Story of a City MARINKA · Story of a City Marinka: in the Line of Fire Introduction 4 How It All...

Kyiv 2018

Story of a City

MARINKAIN THE LINE OF FIRE

Story of a city Marinka in the line of fire Melamory Maris general editorship ndash O A Bida O A Martynenko Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union mdash K 2018 - 20 p

Design Viacheslav BodnarText proofreading Svitlana Rybalko

This publication is made possible by the generous support from the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) within the framework of the Human Rights in Action Program being implemented by the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union The opinions and interpretations in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID or the United States Gov-ernment The contents of the publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and the UHHRU

The American people through the US Agency for International Development (USAID) have provided economic and humanitarian assistance worldwide for over 55 years In Ukraine USAIDrsquos assistance focuses on three areas Health and Social Transition Economic Growth and Democracy and Governance USAID has

provided 18 bln technical and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine since 1992 For additional information about USAID programs in Ukraine please visit our website httpswwwusaidgovukukraine or our Facebook page at wwwfacebookcomUSAIDUkraine

copy Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union 2018

UDK 342703 (477)BBK 679 (4 Ukr) 4007

UDK 342703 (477)BBK 679 (4 Ukr) 4007

CONTENTS

Story of a City

Marinka in the Line

of Fire

Introduction 4

How It All Began 5

Marinka in the Thick of Action 7

The Battles for the Town in the Summer 2015 10

The Town of Phantoms 12

Life in the Grey Zone 14

Conclusions 15

Annex 1 Perished in Marinka in 2014-2018 civilians 16

Annex 2 Perished in Marinka in 2014-2018 Ukrainian military personnel 17

Annex 3 Perished in Marinka in 2014-2018 members of the illegal armed formations 19

Introduction

MARINKA before 2014 was known in Ukraine due to lo-cation in its territory of Laktis dairy tire repairing plant and a food and flavor factory Situ-ated on the Osykova River the town adjoins western outskirts of Donetsk and is the capital of the same-name Marinka Dis-trict For 9829 residents2 there were 2 secondary schools3 A S Makarenko boarding school 3 and the Golden Key kindergar-ten Close to the town there is Donetsk ndash Zaporizhzhia territo-rial highway

However Marinka became most well-known as a result of the events of 201415 Then practically at the same time as the power was seized by the Kremlin-led forces in Donetsk Marinka appeared in sight of illegal armed formations From the tactical point of view the town is a stronghold for further invading Kurakhove settlement and opens a direct way to Zaporizhzhia Mariupol and other cities located alongside the Azov Sea4 The many-thousand population has practically been living in the line of fire all this time

In 2015 after the signature of the Minsk agreements Marinka turned out to be in the grey zone which adversely affected the destiny of the town and its residents At the end of the year when the checking point (hereinafter the ldquoCPrdquo) was made some kilometers further from Marin-ka the town ultimately became controlled by the Ukrainian authorities

1 httpsukranewscomuploadnews201608060657a59b12234ac-5780bc8689a6d-143917_crop_1200jpgv=12 Current Ukrainian population number as of January 1 2014State Statistics Committee of Ukraine [electronic resource] - URL httpdatabaseukrcensus

govuaPXWEB2007ukrpubl_new12014publ2014asp3 Information about secondary education institutions Donetsk regionEducation Management Information System [electronic resource] ndash URL https

dnisuoorgrukoatuuschools-listid14233000004 Video laquoThe Brave Hearts MarinkardquoYouTube [electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=yd1Ue5581сс

photo znua 1

4

How It All Began

While the illegal armed forma-tions seized administrative build-ings and there were heard appeals from platforms calling for declara-tion of autonomy Marinkarsquos resi-dents anxiously observed all the developments

The town authorities had been aloof there had been no official statements though the national flag was removed from a flagpole In her article lsquoMarinka Ukrainian town with divided loyaltiesrsquo the BBC Newsrsquo Sarah Rainsford wrote ldquoLocal officials - who do not want to be quoted directly - describe how masked men came to visit one evening car-rying the Russiarsquos flag After some discussion they were allowed to raise the tricolour above the building but now it has gone7 This infor-mation is confirmed by the social network postings ldquoIt is sad and disgusting Yesterday (April 14 2014 - editorrsquos remark) the Russiarsquos flag was ran up over yet another district cen-ter of Donetsk oblast (Marinka)8 The author of the message continued that illegal armed groups had been allowed in the police station without striking a blow and even shown that there had been no weapons in the room for their storage Thus there has been no forced seizure of the administrative buildings in the town

In the spring 2014 the local inhabitants differed in opinion as to further developments some of them supported the idea of autonomy while the others advocated unitary state However the majority strived for peaceful resolution of all the matters Such a broad range of opinions resulted in controversial steps at the meetings taking place in the town the supporters of the self-proclaimed republics called to support referendum and in the meantime the painted yellow and blue stripes began to

5 httpswwwbbccomukrainianpolitics201405140502_mariinka_report_yg6 httpswwwfacebookcompodcherninaposts7678740599262577 Sarah Rainsford Marinka Ukrainian town with divided loyalties BBC News [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwbbccom Ukrainianpoli-

tics201405140502_Marinka_report_yg8 Dmitry Markovskiy posting of 04152014 [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebookcommrmarkovskiyposts685996248130948

ATTENTION THE LEADERS OF THE DONETSK PEOPLErsquoS REPUBLIC TURN ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING TOWNS ARTEMOVSK YASINOVATAYA AND MARINKA A DOUBLE-CROSS OF THE REFERENDUM TAKES PLACE THERE ARTEMOVSK Aleksey Aleksandrovich Reva head of town supports the junta and has refused to help con-duct the referendum His people double-cross the meet-ings and pretend that they prepare for the referendum though in fact it is not true YASINOVATAYA Aleksandr Iosifovich Rusachenko head of town prepares for the presidential elections on May 25 May 11 Referendum is an empty phrase for him His classical slogan is lsquoWe sup-port unitary and indivisible Ukrainersquo http yasinovataya orgualndexMarinka Roman Ivanovich Havrin head of the district state administration also double-crosses the May 11 referendum According to the statements there are only preparations for the presidential elections The rest is in fact ignored CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE FUCKEROES Alek-sey Aleksandrovich Reva head of town 44 Artema Str Artemovsk Donetsk oblast 84500 tel(recep-tion)+06274-4-01-63 fax +06274-3-01-15 Aleksandr Iosifovich Rusachenko head of town 147 Ordzhoni-kidze Str Yasinovataya Donetsk oblast 86000 tel+38-06236-4-25-14 fax +38-062-335-67-10 Roman Iva-novich Havrin head of the district state administration 3 Shevchenka Str Marinka Donetsk oblast 85600 tel+06278-5-17-50 +06278-5-17-51 fax +06278-5- 19-43URGENT MEASURES SHOULD BE TAKEN TIME IS RUN-NING OUT

