
ake
part
hims€lf.
He
rather
enl
his assistantsith someocalmen o caDturenv
cnninal.
The asshtantsere
pan
of the arge
group
of menknownas
,n?atrtr,. openeyes"),agentshiredbythemagistrate.nEdo,these
were lso nown nderthe ick'nametrpp,ti
("close
o cr'minal
.
Manywereorme. ffendersnd heyaccordinglyerewile n the
vays ftheunderwodd.teygenerallyad bad eputalionnd1lere
notorious
ortaking ribes, xtractingonfessionsydubious eans.
and orabusingheirposition
n various ays. or h€seeasons.he
use f neakflrri
as
l ines
prohibiied.
or nsrancey heend
fthe
eishtecmh
enrurv o\revcr.ithouthernthcnasisfateadinle f
anychancef catchingny ardenedriminal.n 1867ih€re$ere81
,r?a,tdsftin ihe egular mplov
f theEdomagistrate.arli€r.
be
numberseem\ohaveeenigher.ound400to
0
POLICE QUIPMEM,
CONTROL EASURES,ND
CI\'IL PATROLS
In heearly istoryf Edo. rime as
anicularly
iole
. Means ere
dev€loped
o ocate nd aptureriminalsithoutilking
hedearh l
theapprehending
olice
fficer.
First hecriminalhad
obe ocaled. antedriminals€r€
earched
for
with
hehelpof wanted otices. ith
he
painted onrait
t
rhe
criminal
often
nol onl) hA face
but alsohi. enrireappearance.
includinSlothes).
wh a
wanted
otice ouid be bronghl
long
whenever diirr,n
or
informer
nade his oundsn search f a
fugitive
Afterasuspectasocated,ehad
o becaprured-hednrli, and
his
assistantselied n anextensiv€mount
f specialquipmento
dealwithcnmein
t rougherorms. parr ron he
ir€.
whisrles.
nd
ordinaryhandcuffs.
pecialchains
ith
woattachedteel eighls
ere
also sed gainsrn
enemyword. hewielderofsuchchain eapon
allowedlhehaino wrap
roundhesword fhisadversary.
ooks,
similartofish-hooks,onnected
oahernpope.
were
hous€d,
imed
at he ollarandashofthecr;minal.
fterthe riminalwashooked.
e
was
soon mmobilised.eslrained
y fte hook and he rope-An
especiallyviolentnd erocioDscriminal,
or nstancesword-wielding
masterless
amurai,couldebox€dnbya
nunberofmenoldingour
Iaddersn heir ides.ockedntoeach thern he haoefaboxrrao.
The
riminal
as
hen
worn
own
'rh
ong
ole
armi urnrshedriih
spikes nd barbs.which
nflictedminor wounds nd
enrangled
themselvesinisclothing.
utdid otkillhim.Meanwhile.the
riminal
was
eplata distance.
o
hat
ecould ot use isown word
gainsl
ry
2OMM
NAPOLEONICS
FRE'\
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
7/8
From1629. nother
ypeof civil
patrol.
he
nriiban
"cross'road
guard"), as
stablished
n Edo.Thedirect
easonas he
prevalent
street
iolence nd
gang
warfare.Some 906lj.tban
were
osinoned
t
strategic
oinrs
n
thesamuraiesidenlialreas.
hese
airolmen
ad
similardudestoth€/irrinla,r.
ut*ere
mannedndsupponedlhrougb
resularlelies
nDosedn he
warrior lass.
Anothermears
of social ontrol
was he eslablishmentf the
gor,n-gufli
'five-manroups"),
lrcady
entioned.he
groupwas
collectivelyeld esponsible
orallobligations.
ndofany iolateda{
or reSulation.fone
membefrokehe aw,
llmembersf he
Sroup
WARGAMEAPPLICAIIONS
Fig.
. A
gtoup
ol sanurci
irenen.
Theatuhin
poticenen
v,'erc
dressed
n a sinifu
lashion.
Noticx he
ofl*i
rilling a ho6e.He b the
on, one
wuing a helmet.
