STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA - Springer978-1-349-10403... · 2017-08-25 · STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA...
Transcript of STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA - Springer978-1-349-10403... · 2017-08-25 · STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA...
WENNER-GREN CENTER INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM SERIES
VOLUME 49
STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA
STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA Experimental Basis for Advances
in Clinical Management
Proceedings of an International Symposium held at
The Wenner-Gren Center, Stockholm, June 24th - 26th, 1987
Edited by
Gunnar Lennerstrand Department of Ophthalmology
Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
Gunter K. von NoordenDepartment of Ophthalmology
Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, USA
and
Emilio C. Campos Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Modena Modena, Italy
M MACMILLAN
PRESS Scientific & Medical
© The Wenner-Gren Center 1988 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 978-0-333-47173-9
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.
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Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
First published 1988
Published in Great Britain by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Strabismus and amblyopia : experimental basis for advances in clinical management: proceedings of an international symposium held at the Wenner-Gren Center, Stockholm, June 24-26, 1987.-(Wenner-Gren Center international symposium series, ISSN 0083-7989; 49). 1. Strabismus I. Title II. von Noorden, Gunter K. III. Campos, E.C. IV. Series 617.7'62 RE771 ISBN 978-1-349-10405-5 ISBN 978-1-349-10403-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10403-1
CONTENTS
Preface Invited Contributors and Participants Opening Address: Bjorn Tengroth
Session I Oculomotor Control and Strabismus
1. Motor Dysfunction in Strabismus G. Lennerstrand
2. Aetiology, Classification and Clinical Characteristics of Esotropia in Infancy B. Harcourt
3. Morphology of the Extraocular Muscles in Relation to the Clinical Manifestation of Strabismus R.F. Spencer and K.W.McNeer
4. Motor and Sensory Functions of Normal and Strabismic Extraocular Muscle G. Lennerstrand
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5. Kinetics of the Eye H.E.A. Bicas 65
6. Phyletic Organization of Brainstem Neuronal Circuits and the Etiology of Strabismus R. Baker 77
7. Neural Basis for Changes of the Optokinetic Reflex in Animals and Men with Strabismus and Amblyopia K.-P. Hoffmann 89
8. Ocular Motor Phenomena in Infantile Strabismus G. Kommerell 99
9. Phasic-Tonic Organization of Accommodation and Vergence C.M. Schor 111
10. Clinical Aspects ofVergent Mechanisms B. Bagolini 121
11. Normative Oculomotor Development in Human Infants R.N. Aslin 133
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VI CONTENTS
12. DISCUSSION: Oculomotor Control and Strabismus Moderator: G. Lennerstrand
Session II Normal and Abnormal Visual Development
13. Amblyopia in Humans and Clinical Relevance of Animal Models G.K. vonNoorden
14. Normal Anatomical Development of the Primate Primary
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169
Visual Pathway L. Garey 173
15. Effects of Abnormal Visual Experience on the Morphology of Lateral Geniculate Neurons in the Infant Primate M.P. Headon,].]. Sloper and T.P.S. Powell 185
16. The Influence of the Period of Deprivation on Experimental Refractive Errors E.L. Smith III, R.S. Harwerth, M.L.]. CrawfordandG.K. vonNoorden 197
17. Electrophysiology of Cortical Neurons under different Conditions ofVisual Deprivation M.L.].Crawford 207
18. The Sensitive Periods of the Monkey's Visual Cortex C. Blakemore 219
19. Psychophysical Studies of Visual System Plasticity During Critical Periods of Development R. S. Harwerth and E.L. Smith III 235
20. Normal Visual Development and its Deviations R. Held 247
21. Neuronal Mechanisms of Deprivation Amblyopia W. Singer 259
22. Abnormal Binocular Interaction:Evidence in Humans G.K. vonNoorden 275
23. DISCUSSION: Normal and Abnormal Visual Development Moderator: G.K. von Noorden 285
Session III Psychophysics Related to Strabismus and Amblyopia
24. Visual Perception in Strabismus E. C. Campos 311
25. Role of Oculomotor Proprioception in the Visual System of the Cat L. Maffei and A. Fiorentini 319
CONTENTS VII