Yuriy Sem he will join those 3 who will be against and will be given a good kick in the butt

Mikhail Denisov Stop making people crazyEverybody who wants will goI will not

BBC WORLD SERVICE5

Facebook message posted by Elena Podchernina6

5

appear of the lampposts Anxiety was spreading throughout the town ndash people were afraid of the worst the war9

The preparations for the referendum received passive resistance in Marinka The activists who supported the idea that Marinka should join the so-called DPR called to intensify public outreach efforts in the town since the head of the district administration ndash Roman Ivanovych Havrin ndash ldquodouble crossedrdquo the referendum10 and was preparing the town for holding the presi-dential elections In order to prevent the manifestations of political activity of the local resi-dents the representatives of the illegal armed formations took preventive measures on their part For example on May 24 the militants broke into the house destroyed the documents and took hostage Valentyn Poliakov head of territorial committee 6011 It was already in the night following the closure of the constituency election commission and in fact the election disrup-tion12 that the hostage was let go

In the second half of May 2014 the situation inside and around Marinka became even more serious Mass media and social networking sites informed from time to time about checkpoints of illegal armed formations that appeared at the entries to Marinka13 and troops and weapons pulled in the town boundaries The pressures had been mounting shops drugstores post of-fice14 and banksrsquo branches began to close15

9 Political situation in Marinka shortly before the DPRrsquos referendum BBC Russian Service [Electronic service] - URL httpswww youtubecomwatchv=Lm0Hhc4qlyM

10 Elena Podchernina posting of 05062014 Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebookcompodcherninaposts767874059926257

11 Militants kidnapped the head of the constituency election commission in Donbas Radio Svoboda [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwradiosvobodaOrga25396979html

12 Oleksandr Chernenko posting of 05252014 Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebookcomprofichok posts10152473711769406

13 Video ldquoRussistsrsquo checkpoint at the entry to Marinka from the direction of DonetskrdquoYouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutube comwatchv=WQ1E-GXfSCw

14 Information on the branchesrsquo business hours Operations of the branches are temporarily suspended in Eastern Ukraine Nova Poshta [Elec-tronic resource] - URL httpsnovaposhtaUanewsrubric1 id1911

15 httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=ZycaRlmLEdl

6

Marinka in the Thick of Action

In June 2014 contrary to the Ukrainian Presidentrsquos plans for peaceful settlement of the situ-ation in eastern oblasts of Ukraine16 there were signs of preparations by the illegal armed for-mationsrsquo members for the assault of the sites of the ATO forces dislocation Concentrations of the militants and military equipment had been detected in a number of inhabited localities including Marinka17 As a result on June 30 the Ukrainian President canceled the unilateral ceasefire As a response to regular shelling by illegal armed formations and their step-by-step movement inland it was declared that Ukrainian forces resume their advance in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts18 A full-scale military operation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces for the counter-attack along the whole delimitation line began early in the morning on July 1 201419 Closer to 1100 hours Ukrainian mass media informed about a ldquoseveral-hour tank battle between the ATO forces and Kremlin-led armed forces that took place in the townships of Karlivka and Marinkardquo20 Kirovskyi district of Donetsk oblast was shelled from the side of the latter21 The checkpoints of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and representatives of the self-proclaimed DPR were located at a small distance from each other The situation in the town remained to be stable

While Marinkarsquos residents were braced for an inevitable escalation of the situation the lead-ers of the so-called DPR made an effort to take 54 children from the Marinka boarding school to the Russian Federation

ldquoOn July 11 armed people led by Olena Korovkina deputy social policy minister of the DPR muscled in on the Marinka orphan boarding schoolrdquo22 The intruders having taken a director and his deputy for pedagogical work left the institutionrsquos premises Later on it came to be known that the boarding schoolrsquos director was threatened and demanded to sign the docu-ments permitting transfer of the boarders to the Russian Federation Their demands having been refused the armed people came back in the night and made a violent attempt to take children in unknown direction The boarding school authorities were able to convince the so-called DPRrsquos representatives to transfer children to Donetsk boarding school 123

According to the Human Rights Ombudsman in the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine Valeriya Lutkovska this situation had been saved by the order of Serhii Taruta head of the oblast state administration which provided that he was the only person authorized to sign the documents concerning any transfer of children24 ndash it was not the first attempt to take orphaned children outside the State of Ukraine25

16 In Donbas Petro Poroshenko presented the peaceful plan on the settlement of the situation in the east of Ukraine Official website of President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko [Electronic resource] - URLhttpwwwpresidentgovuanewspetro-poroshenko-predstaviv-v-donbasi-mimij-plan-z- vregulyu-33044

17 Embassy of Ukraine in Tunisia posting of 06252014 Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebookcomukraineintunisia photosa2998040501671741073741828299454550202124333276296819949type=3

18 Address of President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko Official website of President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko [Electronic resource] - URL httpwwwpresidentgovuanewszvernennya-prezidenta-ukrayini-petra-poroshenka-33119

19 Spot report of the Information and Analytical Center of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine as of 1700 hours 07112014 National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine [Electronic resource] - URL httpwwwrnbogovUanews1711 htmlPrintVersion

20 Sasha Dashchuk There is a furious tank fighting near Donetsk Ukrainian press [Electronic resource] - URL httpuapressinfouknews show29661

