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The story of STREAM value
The technical and functional explanation of Ultra Low Headhydro power system STREAM
2013
Seabell International Co., Ltd.
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1
Categorization of small hydro power generation
General overview of small hydro power system
(1)The definition of small hydro power systemSmall hydro power system in new and renewable energy is usually defined as less than 1000kW, but an universal standard definition
does not exist. Generally, 1,000 to 10,000kW is small hydro, 1,000 to 100kW is mini hydro, less than 100kW is micro hydro. Output of
less than 1 kW is pico hydro. (collectively small hydro power or micro hydro power is used.)
Two generating methods of small hydro powersmall hydro power system can be broadly categorized into two systems bypass method and open canal method.
Its important to know the difference between the two methods.
Bypass methodGenerating electricity by constructing by-
pass pipe only for the purpose of hydro
power generation from the river, canal or
reservoir and the generator installed bottomof the head drop.
Open canal methodGenerating electricity by installing
generator in existing canal and use its head
drop or slope without penstock.
headdrop
generator
intake weir
screen
by-pass
pipehead
drop(slope)
generator
screen
quantity of water intake is stablehead drop doesnt change no harm to river and canal by using by-pass pipeneed screenthose requirements are needed for installation. So
the installation sites are limited and the cost of civil
work is expensive.
quantity of water intake is not stable head drop, water level, and velocity are changedexisting river and canal is not for the purpose of
generating power. So, hydro power system must not
harm its function.
the shape and function of hydro power system should
requires security of canal function and correspondwater volume variation, head drop variation and dust.
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Bypass methodGenerating electricity by constructing by-
pass pipe only for the purpose of hydro
power generation from the river, canal or
reservoir and the generator installed bottomof the head drop.
Open canal methodGenerating electricity by installing
generator in existing canal and use its head
drop or slope without penstock.
headdrop
generator
intake weir
screen
by-pass
pipehead
drop(slope)
generator
screen
quantity of water intake is stablehead drop doesnt change no harm to river and canal by using by-pass pipeneed screenthose requirements are needed for installation. So
the installation sites are limited and the cost of civil
work is expensive.
quantity of water intake is not stable head drop, water level, and velocity are changedexisting river and canal is not for the purpose of
generating power. So, hydro power system must not
harm its function.
the shape and function of hydro power system should
requires security of canal function and correspondwater volume variation, head drop variation and dust.
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(2)General category of turbine
impulse water turbinehead drop 10-200mthis is the wheel to generate electricity by using the waterjet from the nozzle to spin the wheel.
Pelton wheel cross flow wheel turgo impulse wheel
reaction water turbinehead drop 2-100mthis is the wheel to generate electricity by using water pressure from the penstock impinging on the blade of wheel and rotate it.
fransis wheel propeller wheelkaplan wheel tubular wheel undershot water wheel
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gravity water wheelhead drop110mthis is the wheel to generate electricity by the water weight in the water pan to rotate turbine.
overshot water wheel spiral water wheel
General applying map for small hydro generation vs stream
Guide book for micro hydro generation(2003) by NEDO Untapped water-power resources research by NEF
basically, conventional hydro power generation systems require 10 to 200 m head drop for its practicalfunction. And generally, it generates more than 100 kW for its costeffectiveness.
2 m head
2 m head
Optimum range of
conventional type
Optimum range for stream
Optimum range of
conventional type
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1 STREAM is a combination of four technologies
5
STREAM can provide high efficiency and adaptability based on four technologies.
why STREAM can generate power at the ultra low head open canal?general misunderstandingConventional hydro power generation system that utilize high head drop is totally different from hydro power generation
system for open canal such as agricultural canal are totally different in technologies, functions, and system. Those are
categorized in same system and theory, but actually its features and functions are not the same.
Four technologies of STREAM for generating electricity in open canal
hydraulics-----the shape of turbines/fluid technology)
utilization of water-----adaptive technology of features,functions, and facilities of canal
operation-----technology for change of streamflow and sitecondition and trash
manufacturing-----cost reduction and easy maintenance bystandardadization
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1-1 The hydraulics
6
the shape of turbines/fluid technologyCaution! before the exposition of stream turbineIt is said that the turbine for hydro power system is similar to that of wind turbine. But actually, characteristics of
wind energy and hydro energy is different. Both are kinetic energy. However water is noncompressed body and it
can be converted into potential energy. Meanwhile, wind doesnt have any concept of potential energy and it does
not possess viscosity with relatively low friction. There are three types of turbines, impact type, reaction type, and
gravity type, each turbine having its own application range. Especially in low head environment, effective head is
important.
