Strategies for improving livestock water productivity or moving beyond the elephant’s trunk
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Strategies for improving livestock water productivity
or
Moving beyond the elephant’s trunk
CPWF International Forum on Water & Food
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-14 November 2008(A CPWF PN37 output)
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Chronology (We’ve come a long way!)
Before 2003:– Livestock “bad” & largely ignored in water
management
2006: Vientiane (IFWF1):– “Integrating the unusual” (e.g., livestock & fish)
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2008: Addis Ababa (IFWF2) Agricultural water productivity low
Livestock being mainstreamed
Livestock: part of sustainable water & food solutions
Key message: Livestock can use agricultural water more:
• Effectively, efficiently, productively, profitably, & sustainably
• By integrating agricultural water and livestock investments, development & management.
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Outline
Livestock water productivity (LWP):
What is it & what do we know? So what? What next?
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What is livestock water productivity
(An entry point for INRM, IWRM & IRBM)
Benefits: Meat, milk, hides, traction power, manure, eggs, whole animal sales, drought security, wealth savings, etc.
Depleted water: Transpiration, evaporation, discharge & contamination.
Units: US$/m3 – Better alternatives?
LWP = ∑(Net beneficial outputs)
∑(Depleted water)
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
Agriculture+ ecosystem
Benefits**
Non-productive
losses
Transpiration
Basic water accounting framework
Dep
letio
n
Ground water Infiltration
River basin
Watershed
Community
Household & farm
Herd
Animal
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
Meat, milk,hides, traction,manure, etc.
Non-productive
losses
GrainResiduesBy-productsFodderPasture
Livestock water productivity challenge
Oth
er lo
sses
Tra
nspi
ratio
n
Ground water Infiltration
More: •Benefits•Transpiration•Recharge
Less:•Runoff•Evaporation •Contamination
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
Non-productive
losses
GrainResiduesBy-productsFodderPastureImported feed
Four LWP improving strategies: Feed sourcing
Oth
er lo
sses
Tra
nspi
ratio
n
Ground water Infiltration
1. Select low water cost
feeds
Meat, milk,hides, traction,manure, etc.
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Select low water cost feeds(but consider environmental limits & animals’
nutritional requirements)
Crop residues
Crop by-products
Succulents in dry lands unsuited for crops
Molasses from sugar cane (Sudan)
Crop residues (Teff)
Pastoral Sudan
Examples
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
Non-productive
losses
GrainResiduesBy-productsFodderPastureImported feed
Four LWP improving strategies: Animal Production
Oth
er lo
sses
Tra
nspi
ratio
n
Ground water Infiltration
1. Selectlow watercost feed
Meat, milk,hides, traction,manure, etc.
2. Enhanceanimal
production
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
Non-productive
losses
Four LWP improving strategies: Animal Production
Oth
er lo
sses
Tra
nspi
ratio
n
Ground water Infiltration
1. Selectlow watercost feed
Meat, milk,hides, traction,manure, etc.
• Genetics• Nutrition• Vet health• Husbandry• Marketing
GrainResiduesBy-productsFodderPastureImported feed
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Enhance animal production(Reduce stress, mortality &morbidity)
Select drought hardy animals
Promote marketing of dairy products
Adopt zero grazing and watering
Examples
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
DischargeEvaporationContamination
GrainResiduesBy-productsFodderPastureImported feed
Four LWP improving strategies: Conserve water
Oth
er lo
sses
Tra
nspi
ratio
n
Ground water Infiltration
1. Selectlow watercost feed
Meat, milk,hides, traction,manure, etc.
2. Enhanceanimal
production
3. Conservewater
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
DischargeEvaporationContamination
GrainResiduesBy-productsFodderPastureImported feed
Four LWP improving strategies: Conserve water
Oth
er lo
sses
Tra
nspi
ratio
n
Ground water Infiltration
1. Selectlow watercost feed
Meat, milk,hides, traction,manure, etc.
3. Manage• soil• vegetation• green water • watering• waste
2. Enhanceanimal
production
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Conserve water(Vegetation and drinking management)
Limit animal access to open water and riparian habitats; use drinking troughs.
Rehabilitate & maintain extensive rangelands; limit animal numbers & re-establish pasture
Before After
Before After
Examples
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Conserve water - Annual croplands
Land-use in Ethiopia Area(%)
Estimated soil loss
% national loss t/ha/year
Mixed crop + livestock 13.1 45.0 42
Extensive grazing 51.0 20.9 5Source: Hurni (1987)
Mosaic of cultivation & local pastures
Phase 2 priority: Increase WP of rainfed farming
– Conservation agriculture – runoff
– Manure management – fuel or soil fertility
– Communal pastures – overgrazing
– Tradeoffs – crop residues for feed or soil?