21 Sergiy Gunko posting of 07012014 Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebookcomphotophpfbid=695365283868925 ampset=a 20467299960482550071100001863808756amptype=3amptheater

Dmytro Bespalyi posting of 07012014 Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebookcomphotophpfbid=532653586860967 ampset=a15156721163627529899100003489918076amptype=3amptheater

22 Orphans from Marinka are prepared for sending to Russia as Novorossiarsquos citizens Donetsk news [Electronic resource] - URL httpsdnewsdnuanews549990

23 Ibid24 Lutkovska In Marinka the DPRrsquos militants tried to take children from a boarding school to Russia Gordon [Electronic resource] - URL http

gordonuacomnewsseparatismlutkovskaya-v-marinke-boeviki-dnr-pytalis-vyvezti-detey-iz-internata-v-rossiyu-31340html25 Donetsk oblast state administration 16 children from Snezhnoie were illegally taken to refugee camp in Russia Gordon [Electronic resource]

- URL httpgordonuacomnewsseparatismdoneckaya-oblgosadministraciya-16-detey-iz-snezhnogo-nezakonno-vyvezli-v-lager-dlya- bezhencev-v-rossii-26866html

7

Shortly thereafter notwithstanding the threats of the illegal armed groups the local Donetsk authorities successfully arranged a safe evacuation of children outside the ATO zone In late July 34 boarders of Marinka boarding school were sent to Holubok health center in Sviatohirsk26

Concurrently with the mentioned events a breaking point was reached in Marinka in the night from July 11 to 12 an illusory peace changed to military operations The town was shelled by militants from Grad systems Andrii Havrysh Secretary of Marinka town council ldquoAll first [shells] fell on Zavodska Street ndash these were blocks of flats [Then] On dairy hellip tire repairing plant [and] cars burned down then All fell along the southern part People were shocked They left the town in the night using any available vehicle and even running on foot Nobody understood what was going onrdquo In the video posted on YouTube by local residents it is possible to see the overwhelming scales of the destruction27 In the partially destroyed town there had been registered instances of marauding Civilians either took refuge in the basements or rushed to leave their houses28 On July 12 2014 Andrii Lysenko spokesperson of the Information and Analytical Center of the National Security and Defense Council noted that there were people who remained under the ruins

26 Spot report of the Information and Analytical Center of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated July 23 National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine [Electronic resource] - URL httpwwwrnbogovUanews1750html Orphaned children from Donetsk and Marinka were brought to the Ukrainian resorts Donbas Comments [Electronic resource] - URL httpsdonbasscommentsUanews100687-deti-siroti-donetska-marinkihtml

27 Video ldquo07122014 - Donetsk Marinka ndash Massive artillery shelling aftermath YouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswww youtubecomwatchv=00R2OaR2bh4 Video ldquo07122014 - Donetsk Marinka after a massive artillery shellingrdquo YouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecom watchv=JbzjKOmkzHY Video ldquoMarinka today in the morning 071214rdquoYouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=rouCmeW4qfs

28 Marinka after the night time shelling (Video) 24 channel [Electronic resource] - URL https24tvuamaryinka_pislya_nichnogo_obstrilu_vid-eo_n463559

A boarding school in Marinka before the commencement of the hostilities

8

however Russia-led forces inter-fered in the rescue mission without ceasing fire29 According to the in-formation of the UHHRUrsquos Center for Documentation at least 6 civilians perished on July 11 when Marinka was shelled30

On July 15 the militants took a dis-trict police station and hung out their flag on it From then onward there had been armed hostilities detonat-ing blasts shelling and an increasing number of the damaged houses pri-vate facilities and public institutions

In the last month of the summer Marinka was burning not because of the burning sun but because of the full-scale combat operations The sit-uation escalated in August as a result of massive invasion by the military groups of the Russian Federationrsquos Armed Forces31 32 33 Ukrainian troops started counterattacking Donetsk and the first priority task of the Ukrai-nian Armed Forces was to liberate Marinka from the Kremlin-supported illegal armed groups

The checkpoints of illegal armed formations were destroyed in the first days of August Retreating the mili-tants gained a foothold in the area of Trudivska mine where the situa-tion was active34 The fire of artillery and multiple launch rocket system was brought down on the town On August 4 Azov and Shakhtarsk bat-talions forced the militants out of their positions and the next day Marinka was fully liberated It was devastated ruined and in complete uncertainty Several times a day the soldiers conducted raids along the streets but the town remained under control of neither the Ukrainian Armed Forces nor the militants with battles continuing in its outskirts

29 NSDC There are people under the ruins in Marinka a truck with a mortar is riding around Donetsk 24 channel [Electronic resource] - URL https24tvuarnbo_u_maryintsi_pid_zavalami_znahodyatsya_lyudi_donetskom_yizdit_vantazhivka_z_minometom_n463732

30 The Memorial Map [Electronic resource] - URL httpmemorialmapOrglist131 Spot report of the ATO Staff press center Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebookcomjfonewsposts84083228926091232 httpswwwsegodnyauaphoto_donbasshtml33 httpsvkcommariynka_zonaato34 Ukrainian soldiers took Marinka by force and came to the outskirts of DonetskTSN [Electronic resource] - URL httpstsnuapolitika

ukiayinski-viyskovHz-boyem-vzyali-mari-yinku-ta-vviyshli-na-okolicyu-donecka-zmi-361687html

The shelling aftermath in Marinka (August 2014)Photo Segodnyaua Donbas without many words32

Blockpost of the militantsPhoto Marinka the ATO zone33

9

The Battles for the Town in the Summer 2015

In September 2014 the 28th separate mechanized brigade (28 SMBr) headed by Commander Vladyslav Lishchynskyi was ordered to take up the first line of defense in the direction Pisky ndash Neveselske ndash Krasnohorivka - Marinka ndash Pobieda ndash Slavne ndash Taramchuk ndash Berezove - Olhynka35 Marinka remained to be the hottest flashpoint area in the theater of operations at the time of announcement of the Minsk agreements (January 2015) At the time when the representatives of the parties to the conflict together with the OSCE representative and the Russian ambassador were signing the agreement in Minsk the sound of shelling did not stop in Marinka36 Even the ceasefire promised according to the terms of truce did not last long

