Categories of Text Analysis

• Genre• Characters• Plot• Setting• Point of view

• Style• Tone and language• Symbolism• Allegory• Themes

Types of Speech• Direct speechthe exact words in writing and print – uses quotation marks• Indirect (reported) speechverbs are generally ‘backshifted’ in tense to align them with the time of reporting, and otherchanges are made as in pronouns and adverbials of time and place • Free Direct Speechlacks a reporting clause to show the shift from narration to reporting; used in fiction to represent

mental reactions of characters to what they see or experience.• Free Indirect Speechresembles Indirect speech – shifting tenses and other references but no reporting clause and

retains features of direct speech (such as direct questions and vocatives).Free Direct Speechextract from James Joyce's Ulysses (1922), Leopold Bloom reflects on what he sees as he walks along (italics added to free direct speech):By Brady's cottages a boy for the skins lolled, his bucket of offal linked, smoking a chewed fag butt. A smaller girl with scars of eczema on her forehead eyed him, listlessly holding her battered caskhoop. Tell him if he smokes he won't grow. O let him! His life isn't such a bed of roses! Waiting outside pubs to bring da home. Come home to ma, da. Slack hour: won't be many there. He crossed Townsend street, passed the frowning face of Bethel. El, yes: house of: Aleph, Beth. And past Nichols' the undertaker's. At eleven it is. Time enough.

Free Indirect Speech

extract from the South African novelist Dan Jacobson's A Dance in the Sun (1956), Fletcher moves into free indirect speech in the course of a conversation with Frank (italics added):He gave Frank the name of the house he had been in at school. He challenged Frank to look his name up in the school calendar, so that Frank would be able to see for himself the truth of what he was saying. That was where he had learned what was right and what was not. It had not been his fault that his father had died and that the estate had been in disorder and that he had had to make his own way. But he had, and he had not done so badly either. But he was not a snob. He repeated that he was not a snob, as though Frank had accused him of being a snob, as though Frank could see anything for him to be particularly snobbish about. He was not a snob. All he wanted was decency, decency, decency, he said.

Free Indirect Speech

extract from the South African novelist Dan Jacobson's A Dance in the Sun (1956), Fletcher moves into free indirect speech in the course of a conversation with Frank (italics added):He gave Frank the name of the house he had been in at school. He challenged Frank to look his name up in the school calendar, so that Frank would be able to see for himself the truth of what he was saying. That was where he had learned what was right and what was not. It had not been his fault that his father had died and that the estate had been in disorder and that he had had to make his own way. But he had, and he had not done so badly either. But he was not a snob. He repeated that he was not a snob, as though Frank had accused him of being a snob, as though Frank could see anything for him to be particularly snobbish about. He was not a snob. All he wanted was decency, decency, decency, he said.

CharacterizationTypes of Narration

• Characters part of the story – by the external author • Characters talking about each other

omniscient (author) or omniscient/limited – (another character)

Third-person narration• Characters talking for themselves

First-person narration• Characters “talking to themselves”

Interacting with external world – thinking

Stream of consciousness/Interior Monologue.

To Rue : to feel sorrow over; repent of; regret bitterly: to rue the loss of opportunities

Stream of Consciousness – Contemporary Mind Set In Words And Graphic

Expression – Art

Specific mode of narration which tries to reproduce the continuous flow of a character’s mental process : the senses merging with conscious and “automatic” responses (from implicit sensorimotor behaviour – i.e., stored memory), explicit memory, expectations, feelings, random associations

• Structured on the phases of Human Life• Simulation of the waves or stream of

the cognitive-interpersonal processes• Freudian – Jungian thought patterns• Fragmented experience of Time• Allegory of Contemporary individual

Pablo Saborio

Interior Monologue – The Epiphany

• sudden revelation or insight which inspires the Characters

• often the protagonist, changes his views or beliefs, and his/her behaviour

• It occurs in the mind of the character, and results in character change

• caused by a particular event, experience• conflict in the story, most often revealed at

a particularly important moment (climax ?)• sudden realization or awareness by the

character – the epiphany results in some in/action by the character.

Interior Monologue – The Epiphany

• sudden revelation or insight which inspires the Characters

• often the protagonist, changes his views or beliefs, and his/her behaviour

• It occurs in the mind of the character, and results in character change

• caused by a particular event, experience• conflict in the story, most often revealed at

a particularly important moment (climax ?)• sudden realization or awareness by the

character – the epiphany results in some in/action by the character.