Strategic Vocabulary Selection: Choosing Words...
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Strategic Vocabulary Selection:Choosing Words From Narrative &
Informational Texts
Elfrieda H. Hiebert
University of California,
Berkeley
www.textproject.org
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Aims of Today’s Presentation
1. A four-part vocabulary program
2. Background on English vocabulary
3. How the words in informational &
narrative texts are the same anddifferent and what these similarities
and differences mean for instruction
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The Four VocabularyComponents* of ClassroomsWhere Students Receive theGift of Words**
*Graves, M.F. (2009). Teaching individual words: One size does not fit all.Newark, DE: IRA.
**Scott, J.A., Skobel, B.J., & Wells, J. (2008). The word-consciousclassroom. NY: Scholastic.
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Component #1: Opportunities
for scaffolded silent reading
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That include forms of vocabulary logs
(Illustration of a vocabulary log in the
primary grades)
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Component #2: Rich language by
teachers through read-alouds
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www.textproject.org
AND: Rich Teacher Talk inEveryday Events
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Components #3 & #4:Receiving the gift of wordsinvolves direct instruction as
well:
• Direct instruction of thematicgroups of words frominformational text
• Direct instruction of semanticclusters of words fromliterary/narrative texts
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2. Background on English
Vocabulary:
a. English vocabulary is huge: 290,500 entriesin the OED; with variant spellings, obsoleteforms, combinations and derivatives over616,500 words.
b. Gap in students’ vocabularies on school entryis extensive (Hart & Risley, 1994)
c. Content of Vocabulary Curricula in English/LanguageArts is ill-defined as evident in:
! State Standards (& Assessments)
! Core Reading Programs
d. Sources of English
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WordZonesTM
Zeno et al., 1995
2a. Words in American Schoolbooks
34
5
0-2
6
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(from Calfee & Drum, 1981)
Anglo-Saxon
Common, everyday, down-to-earth words
EX: cold, sweat, dirt
New Words through compounding: cold-blooded, cold-natured,
cold-drink, cold-running
d. Sources of EnglishGreek/Latin
Specialized words
used mostly in
science
EX: thermometer,
geography
New Words through compounding
of word parts:
thermosphere, geopolitical
Romance
1066 (Norman Conquest)-1399 (Henry IV, a
native Anglo-Saxon speaker assumes throne):
French is spoken by upper classes; English by
lower-classes. French loan words remain.
EX: frigid, perspiration, soil
New Words through derivations: frigidity,
frigidness, refrigerator
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3. What’s the same?
•The core vocabulary
•Linguistic challenges with the corevocabulary: Idioms & Compound &Polysemous Words
•Instructional challenges with thecore vocabulary
•Solutions
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WordZonesTM
Zeno et al., 1995
Words in American Schoolbooks
34
5
0-2
6
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Narrative Text
Far out at sea, a great Russian icebreakernamed the Moskva picked up the faint signal."We read you," the captain radioed back. "We'reon our way, but it may take us several weeks toreach you. Can you keep the whales alive untilthen?
Some of the people from Glashka's villagestarted setting up a base camp near the whales.Others set out by dogsled to alert thesurrounding settlements.
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Informational Text
Even after stirring, sugar sometimes
drops to the bottom. This is evidence that
not all of the sugar is dissolved. When all
the sugar dissolves, you can’t see it. If the
sugar isn’t all dissolved, you can try stirring
some more. You can also try adding more
water. Sometimes you can make all the
sugar dissolve. Sometimes you can’t.
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3. What’s different?
a. Ratio of difficult to familiar
The ratio of difficult to familiarvocabulary needed to be “high” (i.e.,
one substance word in three) beforereliable effects on comprehension
were evident (Freebody & Anderson, 1983)
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3. What’s different?