According to Dmytro Tymchuk Coordinator of the Information Resistance Group in late Febru-ary 2015 small groups of militants made an effort to expand the area being under their control and conduct offensive operation on the site Marinka-Avdiivka37 Although under the Minsk agree-ments heave weapons should have been withdrawn from the contact line the town was shelled all this time from mortarts anti-aircraft guns heave machine-guns and armored equipment38 Constant shelling triggered a temporary closure of the Marinka checking point (CP)39

The shelling intensified in April-May 2015 On May 13 the militants attacked Marinka check-point twice in the effort to acqire it The Ukrainian troops succeeded in repelling those attacks Yet 2 weeks later forcing their way to Kurakhove the militants shelled Marinka and Pisky from mor-tars40 ldquoThis is a direct way to Zaporizhzhia they need Kurakhove localities as there are mines and a thermal power station which can provide them with light and heat And plus water for a townrdquo Vladyslav lsquoVarangianrsquo commander of the 2nd howitzer platoon of the 28th brigade says

A full-on assault of illegal armed formations against Marinka district started in the morning on June 3 2015 A day before the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (hereinafter the ldquoSMMrdquo) observed movement of a large number of heavy weapons within the DPRrsquos controlled area to a greater ex-tent in western direction to the contact line not far from Marinka41

The militants attacked at 430 am The strongpoints of Krasnohorivka and Marinka had been shelled for over two hours from heavy artillery ldquoThe enemy used rocket and howitzer artillery of 122 mm 152 mm and 220 mm ndash the types of weapons which Russia undertook to withdraw from a demilitarized zonerdquo presidential adviser Yurii Butusov wrote on his Facebook page42 The mili-tary personnel thereafter observed 2 tactical infantry groups backed by armored vehicles which came for a mopping-up operation in the town ndash the militantsrsquo plan was to encircle the town

Ukrainian defenders had nothing to respond to the shelling from artillery ndash all heavy artillery subject to the Minsk agreements had been withdrawn at least 50 km behind the city back in Feb-ruary 2015 That is why prior to the arrival of tanks and armored vehicles the military personnel tried to fire back using the available weapons only The critical point was reached at approximately 11 am when the General Staff of Ukraine lifted restrictions on the use of heavy artillery (coun-

35 Video ldquoBrave hearts MarinkardquoYouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=yd1Ue5581 сс36 Daryna Kyrylenko The militants retreated from the township of Marinka Ukrainian press [Electronic resource] - URL httpuapressinfouk

news show6211637 The militants continue their attempts to attack Pisky Marinka Avdiivka Opytne Ukrainska Pravda [Electronic resource] - URL https www

pravdacomuanews20150225705967538 Pisky Marinka Opytne- lsquoflashpointsrsquo in the ATO zone Fakty ІСТ[Electronic resource] - URL httpsfaktyictvuauaindexread-news

id155034339 Sonia Voichenko Marinka checkpoint is temporarily closed because of continuous shelling by the militants Ukrainian press [Electronic

resource] - URLhttpuapressinfouknewsshow75029 Yevhen Deidei commander of Kyiv-1 battalion posting of 05222015 Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebook comevgeniydeideiposts799193960172154 Spot report of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine as of 3 June 2015 Fighting around MarinkaOSCE [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwosceOrgukukraine-smm162156

40 Yevhen Deidei commander of Kyiv-1 battalion posting of 05222015 Facebook [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwfacebook comevgeniydeideiposts799193960172154

41 Spot report of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine as of 3 June 2015 Fighting around Marinka OSCE [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwosceOrgukukraine-smm162156

42 June 3 fighting for Marinka victory chronicles Tyzhdenua [Electronic resource] - URL httptyzhdenuaNews137827

10

ter battery radar) ldquoThe General Staff adds that in response Ukrainian army ldquohaving warned all the international partners had to use artillery that had before this been located in the rearward areas as determined by the Minsk Agreementsrdquo43 Several hours after the arrival of reinforcement the military personnel reshaped their forces and launched a counteroffensive At 1545 hours the Ukrainian Armed Forces informed mass media that Marinka was under control of Ukrainian troops4445

At approximately 1700 hours the members of the illegal armed formations began a new attack on the town however their effort failed It took the Ukrainian soldiers an hour and a half to wrest ground from enemy According to Ruslan Seme-niuk press officer of the Ukrainian member of the Joint Coordination Center for Ceasefire Moni-toring as of 1920 hours the firefight in Marinka was completely stopped and Ukrainian flag was waving over the town46 According to the Memorial Map of the Human Rights Abuse Documenta-tion Center of the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union (UHHRU) posted on httpmemorial-maporg map as a result of combat operations human losses of Ukraine totaled 4 killed military personnel47 Wounded were 39 fighters ndash most of them were from the 28th Odesa mechanized brigade and the 30th Novohrad-Volynskyi brigade48 Far more serious were the losses incurred by the other side which according to different calculations were approximately 12 killed and 80 wounded people

As to civilian casualties there had been 2 civilian deaths and 5 people had been wounded49 The information about damages was recorded by local inhabitants ndash there had been numerous strikes that hit homes as well as a school a hospital and a plant which caused fire50

On June 4-5 the 28th separate mechanized brigade the 25th Dnipropetrovsk separate airborne brigade and the 93th Kholodnyi Yar separate mechanized brigade together with Sich and Kyiv-1 battalions conducted a mopping-up operation in the town Half of the town was checked with-out a single shot however near the district po-lice station the militants put up a good fight The Ukrainian forces kicked out the militants from there and the town was ultimately liber-ated5152

The combat that continued from June 3 to June 5 2015 became one of the biggest mili-tary actions conducted in Marinka

43 Fighting near Marinka-losses of both sides ВВС Ukraine [Electronic resource]-URL httpswwwbbccomukrainian politics201506150603_maryinka_fights_results_vs

44 Fighting near Marinka a threat of a lsquotraprsquo heavy artillery losses Chronicles UpdatedVolynski novyny [Electronic resource] - URL https wwwvolynnewscomnewsvidsichagresoruukrayinayedinabiy-u-maryintsi-u-pravomu-sektori-zaiaviiaiut-pro-mozhlyvyy-kotel

