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Stormwater harvesting in urban environments Overview of engineering practice
1Results through Experience
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Definitions
• Urban stormwater - “net increase in run off and decrease in groundwater recharge resulting from the introduction of impervious surfaces such as roofs and roads within urban development”
• “Urban stormwater” is only available within the urban growth boundary
• Base/dry weather flows in drains & waterways are not considered urban stormwater - no access to base flows will be permitted
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Current allocation rules for stormwater harvesting
(DSE Sustainable Water Strategy – 2006)• If stormwater is flowing to the sea via a drain, 100% of the
stormwater may be harvested
• If stormwater is flowing to a stream from an existing development up to 50% of existing stormwater can be harvested for use and 50% is reserved for the environment
• If there is a scheme to harvest more than 50% of the resource a study is required to assess implications for the environment
• All stormwater generated from new development is available for harvesting with the aim of the development having no nett impact
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Who Administers Stormwater Assets?
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Harvest Source Legislation Responsibility Melbourne Water drain, waterway or waterbody
Section 51, Water Act 1989 Melbourne Water
Council drain for domestic use – single property
Not applicable Council approval only
Council drain for multi- residential or commercial use
Not applicable Council approval only
Council wetland, lake or waterbody for other than domestic use (not supplied by roof runoff)
Section 51, Water Act 1989 Melbourne Water Council approval required
Private drain within private property Not applicable No licence required Roof Runoff Exempt from licensing
requirements Council approval may be required.
The harvesting of water from Melbourne Water’s drains and waterways requires a licence under Section 51 of the Water Act 1989.
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Australian Rainfall
Australian rainfall is low, seasonal and highly variable compared with other continents such as Europe and North America
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Rainfall patterns
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Annual rainfall Melbourne
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Annual Rainfall
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1855 1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
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Rainfall – monthly distribution
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Low Scenario 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
1879
1945
2003
1940
1926
1986
1915
1968
1944
1862
1933
Low Scenario 1
Low Scenario 1 covers 38% of years within this range (11/29).
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Typical irrigation demands (Melbourne)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
January
Febru
ary
Marc
h
April
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Octo
ber
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
ML
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Some thoughts..• Rainfall is cyclical meaning there are peaks and
troughs• The demand for water could also be cyclical e.g.
irrigation• Distribution of “peaks and troughs” in a year can
be more important than the total annual rainfall• Statistical Average Rainfall data can be
misleading • Selection of the rainfall years for further
modelling is a risk – based exercise10Results through Experience
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Stormwater Harvesting Scheme Major Components
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Diversion of flows
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Diversion Structures•divert the pre-determined range of flows for harvesting •while allowing flows outside of this range (larger/by-pass flows and smaller base/environmental flows) to continue via the designated conveyance system
These functions could be delivered by various controlling mechanisms generally falling into the two major categories…
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Flow Diversionsi) Transverse weirii)Side weiriii)Drop structure
Flow Controli) Throttle pipeii) Adjustable Penstockiii) Hydrobrake or similar proprietary deviceiv) Orifice plate/Sutro weir
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Treatment for reuse - Stormwater
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National Guidelines
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State guidelines
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Overview of Treatment Requirements - Stormwater
• Small to medium schemes• No supply to third parties• Unrestricted spray irrigation• Requirements are to achieve:
Disinfection to achieve >2.5 log reduction in viruses, parasites and bacteria
EC < 10 CFU/100 mL Turbidity 10 – 25 NTU
(subject to satisfying disinfection requirements)
http://www.ephc.gov.au/ephc/water_recycling.html
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Storages
Above ground
Underground
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Example one – for those who love bright colour…
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and for those who are more traditional with colour…
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and for those who use concrete and concrete only
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and the above ground tanks…
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Distribution system
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Distribution Pipe Work
• Colour coded pipes (lilac)• Removable handles for hose taps• Signage e.g. “Recycled Water –
Do Not Drink”• Allow flush valves for periodic
flushing of the system
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Definition of Volumes
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Volume diverted
Volume collected
Volume utilized
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Operation & Management of Stormwater Harvesting Schemes
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O&M itemized
• Catchment management• Incident response (oil spillage, pumps failure
etc)• OH&S (e.g. confined space entry
requirements)• Regular inspections• Maintenance of equipment (cleaning)• Monitoring
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn preparation of this presentation the author
would like to acknowledge the support and contribution from the following professionals:
•Steve Hosking, Melbourne Water Corporation•Water & Carbon Group•Daryl Stevens, Atura Pty Ltd•Murray Powell, Optimal Stormwater Pty Ltd
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QUESTIONS TIME…32Results through Experience
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THANK YOUResults through Experience