STREAM turbine;converts maximum energy at the center of water flow in canal into generatingenergy by the dual axis cross flow turbines.
incorporates both impact type and reaction type, structure with reservoir, orificehole, and vertically placed numbers to achieve high generating efficiency.
function include guiding vanes adjacent to the runners enabling adjustment ofwater intake and effective head.
has dual axis structure which is more compact than single axis structure of thesame output.(60-70% dimension) Dual axis enables variation including using only
one runner thus optimizing output based on current intake level.
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1-1 hydraulics
7
Control
gatecanal
Fixed guide Dual axis cross flow
Bell mouth shapeOrifice hole
Guide vane
Maximum energy
working point
Maximum length point
from center of axis
Pressurized
intakeFree discharge
Impact/reaction
centralizedMaximum energy
Flowing
water
PressuredDecreased
speed-up
Open/
discharge
Impact/
reaction
Wide open
Water movement
canal control gate Bell mouth Orifice (blade/rotation energy open/diffusion
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1-1 hydraulics
8
STREAM
Undershot Water WheelCross flow turbine
Control gate
Original water flow
Control water level by guide vane
diffused
Diffused effective
head
Quick discharge
STREAM
Original effective head
Operating effective head
Stable flow of water
Maximum effective
head
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1-1 hydraulics
9
Rainy Season
Dry season
Water volume Q
Water volume Q2
H
Guide vane: controlled
It can keep same effective head level in any season by controlling guide vane.
H
Water volume Q
Water volume Q
Guide vane: full open
Orifice full open
Control orifice hole
orifice velocity
V m/sec
Actual effective head
orifice velocity
V m/sec
Actual effective head
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1-1 hydraulics
Same water volume
Length of housing LLength of housing L2
Dual axis has advantages in turbine diameter and size of housing compared to single axis
even if the water volume for operating(=orifice area * orifice velocity) is same. Also, it can
change orifice area by controlling guide vane.
Efficient and Compact StructureCross flow turbine STREAM vertical single cross flow turbine
Same orifice area
Canal width
Same
water
volume
Same
orifice
area
Same
orifice
area
Same
orifice
area
Same
orifice
area
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adaptive technology of features, functions, and facilities of canalcaution before the exposition of stream turbine
the major function of open canal is streaming. Producing power in the canal has a possibility to disturb its
function. This is the important point to produce power in the canal. Generating power in the canal means it will
take the energy of stream. So, generating power in the canal requires a hydro power generating system which
can maintain canal functions and use limited resources.
STREAM turbine has,
the feature and functions which can maintain the canal function and optimizeallowance ability of canal. It can control water volume and upstreams water level
by the guide vane. Also, the control gate at upstream can control water level and
overflow the water when its rainy season. STREAM is the hydro power generation
system which can adjust itself in each different canal condition to generate power.
2 utilization of water
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2-1 utilization of water
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limited water level
water level in rainy season
original water level(irrigation season)
original water level(non irrigation season)
STREAM power generation at very low head
water level after installation
original water level in rainy season
limited water level80% water level
limited water level80% water level
water level in rainy season
original water level
Water condition
after installation
Water condition
before installation
Rainy season
Original
No change in water condition will happen after STREAM installationat very low head.Cross-section of canal water condition after STREAM installation
limited water level
water level in rainy season
original water level(irrigation season)
original water level(non irrigation season)
B
A
Before installation After installation
No change in canal function
Effective head
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the height of sidewall
limited water level80% water level
water level in rainy season
water level of reservoir
A point B point
A point
B point
Rainy season
Original water level(irrigation season)
Original water level(non irrigation season)
Water condition after installation
Water condition before installation
STREAM power generation with no head drop(= water flow)
Limited water level
Rainy season
Irrigation season
Non irrigation season
Bed level
Rainy season
Irrigation season
Non irrigation season
Bed level
Limited water levelsidewall
sidewall
2-2 utilization of water
allowance height
Effective head
allowance height
allowance height
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3 Technology for corresponding streamflow change,
conditioned change and trash in the canal
caution before the exposition of stream turbineThe agricultural canal and drainage canal is not for the purpose of generating electricity. The streamflow in the
canal can be changed in every season and there are lots of trash. Even if the conventional hydro power system
has high efficiency, if it doesnt correspond to the streamflow change or trash problem, its not better solution
To generate electricity in the canal. If they installed attached structure such as intake gate or dust eliminator,
the maintenance cost will be increased and its operational condition will be worse. As a result of those attached
structure, its too difficult to reach annual energy production.