b. Conceptual difficulty of words
! Of numerous factors, only conceptual difficulty was significantlyrelated to learning from context (with conceptually difficultwords less likely to be known than words with known concepts)(Nagy, Anderson, & Herman, 1987)
!1. Known concepts with one-word synonym (e.g.,altercation=fight)
!2. Known concepts that can be expressed in a familiarphrase (e.g., apologize=to say you’re sorry)
!3. Unknown concept that can be learned from availableexperiences & information (e.g., naïve)
!4. Unknown concept that is based on new factualinformation or a related system of concepts (e.g., divideas “boundary between drainage basins” requires knowingabout river systems)
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Conceptually Complex Words from
Grade 6 Narrative & Science Texts
36% (e.g.:
fermentation,
cytoplasm)
Category 4
64%
(absorb,
microscope)
Science
100%
(slithering,
wincing,
kindling,
gestures)
Narrative
Categories
1-3
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3. What’s differentc. Rare words are repeated more frequently in informationalthan narrative texts
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
HM2-HM4 HM4-HM6 SF2-SF4 SF4-SF6 Across HM & SF
Reading/LanguageArts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
HM2-HM4 HM4-HM6 SF2-SF4 SF4-SF6 ALL HM-SF
Science
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3. Informational Vocabulary: What
to teach
a. Content-specific [emphasis of thispresentation]
•Many words have Romance-basedmorphology (e.g., combine/combination;solution/dissolve)
b. General academic--words such as system,process, form
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Electricity & Magnets
•pole•attracts•repels
•magnetic field•magnetic
•nonmagnetic•compass
•electric charges•static
electricity
•electrical discharge•negatively
charged•atoms
•electric current
•conductors•electric cell
•electric circuit•insulators
•parallel circuit•series circuit•simple circuit
•switch•circuit breaker
•fuse
•magnetic poles•temporary
magnet•permanent
magnetic•electromagnet
•generator•motor
•volt•amperes•voltage
•alternating current (AC)
•direct current (DC)•circuit breakers
•armature•commutator
•cathode ray tube•negative terminal
•electrons•phosphor
•steering coils•pixels
•positive terminal•anode
•magnetic data storage•magnetic dipoles
•magneto-optical disks
Grades 2, 4, & 6
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Designing Mixtures substance
property
dissolve
abrasive
acid
ingredient
combine
solution
soluble
mixture
pure
chemical
absorb
odor
3. What to teach: Vocabulary for
core concepts
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3. Informational Vocabulary: How toteach it
•Indepth experiences with concepts arerequired--not simply vocabulary exercises
•The sequence that follows illustrates thenature of vocabulary/concept learningembedded in literacy/science content
(from Lawrence Hall of Science Seeds ofScience/Roots of Reading Program:www.seedsofscience.org)
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Do it
Students test ingredients and mixtures to
learn more about possible glue ingredients
and to select those that are stickiest
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Talk it
Students evaluate results and decide whichingredients to use to make glue
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Students read a book that models thedesign process.
Read it
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Write it
Students use their records from first andsecondhand sources to decide what combination ofingredients best meets their design goals.
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3. Literary vocabulary: What to
teach
a. Synonyms (remember the Anglo-Saxon/French alternatives)
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rumpus
disturbance trouble
riot fracas
disorder
commotionturmoil
upheaval
furorruckus
to-dobother
brouhahabrawl
free-for-all melee
fussexcitement argument protest
ado bustle
stirhue and cry
hullabaloonoise
racket hubbub
din uproar clamor
tumultmayhem chaos
turbulence
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gingerlycautiously: guardedly watchfully vigilantly
warilywith care
delicately: precisely skillfully
dexterously deftly
adroitly
tentatively: hesitantly
uncertainly timidly shyly
sheepishly
carefully: suspiciously
charily circumspectly
gently: quietly softly lightly kindly
smoothly soothingly tenderly
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WORDS THAT
DESCRIBE
LIKE/DON"T LIKE
*perfect*wonderful*favorite
FEELINGS
*happy*excited*pleased
*scared*worried
*cross*angry
*furious*frowning
OTHER GROUPS:
*crowded
*flat*steep
*graceful
*bushy
*strong*tough
*barely
NOISES
*noisy
*whisper*clomping*sizzles*swooch*crackle
*whisper*clomping*sizzles*swooch*crackle*clang
*whisper*clomping*sizzles*swoosh*crackle*clang
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WORD GROUPS
CLOTHES*costume
*apron*sombrero
*sarape
JOBS*mayor*guard
*cobbler
PEOPLE
*gentleman*master
*grown-up*kindergartner
PLACES
*apartment*subway
*restaurant*station*booth
FOOD*cereal
*seafood
BODY*fist
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