45 httpswwwsegodnyauaphoto_donbasshtml46 Finally it is calm in Marinka combat operations fully ceased 24 channel [Electronic resource] - URL https24tvuau_maryintsi_nareshti_

tiho_ boyovi_diyi_povnistyu_zupineni_n58114447 Memorial map [Electronic resource] - URL httpmemorialmaporgmap48 Fighting near Marinka-losses of both sides ВВС Ukraine [Electronic resource]-URL httpswwwbbccomukrainian politics201506150603_

maryinka_fights_results_vs49 Ibid50 httpsespresotvnews20150603cherez_obstrily_maryinka_zalyshylas_bez_zavodu_likarni_ta_shkoly51 Video ldquoBrave hearts MarinkardquoYouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=yd1Ue5581 сс52 httpwwwmilgovuanews20150605marinka-ukrainska-

Marinka at the time of combat operations 45

Military personnel of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and National Guard of Ukraine (06052015)Photo Ministry of Defense of Ukraine52

11

The Town of Phantoms

As a result of permanent shelling in July-August 2014 damaged were residential houses electricity trans-mission lines as well as the compound feed meal plant a dairy a tire repair-ing plant and a filtration station The town center became a complete ruin The shells damaged the facilities of the town state administration post office dozens of shops and destroyed a local museum53

The extent of damages caused to the residential houses infrastructure and public institutions was recorded on a video posted on YouTube by the representatives of the Azov battalion5455 Smashed-in win-dows holes in the walls tracks of armored vehicles and craters of exploded shells on the roads and pierced roofs looking like lumps and mined approaches to the town ndash this whole mess was facing Marinkarsquos inhabitants after an active phase of the ceased combat operations

Local residents massively evacuated from the town at that time everybody who had the op-portunity to leave availed of it The local population shrank almost twice within a month Those who remained (largely the pensioners) informed the press representatives of the power gas and water supply interruptions or complete absence thereof56

As a result of continuous shell-ing the town emptied and became a phantom The motion only takes place in the morning when explo-sions cease and people come down-town to an improvised market Shops drugstores and banks are closed57 As a result of damages to industrial fa-cilities the people found themselves without jobs Some of them have got jobs in neighboring towns however the majority lives off pensions and other welfare payments

The most difficult was the winter season of 2014 ndash 2015 Shelling did not cease water gas and

53 Video ldquoLife in Marinka a liberated surburb of Donetsk ndash Breaking news 0812rdquoYouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=S3BS7yo_0T8

54 Video ldquoAzov- assault on and mopping-up operation of Marinka 08042014raquoYouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecom watchv=z6kouwk1 JDc Video ldquoAzov battalionrdquo controls liberated Marinka a suburb of Donetskrdquo YouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswww youtubecomwatchv=ojhUyVOwTDc

55 httpsvkcommariynka_zonaato56 On the approaches to Donetsk Marinka Hromadske Telebachenia [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecom

watchv=AnJvKSwV05o57 It is relatively calm in Donetsk there are battles in adjacent MarinkaUkrainska Pravda [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwpravdacomua

news20140847033913view_comments

The museumrsquos bulding after 2015 events Photo Marinka ATO zone55

Tire reparing plant (10172016)Photo Dmitriy Malchenko Marinka ATO zone55

12

electricity supplies were cut off in the town which substantially complicated peoplersquos living conditions Repairs were often postponed because of a threat to life of the maintenance team workers58 Furthermore neither public transport nor ATMs were operational

The quality of life in Marinka de-creased every day a humanitarian cri-sis started in the city The population suffered because of starvation and low temperatures in their homes59 The problem was not only a lack of money to buy food and pharmaceuticals but also the fact that they could be rarely found in the town ldquoIt is difficult to get here it is difficult to leave this place ndash this is an area being entirely shelled As this is an endpoint there is a last checkpoint here and the Ukrainian soldiersrdquo volunteer Oleh Tkachenko assistant pastor says The worst situation was observed among the socially vul-nerable groups of Marinkarsquos residents60 The volunteers and representatives of the civilian and military cooperation organizations took care of their provision with food61 The humanitarian convoy from the Red Cross was visiting the town every month In 2015 one drugstore and two shops (a grocery and a household shop) were serving the needs of the whole town62

To keep the civilian population volunteers and mass media representatives safe in the tens-est situations there was raised the question of closing the CP It was the toughest time the town was turning into trap As if it were scheduled shelling began in the afternoon During such hours local residents were hiding in the basements only leaving their shelters when it was absolutely necessary It appears that there had been no houses in Marinka which had no shelters for the period of shelling

According to official data 41 town dwellers including 2 children perished during the military conflict in Marinka 57 blocks of flats and 652 private hous-es were destroyed or partially dam-aged63 Notwithstanding such range of destruction the population of this unconquerable town lives in the hope that its infrastructure administrative and private buildings will be renewed And having their own bitter experience they wish peace to the whole Ukraine

58 Two people were blown up by a tripwire mine in Marinka while repairing a gas pipeline Zaxidnet [Electronic resource] - URL httpszaxidnetu_ maryintsi_pid_chas_remontu_gazoprovodu_na_roztyazhtsi_pidirvalisya_dvoye_lyudey_n1332950