Thesep€cial
,eapons
nd evices,lthough
otenliallylethal,
ere
designedccording
o
the
principle
hatasuspecthould
e akenalive.
But
weapons ere
not everlthing.To k€ep he caplivealive
but
incnpacitated,he pecialmartialan of tyingup a
prisoner
with
ropes
developed.
Theseechniquesresrill aught r heT6ky6Metropolitanolice
Depanmenfsartial ns ainingclasses.
There ere lso thermeasurestoealwithviol€nt rime.ln 628.
warchels ereplaced
t all cross'roads.n an attenpt o deal
witb
he
rampanl
ang arfare.
n 1645,na inal ttempto controlhe
arious
gangs
hat oamedhestreels,
ates
o the
variouseighbourhoodsf
Edo
ere
setup. he ocalnhabitantsrganisadon
goain'guni)
ad
to
provide
ate'keepers,
nd t10p.n. hebarriers
ere
losedor he
nighl. romhen n,
people
erereslrictedntheirmovementsatnight
to their mmediateeighbourhood.le
gates
pened gain nlyat
dawn.Ifanyesidentad rgenl usiness,small ide oor tlhe
gate
could eopened.his oor ad bell.Anybody
ho
eed€doenter r
l€ave ad o talk ro the
gate-keeperi.idoran.
gate-guard"
or
-
nicknamed banrald)o open hisdoor, nd
when uiside,arry
paper
antem ,ithhisnane 'ritten on.
The ntroduction f
gates
sstreel
barriersrmed out o bea highly
successfulontrol easurc,nd heywere uccessfullymployedntil
the
en
end f heEdooeriod.
Night-watchmenere lso
nployed.
achhado
go
his ounds ith
woodenlapperstosoundthatllwaswell.hiswas otonly o
protecl
againsturgla$, ul alsoo spot ny ire.Likewise.hebarriergates
wer€never eft unaltended ecausef the risk of fire. In sucha case.
€ach
ate
ad o be
quickly
pened.
As anothermeans f control,Edo had two major orms
of
neighbouihood ivil
patrols.
riirban
('\elf-guard")
were
patrol
groups
,ritb
officialapprolal.manned
ndsupported y hecommon'
en'locsl
arsociations.n Edo.
such
atrols
ere ormedn the ate
1600s. y the endol the Edo
period,
hereweresome 90
irntnban
posts
n Edo, trategicallyocatedhroughoulhe ommone$'ections
of the city. Originally, he members f the r.rrinbanwereordinary
residentsf heneighbourhood,ervingna rotatingbasis.ater he
communities
nstead
mployedtafl
or heseunctions, nd he
quality
and f6ciencyf heirriinbar eteriorated.
he
r.rrinban's
ain uties
were o
provide
ight
atrols,
eNeas ire ookouis
rnabar),
and
arrest ndescort uspicious
eople
o hemagistrate\ ffice.
FinalRound-Up cenario
TheEdo
police
orce
mayof cou6e ppear
n any cenarionvolving
street
angs.
n thisscenatio,
offersonesuggestions
n how o
wargamehe inalround-up
lthe
gangs
n 168687.
In this
cerario nly. heEdo
police
may hooseo use
matchlock
nuskets
o enforcehe own
magistrale\emands-
owever,
ang
memberasualtieshould
eavoided,s he
objectives o take hem
alive, not to
kill them.The atter fat€
s reserv€dor the execution
ground,fter properummaryrial.
Again,he etting
sone f hemajorstreets
fEdo.
f,do
police
TheEdoMag;strate
Commander-in-Chief)
Up o 25
orili,
mountedonorse_back
Up to 125 drlir,
asmany s
you
ike
armed ithmatchlock
Up
to 400 kappiki
DeploymentAnr
mannerurroundingheenemy.
Note: he
_rorik;
ill notdeigno sewe
sa cavalrynit.Any
ori&i
whoappearsonthe
tfeetwill ssune
eGthere olelyn hecapacity
of theMagistrate\ub ommander.heMagistrateay ccordingly
voluntarilyhooseo inii
thenumberof
articipating)o/ikt.
