Steve Fennimore University of California-Davis, Salinas, CAcesantacruz.ucanr.edu/files/73971.pdf ·...
Transcript of Steve Fennimore University of California-Davis, Salinas, CAcesantacruz.ucanr.edu/files/73971.pdf ·...
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Sustainable strawberry productionSteve Fennimore
University of California-Davis, Salinas, CA
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Sustainable strawberry productionu Future of fumigationu Define sustainable strawberry productionu Substrate productionu Soil disinfestationu Improved soil managementu Summaryu Sustainability in the sense of IPM
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Fumigationu Fumigants are likely to be more restricted in the
future. This is not a new trend.– Regulations requiring less and less emissions, larger
buffer zones, more sensitive sites, lower rate caps, worker safety regulations, VOCs and more …
– Neighborhood and activist lawsuits against fumigation..u Strawberry production systems that do not use
fumigants are needed.
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Sustainabilityu “Farming systems that are capable of maintaining
their productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely.” Mary Gold, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center.
u Methyl bromide fumigation as practiced in the past is no longer a long-term sustainable practice.
u We simply cannot drop fumigants and go 100% organic as some have suggested, as that is not sustainable either.
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What are sustainable strawberry systems?
u Sustainable strawberry systems:– Allow the grower to remain profitable– Are reliable and consistent– Do not produce excessive nutrient runoff, emit pollutants or cause
soil erosion or soil degradation– Produce a healthful quality fruit that the consumer wants– Are compatible with the current land tenancy
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Potential sustainable strawberry production systems
u Strawberry production in substratesu Healthy soils
– Soil amendments such as mustard seed meal– Management of soil microbial communities
u Soil disinfestation without fumigants– Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD)– Steam, heat
u Other ideas?
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2009-10 RaBeTS trialu Amended soil 50% + rice hulls 25% + coir 25%u Peat 70% + Pearlite 30%u Coir 100%u Peat 50% + Coir 25% + Rice hulls 25%u Standard Bed fumigated with MBPic or Picu All substrates had low, medium and high
starter fertilizer
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May 24, 2010 MBA nitrate status-medium preplant fertilizer
C A B D D D
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Fruit yield MBA
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Summary - substratesu Peat, coir and peat/coir/rice all appeared to
retain NO3 similarly.u Acceptable strawberry yields can be
produced on substrates and amended soils.
u It is probably time to develop a budget so that the costs can be evaluated.
u We also need to look at the mobility of this system given that much of the land is leased.
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Healthy soils
u The objective is to cultivate soils in a healthy soil environment.
u In practice this would mean management of the field in such a way that minimizes pathogen infestation and increases beneficial organisms.
u Includes soil amendments, microbial inoculants and others….
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Strawberry fruit yield response to mustard seed meal
050
100150200250300350400450500
Control
MBPic
MSM 500
MSM 1000
MSM 2000
MSM 4000
Frui
t g/p
lant
C A C BC BC B
LSD=0.05Salinas 2009-10
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Mustard meal resultsu Weed control with mustard meal was poor.u Suppression of Pythium with mustard meal
was not consistent. u Yield responded to mustard meal rate at
Spence, but not MBA.
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Soil disinfestation without fumigants
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Soil disinfestationu Control or suppression of pathogens and
weeds in the soil. u Fumigants have been used for this purpose
for decades.u Non fumigant methods of soil disinfestation:
– Anaerobic soil disinfestation– Steam– Heat
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Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD)u ASD was developed in the Netherlands and
Japan as an alternative to MB fumigation. u ASD requires an organic carbon source,
covering & irrigating to saturate the soil to create conditions for anaerobic decomposition of the organic carbon.
u The byproducts of anaerobic decomposition have proved toxic to many fungal pathogens and nematodes.
Shennan and Murimoto
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K.F. Baker, 1957
Steam
Steam applied to heat soil to >158°F for 20 minutes will kill most pathogens, nematodes and weed seed.
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C AB BC A
LSD = 0.05
Steam works
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Steam application to moving soil
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Steaming soil: moving vs. stationary
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Time min 0 5 10 20.
Time min 0 4 .
Moving soil
Stationary soil
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Design for bed steaming: MSD Germany
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Current effortsu We are currently designing a mobile propane-
fired steam applicator.u Steam will be mechanically mixed with the
soil. u Our goal is to treat at least 1 acre per day.
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Assumptionsu Fumigants will remain the most cost-effective
means for soil disinfestion where they can be used in strawberry fields.
u The percentage of acres that can be fumigated will decline due to regulatory restrictions.
u The need to produce strawberry without fumigants will increase.
u Many different tools are needed to produce strawberry without fumigants.
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Areas that can not be fumigated1. Organic-compliant production fields2. Areas in fumigant buffer zones3. Areas where the fumigant needs
exceed the township cap limits
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A field impacted by sensitive sites
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Conclusion/ Ideasu Substrate production will work, but is it economical
and portable on leased ground? u Is it possible to develop a better soil health
management system to clean up an infested field?u How effective is ASD over large areas? Will water
consumption and hills limit the adoption of this method?
u Can a steam generator be developed that is fuel efficient and can treat large areas?
u Can several of these treatments be integrated into one system?
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The basics of pest managementu Field Selection
– Field history
u Prevention– Prevent pathogens and weed seed from
entering the field– Substrate production
u Control– ASD– Steam