59 Marinka ndash life in the contact line Radio Svoboda [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwradiosvobodaOrga26770675html60 The life of cities in the ldquogrey zone ndash with garbage heaps but without gas and water depo Donbas [Electronic resource] - URL https

dndepouaukr dnzhittya-mist-u-siriy-zoni-z-terikonami-iz-smittya-ale-bez-0211201513340061 Oksana Khmeliovska We must not let the elderly starve in Ukrainian Donbas ndash Maiia MykhailiukTyzhdenua [Electronic resource] - URL http

tyzhdenUaSociety12677762 Video ldquoBrave hearts MarinkardquoYouTube [Electronic resource] - URL httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=yd1Ue5581 сс63 httpsvchasnouacomdonbass56287-mi-prosto-zvikli-do-tsogo-meshkantsi-prifrontovikh-mar-jinki-ta-krasnogorivki-pro-susidstvo-z-linieyu- ro-

zmezhuvannya

Winter 2014Photo Marinka ATO zone55

Marinka 05182018Photo Vchasno Information Agency 63

13

Life in the Grey Zone

Today the town is divided into two zones ordinary and red The first one is controlled by the Ukrainian military forces and it is more peaceful there Step-by-step the previously existing benefits come back there ndash a bank branch has started its operations64 and electrical grid and gas pipeline undergo repairs The Ukrainian mo-bile operators provide though with interruptions their communication services The volunteers under hu-manitarian projects help the local population to repair their homes65 A cultural component is not forgotten in Marinka either the volunteers conduct concerts and exhibitions there66 the town is visited by the-aters and it has even been visited by Ukrainian singer Iryna Fedyshyn67 ldquoThe main leisure activity here is the youth athletic center Recently opened was a Youth Center thus the life acquires colors step-by-steprdquo local Marinkarsquos resident Mykola says6869 However Russian channels continue to be heard in the town the Ukrainian ones are only accessible to those who had Internet

The red zone is restricted for local residents since almost every day its area is shelled from the side of Donetsk It cannot be accessed by the ldquohumani-tarian assistancerdquo missions ambulanc-es or fire brigades though some civil-ians remained there (the right to cross the demarcation line between the two zones is vested to them only)70

Notwithstanding the peace talks and agreements during the full 4 years of the conflict the town has still re-mained to be one of the flashpoint ar-eas7172 in the theater of operations

The war became an everyday occur-rence there

64 Oshchadbank resumed its operations in front-line Marinka (Photo) Donetsk news [Electronic resource] - URL httpsdnewsdnuanews66718965 Warm homes in Marinka the Pope for Ukraine project has startedCBN Emmanuil [Electronic resource] - URL httpsemmanuiltvteplye-doma-

v-marinke-nachalas-realizatsiya-proekta-papa-dlya-ukrainy66 Only Russia is heard here but Marinka loves Ukraine Radio Svoboda [Electronic resource] - URL httPswwwradiosvobodaorga29174221html67 A well-known Ukrainian star gave a concert at a ldquozero pointrdquo in Marinka Fakty ICTV [Electronic resource] - URL httpfaktv ua266702-izvest-

nava-ukrainskava-artistka-dala-koncert-na-nulevoi-tochke-v-marinke-foto-video68 Only Russia is heard here but Marinka loves Ukraine Radio Svoboda [Electronic resource] - httpswwwradiosvobodaoma29174221 html69 httpswwwfacebookcommariynka24posts94506575234188870 Political views are so far beside the point here A French journalist visited Marinka 112 ua Benoit Vitkine Ukraine plongee dans la guerre

sans fin du Donbass Le Monde Translation by InoSMI [Electronic resource] - URL https112uamneniepoliticheskie-vzalvadv-zdes- uzhe-neaktualnv-francuzskiv-zhurnalist-pobwal-v-marinke-442913html

71 Marinka Vodiane Butivka are the hottest flashpoints in Donbas today Fakty ICTV [Electronic resource] - URL httpsfakty ictvuauavideosmar-yinka-vodvane-butivka-najgaryachishi-tochky-na-donbasi-sogodni

72 httpswwwfacebookcommariynka24posts949649835216813

Employees of the Marinka district state administration The Vyshyvanka Day flashmob (05172018)Photo Marinka 24 69

The Day of Farewell Bell at secondary school 2 (05262018)Photo Marinka 2472

14

Conclusions

The small town of Marinka has literally been living in the line of fire for 4 full years already Very little has remained of a formerly prosperous district center with almost a ten thousand population ndash there are damaged buildings of administrative authorities schools a post office and shops The town became a ruin

During the peacetime the industrial Donetsk and agrarian Marinka were separated by sun-flower fields and walkways which connected Trudivski of Petrovskyi district with Prokofiev Street and now by mined outskirts and a fighting front Such a neighborhood is the cause of continuous shelling new casualties among the local population and the destruction The fact that Marinka is a part of the ldquogrey zoneldquo practically undermines all the chances of fast town in-frastructure and economic renewal

However the most valuable treasure remaining in Marinka is its local residents those who restore the town with their hands using what they have those who bake pasties for the Ukrai-nian soldiers give food to pensioners and families with many children those who put on vyshy-vankas (traditional Ukrainian embroidered shirt) and teaches the children to love their country and its values and those who in spite of everything wish peace to all the country and live in the hope that someday peace will anyway come to their home

Massive shelling of Marinka which led to numerous fatalities among civilian population of the city constitutes a war crime in the meaning of Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the Interna-tional Criminal Court

Furthermore the facts that shells were fired on the facilities such as schools hospitals a mu-seum a post office and a town state administration are also treated as the breaches of the pro-visions of the International Humanitarian Law

Such shelling that can be referred to as terrorist acts caused multiple destructions and dam-ages of civiliansrsquo homes Now submitted to the European Court of Human Rights are the appli-cations of the Ukrainian citizens who became victims of such crimes as there has been a viola-tion of the right to peaceful enjoyment of the possessions as guaranteed by Protocol 1 Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