STREAM has dual axis structure which can go through flotage such as trash and fallen
leaves to the down stream and that can save maintenance cost and increase operational rate.
General hydro power system such as propeller type, overshot water wheel, cross-flow turbine
has difficulty to correspond to external factors such as trash. So they require attached structure
and it increases cost.
STREAM has a sector form gate to control water level and water volume by itself.
So, it can correspond to 30 to 100% streamflow change between irrigation period and
non-irrigation period.
3 operation
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Feature of dual axis turbine for trash
Propeller type trash will entangle in each blade
flotage
Blade looks toward upstream Blade looks toward downstream
Half-turn
3-1 operation
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STREAM
Single Turbine
Strong discharge power
Guide vane
Weak discharge power
Like a pitching machine, both turbines rotate
and scrape out trash and other obstacle.
Feature of dual axis turbine for trash
3-2 operation
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Both sides fixed bearings for foreign matters and mudguard for bearing
Bearing
Bearing
Gear
mudguard
mudguard
Its easy to prevent small trash and sand toenter into under-bearing.
mudguard
trash, sand, branch
Additional strength
medium plate
Additional strength
medium plate
3-3 operation
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Wide range of operation by dual axis turbines and guide vane.
Both axis operation
100% open
Both axis operation
70% open
Single axis operation
50% open
Single axis operation30% open
Both axis stopfor maintenance
100% 70%50%
30%
3-4 operation
Discharge from
control gate
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cost reduction and easy maintenance by standardizationcaution before the exposition of stream turbine
conventional hydro power generation system requires ancillary works or civil works such as penstock, water
intake facilities, dust removal device, and foundation work. Thats why all system are custom-made at each site
and usually those ancillary works or civil works cost are more expensive than machine cost.
STREAM turbine
achieve cost reduction by standardization of each model and use general parts.can adjust itself in various canal condition by the fixed guide and control gatewith rise and fall system and different water condition by guide vane.
can be installed in a few days after setting up fixed guide such as 2 or 3 days forinstalling control gate, turbines, control panel, and power distribution work and 1
day for commissioning.
can stop passing water through itself by the guide vane and maintain itself easily.For part replacement or periodic replacement, its easy to maintain out of water by
using rise and fall system. Also, its easy to replace the location.
4 manufacturing
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Generalized generator
Generalized gear
Turbine: SUS304 Generalized bearing
Generalized bearing
Body: steel(galvanizing)
Cost reduction by minimum number of parts and general parts
STREAM is the unitized system by using minimum parts and
general parts and it can be installed in different type of
location.
Turbine, gear, generator
Control Panel
4-1 manufacturing
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Cost reduction by standardization
Its not custom-made. All models are all in one unit andstandardized by output. So, its possible to install it in variouscanal condition.
4-2 manufacturing
Canal width Canal width
Standardization of
size and shape Standardization of
size and shape
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Requires a few days for installation
Fixed guide
Control gate
(removable)
sidewall
BodyAnchor bolt
fixed guidecontrol gatebodyEach part is unitized and easy to
install. No civil work required. 2 or
3 days required from installation to
commissioning.
4-3 manufacturing
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Easy maintenance, local repair and parts replacement
Stop the passing water through the
machine by closing the guide vane.
Discharge water from
the control gateThe water level will be the original level after remove STREAM.
Its possible to remove or replace
STREAM in an emergency.
Easy maintenance in canal Easy repair
4-4 manufacturing
Cleaning and maintenance
is possible after stop the operation.
Lift up
Easy repair at the site.
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5 Wildlife Animal Protection
Preventing wildlife animals such as fish from entering intosystem is important socially as well as for power efficiency.