Strategies)for)Avoiding)Plagiarism) PartTwo:Paraphrasing )€¦ ·...

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Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism Part Two: Paraphrasing Copyright ©Heather McWhinney, 2017 Graduate Wri;ng Help Specialist, Student Learning Services



Learning Outcomes for Part Two

By the end of this presenta+on, you should be able to:

o  Avoid traps students fall into when paraphrasing.

o  Write an accurate and effec+ve paraphrase.



Overview of Screencast (Part Two)

1.  Introduce and define paraphrasing.

2.  Explain problems with student paraphrases.

3.  Review weak and strong paraphrases.

4.  Provide +ps on how to write a successful paraphrase.



Paraphrasing

o  Paraphrasing is the expression in your own words of the meaning of another person’s wriQen or spoken words.

o  The source must be acknowledged in an in-‐text cita+on. Some professors require you to include the page number from the original source.

o  Some paraphrases contain three or more consecu+ve words from the original source.

o  These words should be enclosed in quota+on marks and accompanied by an in-‐text cita+on that includes a page number.



o  Problem 1: The paraphrase uses the same order and sentence structure of the original piece, simply replacing the author’s words with synonyms. This is known as patchwork plagiarism.

o  Problem 2: The paraphrase uses the same order and sentence structure but inserts extra words. It is thus longer than the original.

o  Problem 3: The paraphrase includes ideas not expressed by the original author.

Problems with Paraphrases



Original: “The widespread deteriora+on and some recent collapses of highway bridges (Inaudi et al., 2009) have highlighted the importance of developing effec+ve bridge inspec+on and maintenance strategies, including structural health and durability monitoring, which can help iden+fy structural and durability problems before they become cri+cal …” (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524).

Cusson, D., Lounis, Z., & Daigle, L. (2011). Durability monitoring for improved service life predic+ons of concrete bridge decks in corrosive environments. Computer-‐Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 26, 524-‐541.

Paraphrase: The widespread weakening and several collapses of highway bridges have illustrated the necessity of effec+ve inspec+on and maintenance prac+ces such as structural health and durability monitoring, both of which can help find problems before they become serious (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011).

Is this Paraphrase Acceptable?



Original: “The widespread deteriora+on and some recent collapses of highway bridges (Inaudi et al., 2009) have highlighted the importance of developing effec+ve bridge inspec+on and maintenance strategies, including structural health and durability monitoring, which can help iden+fy structural and durability problems before they become cri+cal …” (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524). Cusson, D., Lounis, Z., & Daigle, L. (2011). Durability monitoring for improved service life predic+ons of concrete bridge decks in corrosive environments. Computer-‐Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 26, 524-‐541.

Paraphrase: The widespread weakening and several collapses of highway bridges have illustrated the necessity of effec+ve inspec+on and maintenance prac+ces such as structural health and durability monitoring, both of which can help find problems before they become serious (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011).

Patchwork Plagiarism




Paraphrase: Highway bridges are highly suscep+ble to structural problems, weakening and even collapse (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011; Inaudi et al., 2009).Two inspec+on and maintenance methods that can help find weaknesses at a rela+vely early stage are structural health and durability monitoring (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011).

Is this Paraphrase Acceptable?




Paraphrase: Many highway bridges have collapsed due to serious structural problems. Only two methods of bridge inspec+on and maintenance are known to address these problems: structural health monitoring and durability monitoring (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011).

How About This One?



Original: “The widespread deteriora+on and some recent collapses of highway bridges (Inaudi et al., 2009) have highlighted the importance of developing effec+ve bridge inspec+on and maintenance strategies, including structural health and durability monitoring, which can help iden+fy structural and durability problems before they become cri+cal …” (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524).

Cusson, D., Lounis, Z., & Daigle, L. (2011). Durability monitoring for improved service life predic+ons of concrete bridge decks in corrosive environments. Computer-‐Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 26, 524-‐541.

Paraphrase: Because highway bridges are subject to weakening and some+mes to collapse, it is cri+cal to iden+fy methods for inspec+on and maintenance (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011; Inaudi et al., 2009). Two such methods are structural health and durability monitoring, both of which can detect problems in the early stages (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011).

And This One?



Tips for Paraphrasing 1.  Use a note-‐taking method to dis+nguish paraphrases you have wriQen from

original quota+ons.

2.  Always record the page number.

3.  Study the original carefully.

4.  Write the first drae of your paraphrase without looking at the original.

5.  Then look at the original. Is your paraphrase sufficiently different? Does it capture the main idea?

6.  Revise your paraphrase if you need to.



Reading to Paraphrase o  A good paraphrase starts with careful reading.

o  Make sure you understand the main idea, point or argument.

o  Study the verbs and signal words to determine the rela+onships they express.

o  Think about synonyms that you could use to express these same rela+onships.

o  The next slides provide rela+onship clues and synonyms for verbs and signal words.



Paraphrasing Clues: Verbs Common Verbs Relationship Expressed Is; is known as; is called; refers to; is named; denotes

Definition; explanation

Explain; elucidate; expound; explicate; clarify; construe; interpret; analyze

Explanation; interpretation; analysis

Cause; lead to; result in, trigger; produce; affect; has an effect on; change; make; induce; influence

Cause or effect

Compare; contrast; differentiate; distinguish; differ from

Compare and contrast



Paraphrasing Clues: Signal Words Common Signal Words RelaHonship Expressed

Because; for; so; due to; since; as; therefore; as a result; consequently

To connect a result to a reason or a reason to a result

Although; however; but; yet; in spite (of); despite; notwithstanding

To express a contradic+on; par+al contrast; adversarial rela+onship or concession

While; whereas; in contrast; on the other hand

To contrast; direct opposites

To; in order to/that; so that To show a purpose

Similarly, Both ... and; neither ... Nor; To compare

Such as, including, for example, for instance To show examples



Are These Paraphrases Acceptable? Original Quota<on: “[M]any northern, remote and Indigenous communi+es in Canada are not connected to electricity grids, and instead rely on expensive and pollu+ng diesel genera+on to heat and light their homes and buildings.” (Government of Canada, n.d., para. 10).

Paraphrase 1 : Unconnected to the electricity grid, numerous isolated, northern and indigenous locales in Canada must generate power with diesel, which is costly and pollu+ng. (Government of Canada, n.d.).

Paraphrase 2 : Since they are not linked to the energy grid, numerous northern and indigenous communi+es in remote parts of Canada derive their power from costly and pollu+ng diesel fuel (Government of Canada, n.d.). Government of Canada. (n.d.). Electricity. Retrieved from hQps://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/weather/climatechange/climate-‐ac+on/federal-‐ac+ons-‐clean-‐growth-‐economy/electricity.html

.



Summary

o  To avoid plagiarizing, learn to paraphrase.

o  Use a method to dis+nguish your notes, paraphrases, summaries and quota+ons; record the page number.

o  Read carefully: consider rela+onships, ways to reorder the original, synonyms and specialized terms.

o  Write your paraphrase without looking at the original.

Strategies)for)Avoiding)Plagiarism) PartTwo:Paraphrasing )€¦ ·...

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