Viclory oltditiors
The asks osunoundnd apturehe
enemylive. our orceshould
bemorehan ufficientor his
urpose.
L If allenemyorcesre aptured,aving
ufferedesshan 0%
casuallies.heMagistrateas
won
he
gaDe
(Nole.
Your Nn ossesre nconsequential
n his ase.
FiB.2.
Various
mpknntts
of lhe
Edo
potice.
Notice
he
bafied
pot.e.ams
o the
kft, tltc
hmdcufs
to he
bodom
|ht, the
covercd
patanqu
Jor
tta,tspoflation
l
uiminah
in the
cenrc,
ana rhe
tnstruments
l toture
t the
catLeft.
-
8/19/2019 Street Gangs of Japan
8/8
FISTICUFFS
196
-4rh
slhMAy ee6
l'$cntdby rebvcllc^ oI W€yn,ourlr
bte
lkEnL4
loi i h
trtas .r,4rdr. ,
r.D'q conr' iod$ r/J-, ir:
Rdry n,s sor N d@d cr,6: bid di."
Fetr
TIIESIIOWWII-I- D II]LD
AI'WIYIVIOU'|IIOLI,ECE.RANI,oRD
AVENUESIIIj, '|EYMOUTILeartorhc*aronr tul ee nrkitrsishl
nexr orhe dEin l .11.
Contacls: ra.le6lc.,.kl: NlnninCoddarJ,
16
Kri8htsd.[ RdJ,Wr]nrourh,
D^6er
DT4
0llS (0lJnt
7h0l81l
A,.t,r Dorbr.ri
PaulFrirh,l0l. Alrni Red.
wnndr,
BolnPn'd i, Do^d
1l
SIMON'SSOLDIERS
Esrabtished 990
A
prof6
ondl
dialing
@(? for
rargama
byd wagamer.
Alls.al€s@leredor
up
o I lomr)but
t5mma spefldl
,
wrh
a
numbaol standardsiJaable o suiryourrareanitgour_poker
For 15bm
6nEpl..6d €1.50 o 14
Cae
Ftyr.oD,
Brackla,
Addged, Mtd.
clam. CFSI 2HG or conrac.
Sloon Chdlesworth
or 01656 76a556 for detatls-
2.
If sone nemies
reak utand/orhe
eneny uffers orehan
30% casualti€s,
he bloodshed ill
force he Shogunate
o
reconsider hether
he Magistrate
s really compet€nt
o
maintainaw
andord€r n the
capital f the ealm.
Roll a die:
on 1-3 he
Magistrareetains is
posr and
wins he
gane),
on
46 he s
denoted nd
entosome htanrural
rea
and
oses
tne
ganer.
3. If the enenysuffersmore han50% casualiies.hecamage
will
cause he
Magistrate o be posted
o some
distant
adninistrative
ost
n hecounrry
and
uromaticatly
osehe
game).
4. If th€ Edo
police
are ro
ed or otherwiseefeated,
he
Magistratewiu
be expectedo
commit suicidewhile
the
Shogunate
obiliseshe
rmyo dealwirh he
situation.
Slreet
aDgs
T6ken
Chin€se
Dog"
conbei
(boss)
Up b
,m
nembe$ of the T6ken-gumiup
to l0%
armedwith
matchlock
istols)
Up o 260 ther
ang
embersivided
ntoar eastseven
llied
gangs.
Deployment:
nymamer,
utsurroundedy he
encrry.
Victory
conditions:
The ask
s to stayalive
and avoidcapture.
As a
gang
eader,
your
loyalty s
primarily
10
yourself,
hen o someinited
en€nt lo
your
gang,
nd otat
all oany llied
ang.
1. If T6ken
Gonbei urvives ndbreaks
hrough he anks
f he
police,
ehas on
b€
game-
2. If T6ken
Gonbei
oes
own ighring
ogetherwith
rheentire
T6ken-gumi,e
haswoneverlasting
ame andaccordingly
on rhe
game.