15

Annex 1

Perished in Marinka in 2014-2018 civilians

1 Amelchenia Pavlo Pavlovych 04271935 090420142 Bakanov Ivan Andriiovych 02121933 021020153 Bielotserkovets Viktor Leonidovych 16061962 071120144 Bohdashkin Leonid Petrovych 01011959 110420165 Buianov Oleksandr Adolfovych 02141962 060420156 Voloshchenko Raisa Yevhenivna 11131957 071120147 Holovashchenko Anatolii Oleksiiovych 04011954 072020148 Holovko Leonid Yakovych 11081945 012720159 Hrushkovskyi Andrii Viktorovych 07311989 0801201410 Hrushkovskyi Dmytro Viktorovych 02151982 0801201411 Yermolenko Maksym Anatoliiovych 11161994 0809201512 Zhupii Olha Yakivna 05311925 0615201513 Zadorozhna Olena Anatoliivna 06121969 0202201514 Zenkova Nina Yehorivna 09261940 0609201515 Zyrianov Hennadii Leonidovych 05111960 0118201516 Kaplun Serhii Volodymyrovych 02181958 0502201517 Kasha Anatolii Fedorovych 11221954 0904201418 Klymenko Oleksandr Viktorovych 07021968 0125201519 Korniienko Liliia Vitaliivna 04012015 0801201520 Korniienko Yana Dmytrivna 01271972 1008201621 Krasovska Tetiana Ivanivna 02221957 0711201422 Krasovskyi Leonid Hryhorovych 04031953 0711201423 Kryshtopa Kostiantyn Volodymyrovych 01012006 0122201524 Kuros Serhii Valentynovych 07141971 0619201525 Kutsenko Serhii Leonidovych 07301977 0724201526 Morhachov Serhii Mykolaiovych 02231963 1205201527 Morhachova Tamara Borysivna 11091935 1205201528 Nazarov Ihor Serhiiovych 07191990 0214201529 Naumov Artem Mykolaiovych 09291986 1113201530 Naumov Mykola Volodymyrovych 10041950 1113201531 Oriekhov Serhii Oleksandrovych 01241988 0217201632 Pestenkov Dmytro Viktorovych 02141991 1207201433 Savchuk Mykola Herasymovych 07011943 0706201734 Semenko Valentyn Viacheslavovych 11131950 0804201435 Semenchenko Mykhailo Mykhailovych 12041982 0521201836 Sliusarenko Volodymyr Vasyliovych 03021958 1003201437 Troian Nataliia Volodymyrivna 01011970 0208201538 Fedenko Volodymyr Illich 02201950 0804201439 Fesenko Oleksandr Yevhenovych 02101966 0711201440 Tsybulnyk Andrii Vasyliovych 08111962 0608201741 Tsybulnyk Vira Mykolaivna 04011955 1107201442 Chuba (Sherekina) Maryna Mykolaivna 06301980 0603201543 Chumachenko Viktor Ivanovych 08221957 0607201544 Shavkun Vira Petrivna 05251941 0117201545 Shevchenko Oleksandr Anatoliiovych 04131983 07132014

16

Annex 2

Perished in Marinka in 2014-2018 Ukrainian military personnel

1 Aleksandrov Oleksii Mykolaiovych 12221978 073120152 Alefirenko Serhii Oleksandrovych 06301992 102620163 Bobokha Ihor Vasyliovych 07171986 040520154 Bordak Oleksandr Hryhorovych 10131972 080520155 Braichenko Oleh Vitaliiovych 04261971 062220156 Buzeinikov Serhii Mykolaiovych 23031992 250120157 Burba Yevhen Volodymyrovych 11161975 090920168 Varenych Oleh Volodymyrovych 06201984 090920169 Vasylyk Anatolii Vasyliovych 05291994 0725201610 Vyshnevskyi Oleh Mykolaiovych 09151978 0222201611 Vozniuk Serhii Vitaliiovych 11051961 0827201512 Halushchynskyi Oleksandr Leonidovych 01091973 0603201513 Hrek Serhii Anatoliiovych 10221987 0804201414 Hryhorovych Ivan Stanislavovych 05291985 0721201615 Dvyhalo Hryhorii Matviiovych 05111964 0910201616 Drobnyi Denys Yevhenovych 03011984 0905201417 Dunaievskyi Serhii Mykhailovych 06201980 0714201618 Zeilyk Volodymyr Mykolaiovych 07141996 0808201719 Zelmanovych Viktor Ihorovych 10031992 1210201720 Zosim Dmytro Petrovych 08121965 1226201521 Zubchenko Oleksandr Mykolaiovych 06041990 1210201722 Zuiev Andrii Oleksandrovych 09281994 0910201623 Ivanushkin Viacheslav Vadymovych 09281986 0807201724 Iliushko Ihor Mykhailovych 02101989 0317201725 Isaienko Maksym Olesiovych 08011997 0719201726 Kapralov Volodymyr Vasyliovych 07081981 0331201727 Kliuchka Vitalii Volodymyrovych 11031976 0825201628 Koval Yurii Viktorovych 05231972 0219201629 Kolotaiev Serhii Viktorovych 10141984 0507201530 Kulykov Dmytro Oleksiiovych 08301979 0613201531 Kurbatov Stanislav Viktorovych 06301980 1102201732 Kuchmii Ivan Serhiiovych 04301992 0613201533 Ladik Andrii Mykolaiovych 06221976 0817201534 Levytskyi Hennadii Mykolaiovych 09041976 0830201735 Lyvadar Oleksandr Ivanovych 10011993 0125201536 Lopushoi Vitalii Havrylovych 10201986 0826201537 Luhovyi Mykhailo Volodymyrovych 06271964 1017201738 Matrosov Vadym Petrovych 01011989 0908201639 Nosyk Oleksii Oleksandrovych 05271995 1123201640 Osadchuk Stanislav Vasyliovych 09211965 1113201541 Petrenko Ivan Vasyliovych 02211985 0412201642 Pysarenko Vasyl Hryhorovych 02081977 0603201543 Pykhtieiev Vasyl Yuriiovych 01301984 0715201644 Potaraiko Serhii Dmytrovych 12291988 0821201445 Pryimak Serhii Vasyliovych 08121983 03062015

17

46 Rohovyi Oleksandr Ivanovych 12171981 0808201747 Romanovych Oleh Fedorovych 08121982 1113201548 Samofal Valerii Pavlovych 01111969 1024201749 Syrotenko Serhii Vasyliovych 12241977 1101201750 Skoteniuk Ruslan Dmytrovych 08311974 1113201551 Tatsenko Oleksandr Ivanovych 10161982 0126201552 Tkach Vitalii Ivanovych 03011976 1006201453 Fakas Mykola Illich 12191969 0228201554 Khoman Anton Ivanovych 02081984 0625201555 Chaikovskyi Ruslan Valeriiovych 08181979 0726201556 Chypenko Rostyslav Anatoliiovych 10211978 0508201757 Chopko Viktor Oleksandrovych 12011982 0325201658 Shamchuk Volodymyr Anatoliiovych 07161970 0328201859 Sheliah Volodymyr Anatoliiovych 04031979 0603201560 Shpiliov Stanislav Valeriiovych 06271976 0826201561 Yarovets Maksym Oleksandrovych 13121994 1005201662 Yasan Yurii Volodymyrovych 06081970 11132015

