Stowaways: a One Health perspective on mobility

Emily P. Mitchell

Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa

FIDSSA9-11th November 2017

UC Davis

Wildlife diseases: 70+% of new human diseases

Travel by road• Crimean-Congo Afghanistan – Pakistan 2016

• Leishmaniasis, Brucella Syrian refugees

• 14m/22m 2013

Travel by road• Microbiome

Wikipedia

Travel by water• Colistin + carbapenem resistant E. coli

– China (2015) to USA (2016)

• Natural environment• Man-made

environment• People• Bacteria

• Vancomycin

SM Hatosy & AC Martiny, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2015

Travel by water• Sunscreen, toothpaste, cosmetics, paint

– Zinc copper

• Plastics (UK 2megatonnes annually – litter, nets, container loads)

– Intestinal obstruction, toxins, entanglement

• Sunlight– Plankton, algae (60% oxygen)

B Wu et al., Environmental Science and Technology 2015; CM Kurle Environmental Science & Technology 2016

Travel by water• Algae

– Blue green algae TW Davis et al., Harmful Algae 2009.

– Red tides• $11 billion

R Bengis et al, JSA Vet Assn 2016

Global climate change

• Extreme weather – leptospira, cholera, pythiosis, botulism, snake bites, necrotizing fasciitis

• Melting ice (1/3 Arctic): anthrax, protozoa

• Plant diseases (80%, 13m hectares…)JB Mitton & SM Ferrenberg 2012

Pull out, Betty! Pull out!....You’ve hit an artery

Vector-borne disease– Angiostrongylus: African snail (2011)– Florida, Caribbean,

England…

– WNV, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, Kunjin, chikungunya, dengue, Jamestown canyon, Hendra, Mayaro…

RW Sutherst 2010 Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Vector borne disease

Atmospheric composition

Climate change

Climate variability

Invasive vectors, pathogens

Trade, human travel

Vector-borne disease– trypanosomiasis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, simian

malaria…

– Lyme disease, scrub typhus, tularemia, tick bite fever…• murine typhus in Texas 2003 (27) – 2013 (222)

• Plague in Madagascar 113 mortalities (50% world)

RW Sutherst 2010 Clinical Microbiology ReviewsP Martens & L Hall 2000 Emerging Infectious Diseases

Vector borne disease

Land use, water storage,Irrigation

Atmospheric composition

Climate change

Climate variabilityUrbanization, poverty

Invasive vectors, pathogens

Trade, human travel

Industrial, agricultural pollution

VectorsYellow fever

Brown howlerSacepedia

Samarco mine dam collapse19 human deaths

Environmental damage

Resume miningRestore livelihoodsRe-store environment

Jobs

Health care, nutrition

vectors+372 human deaths

+600 monkey deaths

Tourism

Source: Data provided by theMinistries of Health of Brazil and neighbouring countries reproduced byPAHO/WHO

habitat

Travel by water• Crocodile steatitis (2008-2012)

EP Lane et al., J Zoo Wildlife Medicine 2013

KDA Huchzermerer J SA Vet Assn 2012

Travel by air• Contrails gases, aerosols, nitrous oxide, cirrus U Burkhardt & B Karcher,

Nature Climate Change 2011

• Atmosphere microbiome clouds N DeLeon-Rodriguez et al., PNAS

2013

• Methyl mercury poisoning grains CL Seewagen et al., Nature

Scientific Reports, 2016, EPA, Biodiversity research institute, USGS.

Travel by air• Insect pollination: 75% $235-577 billion

– Pesticides M Henry et al., Science 2012; A Yuhas, Guardian 4 Sept 2016

– Fruit, vegetables, seeds, nuts N Sekran, UNDP 26 Feb 2016

How One Health can work

T McNamara CL Davis Foundation presentation 2003; KE Steele Veterinary Pathology 2000; RS Levine et al, Am J Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 2016

Environmental health

Environmental health

Environmental health

Shared health risks

Acknowledgements• Dr Salim Parker and FIDSSA

• Professor L Blumberg, NICD

• Dr W Ramkrishna, National Department of Health

• Dr S Strydom and R Bengis, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

• Dr S Osofsky, Cornell University

• Dr M Hofmeyr, SANParks