Nole.
Tle Mag$rrate
ayevenso \rin
accordingo hisvictory
condiiions.f
so,bothsides in )
3.
Anyotheresults
a oral ef€at.
Useasmanyminiatureigures syouhave.Thiswill beasclose s
you
cone to a
pitched
battle n Edo
itself. If
you
have oo
fev
niniatures,consider
reating
he scenario s only
one of several
diff€reDt
confrontations ith
severaldifferent
street
gangs.
f so,
attempt1o
naintain he relative
srrength f
eachside.Tte victory
conditionstill
apply.
w{[) 7 ansr
(Fuzz)). rnerinS $nh R.mingtan iifl.
rr(r) 3 Am&
(arib} .durciig
nith
R.mi,8on rirr.
E(E)
lr aisr
(arab),
idrmdg rh
bo.d br.d.d brmb.o sp.:i
rT(t) rr A,$r
(Arab)i chrBins
nith
bud bridd bambm sp.,_
rTln
rs ana,.
\nh
r,tr,.,.Fd., Jmrp
{htrr.n\hi.td,
rhrc$ing
brc.dbl.dedrp.rr
rT([) r] Anqr
cuz+
hrkins
$ h.nd.d h $ord
l[G)
11 ansr
(Fuzr)
ch ging rnh $ r.i5e4
c.r4ins hid. shi.ld
vt(t)
r5 Ansar
{Fuzzr)
rdlancinS rith nbid ind rhnkr
shicrd
tT (F j
16 {nq r .$ ' r hh l c (ov red .d ' . h i n8b : .hh
d .nn j$$n rd ,
.riqrngnacinF,d
vt(E)
15 Ans,
fuzzt
n,nded baft .biaiig
(Pi* of
t
YE(t) {6 lrounred anir N
h 5pai on. pic( €*iie
(Prr
of 3)
vr(r)
17 an* riftins slundcd.
(P..k of
t
vr(E)
$ Dod aier, riis oD hn
bick (P:.r of
t
DarvnofBritishlndia
Troops
ofthe Native Princes, lsmm {igures
designed by T.l. Hallarn
The Honourabl€
fast India Company.
Bcngrl ncr.f.naycomm:nd pa.*. furclriholn.n NidF
Ensi8n, a r S.r8.int, Druihq Bot.nd Fif.r
or 1790.
r
3 r 0, Nnn s in opm
j:ckd,
Fidghl:
md
lsndhr
${.
Tnrbin.
rPrk of t)
Mihtl. ir
r &
ol 0@ 1.90,[email protected](+10%ptP)
lrade Dbtdbutor
& ReLil Outlets
06de
enquinF
wercome)
OUIRXELGAMES Mr JurgenK.spezak, Am PannolF 7.
Posrfach56,1,7595
Getden.GERMANY
Tel
02331 7700 d.0 2331A$66
toEE...
n.btb6l
CHAMP E
MABS Mr S.C.Paudhon.1Rue e S€vigne.
75004
Pafs FRANCETel43 04 0r 02 Fd. 4s 04
05 56
THEGAMES
ASTER rlLWa[€rA KEUqA-5110 bemdo4
sr. GoEener
srr,
Ausrflra. rer:
062726273
ESSEXMINATUfiES USTRALIA.MTRay
Codolon,
Hom:by
NSW 077
AUSTRALIA
Iel. 02 477 6696F^. A2 477 266r
TWO
DRAGONS
PRODUCTIONS
l8 Lip*omb Street, Miln brids€, HuddeBiield
wdr Yorkhire
HDI 4PFEnsl.nd or t€l
{01484)
4ll?4,
w.
d .dlc dI rujor ftdi. ccr&
h@ned Hobbv Poducls
trcm aound lhe Wond
fhe Exclustue
btributor or
TWODRAGONSEODUCTTONSn Norah
madca
12133 r@khurelSlcei,arden rcv6, As2640
U.S.A.
Phone
714)
36-3530dunngbrc hou6
U.S.
acifc im.)
or us€ h624 hou d number
7141636-9150