26. Extraocular Muscle Proprioception and Visual Function: Psychophysical Aspects M.]. Steinbach, M.A. Musarella and B.L. Gallie 327
27. Extraocular Muscle Proprioception and Visual Functions: Clinical Aspects E.C. Campos 337
28. On the Physiological Basis for Stereopsis M.L.]. Crawford 345
29. Stereopsis and Strabismus E.M. Helveston 359
30. Psychophysical Consequences of Image Degradation and Binocular Misregistration on the Developing Visual Nervous System D.M. Levi and S.A. Klein 369
31. Amblyopia: Clinical Aspects W. Haase
32. DISCUSSION: Psychophysics Related to Strabismus and Amblyopia Moderator: E. C. Campos
33. Concluding Remarks G. Westheimer
34. FINAL DISCUSSION Moderator: G. Westheimer
35. Global Stereopsis B. fulesz
Index
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431
PREFACE
During the last two decades a large amount of experimental research has been devoted to visual and oculomotor physiology. Normal visual development in animals and humans is quite well established and the electrophysiological and behavioural effects of different forms of visual deprivation in animals are also extensively studied. Investigations on the developmental aspects of ocular motility are just beginning.
Parallel to this upsurge of experimental work, clinical research on strabismus and its effects on the visual system has been very active. However, there has been rather limited interaction and exchange of ideas between clinical and basic scientists. The relevance of the enormous body of basic knowledge for the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus and amblyopia has therefore not been properly evaluated. The present meeting has been an attempt to increase communication between the two groups, and to reduce the time-lag between laboratory findings and clinical applications.
The meeting had a workshop character with much time for discussion. It was divided into three sessions. The first dealt with oculomotor control aspects in strabismus, the second with normal and abnormal visual development, and the third part with the psychophysics of strabismus and amblyopia. Subsections of each part were reviewed by prominent workers in each field. The presentations as well as the discussions of the findings and the clinical ramifications are included in this publication.
We want to thank the participants for all the work they have invested in the preparations and during the conference, and for the help that they have given in editing the discussion parts. We are deeply indebted to Professor David Ottoson for providing support on the scientific part and for the use of the excellent conference facilities of the Wenner-Gren Center in Stockholm. We also acknowledge the generous financial support of the
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X PREFACE
Wenner-Gren Center Foundation, the Swedish Medical Research Council and the Swedish Government.
Stockholm, June 1987
Gunnar Lennerstrand Gunter K. von Noorden
Emilio C. Campos
INVITED CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS
Richard Aslin Department of Psychology University of Rochester ROCHESTER N.Y. 14627 USA
Bruno Bagolini Eye Clinic Catholic University Largo Gemelli 8 I-00168 ROMA Italy
Robert Baker Department of Physiology New York University Medi-
cal Center NEW YORK N.Y. 10016 USA
Harley Bicas Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine University of Sao Paolo 14.100 RIBEIRAO PRETO Est. Sao Paolo Brazil
Colin Blakemore University Laboratory of
Physiology Parks Road OXFORD OXl 3PT U.K.
Emilio Campos Department of Ophthalmology University of Modena Via del Pozzo 71 I-41100 MODENA Italy
M.L.J. Crawford Sensory Sciences Center and
Department of Ophthalmology The University of Texas at
Houston HOUSTON Texas 77030 USA
Howard Eggers Edward S. Harkness Eye
Institute 635 West 165th Street NEW YORK N.Y. 10032 USA
Mildred El Azazi Department of Ophthalmology Huddinge Hospital S-141 86 HUDDINGE Sweden
Juan Gallo Department of Ophthalmology Karolinska Hospital S-104 01 STOCKHOLM Sweden
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xii INVITED CONTRIBUTORS and PARTICIPANTS
Laurence Garey Institute of Anatomy University of Lausanne Rue du Bugnon 9 CH-1005 LAUSANNE Switzerland
Mirdza Germanis Department of Ophthalmology Huddinge Hospital S-141 86 HUDDINGE S>V'eden
Hagen Goller Department of Ophthalmology Akademiska Hospital S-751 85 UPPSALA Sweden
Wolfgang Haase Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Martinistrasse 52 D-2000 HAMBURG FR Germany
Brian Harcourt Department of Ophthalmology General Infirmary Great George Street LEEDS LSl 3EX U.K.