18

Annex 3

Perished in Marinka in 2014-2018 members of the illegal armed formations

1 Adleiba Irakli Valerianovych 09101982 060420152 Altukhov Viktor Viktorovych 08221991 060320153 Berezan Dmytro Ivanovych 02211982 100620144 Birkov Ivan Olehovych 11021979 111320165 Bitsoiev Serhii Valeriiovych 10021975 060320156 Bondariev Volodymyr Mykolaiovych 06271966 080820157 Bryha Serhii Serhiiovych 09041986 080520148 Butrimov Volodymyr Mykolaiovych 03071981 060320159 Buiankin Mykola Petrovych 12281970 0603201510 Vakulenko Hennadii Viktorovych 11271984 0112201511 Vakhrushev Serhii Vasyliovych 02081972 0816201512 Havryshov Andrii Oleksandrovych 02181975 0603201513 Herasymov Mykola Oleksandrovych 07161984 0603201514 Hetmanskyi Oleksandr Mykolaiovych 10061975 0801201515 Hladeruk Volodymyr 00000000 0329201616 Holoshubov Dmytro Ihorovych 06161990 0122201617 Honcharov Oleksandr Anatoliiovych 06171976 1006201418 Hrybovoda Pavlo Olehovych 10011986 0603201519 HumenchukVladyslav Anatoliiovych 07271991 0719201520 Husak Maksym Oleksandrovych 01271981 1006201421 Dobrodieiev Anatolii Yosypovych 02131974 0603201522 Yermakov Volodymyr Oleksiiovych 10131958 0804201423 Kalmykov Andrii Anatoliiovych 04291972 0603201524 Kensitskii Ihor Ihorovych 02121995 0603201525 Kobzar Yevhen Valeriiovych 08221988 0805201426 Kovalynskyi Serhii Mykolaiovych 08041976 0603201527 Kosse Pavlo Panteliiovych 09051968 0719201528 Kravchenko Ivan Oleksandrovych 02131990 0119201529 Kubai Yevhen Orestovych 11101990 0603201530 Lapenko Ivan Leonidovych 02281990 0608201531 Lebediev Andrii Yuriiovych 12071986 0129201532 Levediev Yevhen Oleksandrovych 08171992 0218201633 Lebediev Serhii Anatoliiovych 03051977 0603201534 Lohatskyi Oleh Anatoliiovych 05141985 0719201535 Lutsyk (Povarov) Anton Petrovych 07081987 0222201536 Malyshev Viktor Leonidovych 37 Ohurtsov Dmytro Ivanovych 12281974 0724201438 Pavlenko Yevhen Serhiiovych 06061990 0719201539 Plotnytskyi Andrii Hennadiiovych 01011995 0223201640 Prokhorik Heorh Mykolaiovych 07221982 0128201541 Rubtsov Serhii Oleksandrovych 06051989 0728201542 Sevostianov Oleksii Serhiiovych 10151979 0619201543 Smutok Serhii Ivanovych 05071970 1006201444 Telnov Oleksandr Viktorovych 03191959 1106201445 Tkachenko Oleksii 00000000 06032015

19

46 Tkachenko Serhii 06151989 0721201547 Fedoryshchev Serhii Mykhailovych 11201985 0325201548 Khodos Illia Kostiantynovych 09201975 0331201649 Tsybulnyk Yurii Volodymyrovych 01021959 0420201650 Chukov Roman Viktorovych 10151980 1106201451 Shantin Andrii Yuriiovych 12161976 0603201552 Shchukin Oleksandr Ivanovych 11041964 0603201553 Yurych Oleksandr Volodymyrovych 08201974 06032015

20

Story of a city Marinka in the line of fire Melamory Maris general editorship ndash O A Bida O A Martynenko Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union mdash K 2018 - 20 p

Design Viacheslav BodnarText proofreading Svitlana Rybalko

This publication is made possible by the generous support from the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) within the framework of the Human Rights in Action Program being implemented by the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union The opinions and interpretations in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID or the United States Gov-ernment The contents of the publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and the UHHRU

The American people through the US Agency for International Development (USAID) have provided economic and humanitarian assistance worldwide for over 55 years In Ukraine USAIDrsquos assistance focuses on three areas Health and Social Transition Economic Growth and Democracy and Governance USAID has

provided 18 bln technical and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine since 1992 For additional information about USAID programs in Ukraine please visit our website httpswwwusaidgovukukraine or our Facebook page at wwwfacebookcomUSAIDUkraine

copy Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union 2018

UDK 342703 (477)BBK 679 (4 Ukr) 4007

UDK 342703 (477)BBK 679 (4 Ukr) 4007

CONTENTS

Story of a City

Marinka in the Line

of Fire

Introduction 4

How It All Began 5





Conclusions 15




Introduction







photo znua 1

4

How It All Began









BBC WORLD SERVICE5


5











6

















7







8










9
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20

CONTENTS

Story of a City

Marinka in the Line

of Fire

Introduction 4

How It All Began 5





Conclusions 15




Introduction







photo znua 1

4

How It All Began









BBC WORLD SERVICE5


5











6

















7







8










9
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20

Introduction







photo znua 1

4

How It All Began









BBC WORLD SERVICE5


5











6

















7







8










9
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20

How It All Began









BBC WORLD SERVICE5


5











6

















7







8










9
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20











6

















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8










9
















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11














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zmezhuvannya



13














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Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20

















7







8










9
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20







8










9
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20










9
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20
















10













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20













11














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20














12









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20









zmezhuvannya



13














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20














14

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20

Conclusions







15

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20

Annex 1



16

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20

Annex 2



17


18

Annex 3



19


20


18

Annex 3



19


20

Annex 3



19


20


20

Story of a City MARINKA · Story of a City Marinka: in the Line of Fire Introduction 4 How It All...

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