Strain Gauge - Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design

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Strain GaugeLast Updated on April 7, 2010 by john in Tutorials with 4 Comments

GEORGIN RgulateursPressure transmitters specialist for harsh environment

A strain gauge is a devicethat is used to measure thestrain that occurs

in an object. The device was invented in the year 1938 by Edward E.

Simmons and Arthur Ruge. The device is still being used inmany

electronic circuits mainly as the principle sensing elementfor sensors

like torque sensors, pressure sensors, load cells and so on.

Strain Gauge working

Strain Gauge Working Principle

Although strain gauges are available in many shapes and sizes, the

fundamental working of this device is the same. They also vary in both

shape and size according to their field of application.

A strain gauge consists of a foil of resistive characteristics, which is

safely mounted on a backing material. When a known amount of stress

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in subjected on the resistive foil, the resistance of the foil changes

accordingly. Thus, there is a relation between the change in the

resistance and the strain applied. This relation is known by a quantity

called gauge factor. The change in the resistance can be calculated with

the help of a Wheatstone bridge.

TAKE A LOOK : WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

The strain gauge used is connected to the Wheatstone bridge with the

help of an adhesive called cyanocrylate.

The property of the strain gauge not only depends on the electrical

conductivity of the conductor, but also in the size and shape of the

conductor used. As a matter of fact, the electrical conductivity also

depends on the electrical conductance of the foil. This, in turn depends

on the material of the conductor. The electrical resistance of the foil

changes according to the change in the foil when it is stretched or

compressed. The stretching or compressing is considered normal as

long as there is no permanent change in the original appearance of the

foil. Stretching causes an increase in the resistance from one end to

other. Compressing causes a decrease in the resistance from one end

of the conductor to another. Basically, the conductor will be a long strip

with parallel lines with the condition that a little stress in the path of

the orientation of the parallel lines will cause a resultant bigger strain

multiplicatively over the effective length of the conductor. Thus a larger

resistance change will be obtained.

The force applied to change elongate or shorten the strip can also be

calculated with the help of the obtained output resistance.

An ideal strain gauge resistance varies from a few 3 ohms to 3 kilo

ohms when it is unstressed. This value will change by a small fraction

for the full force range of the gauge. It also depends on the elastic

limits of the foil material. If there are forces applied to such an extent

that they lose their original shape and size, the strain gauge will no

longer be fit to use as a measuring device. So measurement of small

fractional changes in the resistance must be taken accurately in order

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to use the strain gauge as a measuring device.

Applications

The voltage output in accordance to the stress is about a few millivolts.

This voltage can be amplified to about 10 volts and can be applied to

external data collection systems like recorders or PC data acquisition

and analysis systems.

Strain gauges can be used to measure the stress developed in

particular machinery and thus is used to mechanical engg. R&D.

The device is used aircraft component testing. Here also the measure

of stress is the main issue. For this, strain gauges of very small size are

connected to structural members, linkages and so on.

Gauge Factor Equation

The gauge factor of a strain gauge is given be the equation

GF = [R/R ]/E

R Resistance produced by the strain

R Resistance of gauge before application of stress

E Strain produced

Types of Strain Gauges

This classification is based on the type of bridge circuit that is

connected to the strain gauge. There are mainly three types of

connections. They are

1. Quarter Bridge Strain Gauge Circuit

As shown in the diagram below, the imbalance is detected by the

voltmeter in the center of the bridge circuit. The resistance R2 will be a

rheostat and hence adjustable. The value of this resistance is made

equal to the strain gauge resistance without the application of any

force. The resistances R1 and R3 will have equal values. Thus,

according to the Wheatstone bridge principle the entire circuit will be

balanced and the net force will be zero. Thus the strain will also be

zero. Now provide a compression or tension on the conductor and the

circuit will be imbalanced. Thus you will get a reading at the voltmeter.

Thus, the strain produced in response to the measured variable

(mechanical force), is known as a quarter-bridge circuit.

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Quarter bridge strain circuit

2. Half Bridge Strain Gauge Circuit

As shown in the circuit there are two strain gauges connected. If one of

them does not respond to the strain produced it becomes a quarter

bridge circuit. If both of them respond in such a way that both the

strain gauges experience opposite forces it becomes a half bridge

strain gauge circuit. By opposite forces, we mean that a compression

on the upper strain gauge makes a stretch on the lower strain gauge.

This causes both the gauges to make a better response to strain, thus

increasing the response of the bridge to the applied force. As both the

strain gauges act opposite and proportionally the response to the

changes in temperature will be cancelled thus reducing the errors due

to it.

Half bridge strain gauge circuit

3. Full Bridge Strain Gauge Circuit

In the case of sensitivity, a half bridge strain circuit is more sensitive

than a quarter bridge circuit. The sensitivity can be increased if all the

elements of the bridge are active. Such a circuit is called full bridge

strain gauge circuit. The circuit is also advantageous in the fact that it

can be used to bond the complimentary pairs of strain gauges to the

testing specimen. Thus, this is considered to be the best bridge circuit

for strain measurement. The circuit is also advantageous because of its

linearity. That is, the output voltage is exactly directly proportional to

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the applied force. But in the case of a half bridge and quarter bridge

the output voltage is only approximately proportional to the applied

force. Take a look at the circuit diagram given below.

Full bridge strain gauge circuit

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4 thoughts on Strain Gauge

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Leave a Reply

Seetharaman September 19, 2010 at 9:31 am

Hi JE kindly go through Vishay site

http://www.vishaypg.com/process-weighing/products/load-cell-

module-force-transducers/load-cells/

Reply

junior engineer September 19, 2010 at 4:24 am

Hi there.. im new in this field, so i want to ask one question, may be

the easy question.. can u give some explanation about effective length

of strain gauge?? i getting confused.. thank you for your guide

Reply

jawid akhtar March 20, 2010 at 9:35 am

Dear Author.

Hope you are doing fine.

Cn you please send me a complete practical electronic schematic of

1000watt ups based on PWM IC. Thanks

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