stones ppt
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Transcript of stones ppt
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Materials &
Construction I
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STONES
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All the Engineering Structures are made from
some materials.
These materials are know as Engineering materials;
Building materials or Materials of Construction .
No material, existing in the universe is useless.
Every material has its own field of application
Stone
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An engineer has to be conversant with the properties of
most of them .
Stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, and metals are
some commonly used materials.
In order to carry out safe constructions , some
standards for the materials to be used are fixed
Stone
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stone :
Rock is the term used to
name a solid portion of the
earth's crust.
It has no definite shape and
chemical composition .
It is generally very big in site .
The rocks have one or more
than one minerals .
Rock and stone
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stone :
Rock and stone
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stone :
Stone : The stone is always
obtained from rock, The
rock quarried from quarries
is called stone .
Quarried stone may be inform of stone blocks, Stone
aggregate , stone slabs, stone
lintels , Stone flags ,etc .
Rock and stone
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stone :
Rock and stone
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STONES:
The stones which are suitable for theconstruction of the structures such asretaining walls, abutments, dams,
barrages, roads etc are known asbuilding stones. Building stones shouldpossess enough strength and durability.Stones have been considered as one of
the popular building material from theolden days due to their availability inabundance from the natural rocks.
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THE GEOLOGICAL CYCLE :
ROCK FORMATION
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CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKS
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GEOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
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IGNEOUS ROCKS
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TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
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EXAMPLES OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS
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OTHER EXAMPLES OF
PLUTONIC ROCKS
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EXAMPLES OF VOLCANIC
ROCKS
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OTHER EXAMPLES OF
VOLCANIC ROCKS
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EXAMPLE OF HYPABASSAL
ROCKS
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the depositionof products of weathering on the pre-existing
rocks.
All the products of weathering are carried awayfrom their place of origin by the agents like:
frost, rain, wind, flowing water, etc..,
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks is classified into
four types based on the type of
deposit occurs:
RESIDUAL DEPOSIT
CHEMICAL DEPOSITORGANIC DEPOSIT
SEDIMENTARY DEPOSIT
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Some portion of
the products of
weathering remains
at the site of origin
RESIDUAL DEPOSITS
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Some materials that is
carried away in solutionmay be deposited by
some physio-chemical
processes such as
evaporation, precipitation,
etc..,
CHEMICAL DEPOSITS
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ORGANIC DEPOSITS
Some portion of
the product ofweathering gets
deposited through
the agency oforganisms.
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SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS
The insoluble products of weathering arecarried away in suspension and when such
products are deposited they give rise to the
Sedimentary deposits
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
These rocks are formed by the change in character of the pre-
existing rocks.
The igneous & sedimentary rocks are changed in character when
they are subject to great heat and pressure.
The process of change is known as the metamorphism.
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
Following four types of metamorphism occur with various
combination of heat, uniform pressure and directed
pressure
THERMAL METAMORPHISM
CATACLASTIC METAMORPHISMDYNAMO-THERMAL METAMORPHISM
PLUTONIC METAMORPHISM
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PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION
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EXAMPLES
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CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
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It is used in foundations of buildings
It is used in construction of dams, etcIn its crushed (powdered form) it is used as artificial sand
It is used as raw material for manufacturing of cement
In its broken form it is used as material for construction of road and
railway tracks
It is used as decorative material in buildingsIt is also used as parts of buildings such as lintels and arches, etc
It is also used as thin slabs for building roofing
It is also used for ornamental works in buildings
In its broken form it is used in the manufacture of concrete
USES OF STONES
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Stone
Natural bed of stone
The plane along which
stones can be easily split is
known as natural bed ofstone
In stone masonry work , the
stone should be used in
such away that the direction
of applied load is
perpendicular to the natural
bed of the stone .
Walls
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Dr. Ali I. Tayeh
B
Cornice
Arch
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-In the case of the walls the position of the stone blocks
should be same in which they were originally deposited .This position gives maximum strength to the stone work in
the walls .
-In the case of arches , the bedding plane should be radialand at right angles to the face of the arch .
-In the case of cornices the bed should be vertical .
Stone