Example
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In -
flow
Rain
Surface in-flow
DischargeEvaporationContamination
GrainResiduesBy-productsFodderPastureImported feed
Four LWP improving strategies: Watering sites
Oth
er lo
sses
Tra
nspi
ratio
n
Ground water Infiltration
1. Selectlow watercost feed
Meat, milk,hides, traction,manure, etc.
3. Conservewater
2. Enhanceanimal
production
4. StrategicLivestockwatering
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Balance feed & water distribution to increase LWP (Landscape &basin scales)
Low LWP near water points– Overgrazing – Rain produces little feed.
Low LWP far from watering points– Drinking water constraints prevent grazing
Solution– Limit grazing near
water.– New water points
near surplus feed.– Difficult but needed.
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Example LWP estimate Mixed crop-livestock farms
Blue Nile highlands: (Curtis 2007)
Net-back analysis Economic price for water Activity’s economic revenue and cost Does activity benefit exceed water cost? Addresses water-use tradeoffs Is activity economically viable?
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Example LWP estimate Mixed crop-livestock farms
Blue Nile highlands: (Curtis 2007)
Net Back Value of Water Mean(USD/m3)
Livestock
Irrigated 0.33
Rainfed 0.19
Total 0.27
Crop
Irrigated 0.09
Rainfed 0.08
Total 0.09
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LWP --- So what?
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CPWF experience: LWP
– Useful communication tool.
– Helps systematic thinking about livestock & water.
– Useful within systems to compare management practices and intervention options.
– Suggests limits to system improvement.
But:– Cross system comparisons questionable.
– Need to disaggregate animal species.
– Trends more important than numbers.
– LWP: A partial WP.
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Evidence suggests: 100 to 1000% LWP increase possible.
Simultaneous adoption of LWP strategies.
Potential contribution high:
– Rainfed & irrigated systems
– Multiple uses of water
– Benefit sharing
– Adapting to and mitigating climate change.
LWP related to poverty, land tenure, markets & land degradation, use and potential.
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What next? R&D challenges
Move from LWP to MUWP. Start at system scale – not livestock scale. Standardize definitions & methods within
scales.• Manure, crop residues, roots – To partition or not?• Spatial & temporal boundaries• Denominator – price? volume? or?• Numerator – monetary units? Kg? DW? or?• Gender disaggregation.
Split ET into E and T Coherent methods across scales. Institutional and policy research. Adoption, scaling up, outcomes, impacts.
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2008: Addis Ababa (IFWF2)
More:– Effectively
– Efficiently
– Productively
– Sustainably
– Profitably
By integrating water and livestock:– Research– Investments– Development– Management
Livestock being mainstreamed Part of sustainable W&F solutions Livestock can use agricultural water
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2009 – 2013
LWP
Domestic
GenderEcosystems
Climate
Crops
Water
Poverty
Economics
Fish
Soil FoodHealth
MUWS
Rainfed WP
Benefit sharing
Drivers of change
Phase 2: Many elephants(Many integrated issues!)
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Thank youall!
**Abiye Astatke**Aklilu Alemu**Amare Haileslassie**Befikadu Alemayehu**Brian Owoyesigire**Carlos Sere**Christoph Studer**David Molden**David Mutetikka**Degefa Birru**
**Dejene Aredo**Denis Mpairwe**Doug Merrey**E.N. Sabiiti** **Eline Boelee**Elzubair Bashir Taha**Esther van Hoeve**
**Everisto Mapezda**Faisal Awad Ahmed**Fitsum Hagos****Francis Gichuki**Gabriel Kiwuwa**Genet Delelegne**Girma
Taddesse**Hamid Faki**I. El-Dukheri**I.A. Goreish**J.A. van de Steeg**Jane Gitau**Jean Ndikumana**John
Bennet**Joseph Kyambadde**Kai Sonder**Katrien Deschmaeker**Kim Geheb**Kinde Engida**Lori Curtis**M.O. Fathelbari**Mario Herrero**Mengistu Alemayehu **Michael
Iwadra**Mohamed Abdel Meguid**Mulugeta Tulu**Musa Tibin Musa**Mutasim Mekki**Paulo van Breugel**Salvador Fernandez**Seleshi Bekele**Shirley Tarawali**Simon
Cook**Solomon Gebreselassie**Swidiq Mugerwa**Teferi Abegaz**Tesfaye Kumsa**Tilahun Amede**Wagnew
Ayalneh**Yassir Mohamed**Zziwa Emmanuel