Ronald Harwerth College of Optometry University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road HOUSTON Texas 77004 USA
Mauricio Headen Department of Human Anatomy South Parks Road OXFORD OXl 3QX U.K.
Richard Held Massachusetts Institute of
Technology 79 Amherst Street El0-145 CAMBRIDGE MA 02139 USA
Eugene Helveston Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University Medical
Center 702 Rotary Circle, 3rd fl INDIANAPOLIS Indiana 46223 USA
Klaus-Peter Hoffmann Department of Neurobiology University of Ulm P 0 Box 4066 D-7900 ULM FR Germany
Claes von Hofsten Department of Psychology University of Umea S-901 87 UMEA Sweden
Annemarie Hohmann Dietrichstrasse 58 D-4790 PADERBORN FR Germany
Gerd Holmstrom Department of Ophthalmology Danderyd Hospital S-182 88 DANDERYD Sweden
Peter Jakobsson Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital S-581 85 LINK~PING Sweden
Bela Julesz Bell Laboratories 600 Murray Hills MURRAY HILLS New Jersey 07974 USA
Guntram Kommerell Department of Ophthalmology Killianstrasse 5 D-7800 FREIBURG FR Germany
INVITED CONTRIBUTORS and PARTICIPANTS XIII
Gunnar Lennerstrand Department of Ophthalmology Huddinge Hospital S-141 86 HUDDINGE Sweden
Dennis Levi College of Optometry University of Houston 4901 Calhoun Road HOUSTON Texas 77004 USA
Sivert Lindstrom Department of Physiology University of Goteborg S-400 33 G~TEBORG Sweden
Bjorn Lundh Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital S-581 85 LINK~PING Sweden
Lamberto Maffei Department of Ophthalmology Via S. Zeno 51 I-56100 PISA Italy
Birgitta Neikter Department of Ophthalmology Danderyd Hospital S-182 88 DANDERYD Sweden
Agneta Rydberg Department of Ophthalmology Karolinska Hospital S-104 01 STOCKHOLM Sweden
Clifton Schor School of Optometry University of California BERKELEY California 94620 USA
Elisabeth Schultz Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Martinistrasse 52 D-2000 HAMBURG FR Germany
Wolf Singer Department of Neurophysiology Max-Planck-Institut Deutschordenstrasse 46 D-6000 FRANKFURT a.M. 71 FR Germany
Johan Sjostrand Department of Ophthalmology Sahlgrenska Hospital S-413 45 G~TEBORG Sweden
John Sloper Department of Human Anatomy University of Oxford South Park Road OXFORD OXl 3QX U.K.
E . L . Smith II I College of Optometry University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road HOUSTON Texas 77004 USA
Robert Spencer Department of Anatomy Medical College of Virginia RICHMOND Virginia 23298 USA
Martin Steinbach Atkinson College York University NORTH YORK Ontario Canada M3J 1P3
Goran Stigmar Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital S-221 85 LUND S-v1eden
XIV INVITED CONTRIBUTORS and PAK!'ICIPANTS
Bjorn Tengroth Department of Ophthalmology Karolinska Hospital S-104 01 STOCKHOLM Sweden
Per Udden Hofstrasse 1 CH-6064 KERNS Switzerland
Gunter K. von Noorden Department of Ophthalmology Texas Childrens Hospital P 0 Box 20269 HOUSTON Texas 77225 USA
Peter Wanger Department of Ophthalmology Sabbatsberg Hospital Box 6401 S-113 82 STOCKHOLM Sweden
Olof Wennhall Departme~t of Ophthalmology Central Hospital S-721 89 VASTERAS Sweden
Gerald Westheimer Department of Physiology-
Anatomy University of California BERKELEY California 94720 USA
Jan Ygge Department of Anatomy Karolinska Institute S-104 01 STOCKHOLM Sweden