Peripherally acting NMDA receptor/glycineB site receptor ...
Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf ·...
Transcript of Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf ·...
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Steroidi
• steroli (holesterol in intermediati biosinteze, oksisteroli)
• steroidni hormoni (gestageni, kortikosteroidi,
androgeni, estrogeni)
•žolčne kisline
•vitamin D
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• ciklopentano-perhidro-fenantren
A B
C D
Struktura in nomenklaturasteroidov
• oštevilčenje C atomov
•C17 - gonan, •C18 - estran, •C19 - androstan, •C21 - pregnan,•C24 - holan, •C27 - holestan
12
34
56
7
89
10
1112
13
14 15
1617
19
18 20
21 22
23
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25
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STEROIDNI HORMONI in NJIHOVI RECEPTORJI
-Gestageni: progesteron, pregnenolon – progesteronskireceptor (PR)
-Androgeni: testosteron, 5-DHT, androstendion -androgenski receptor (AR)
-Estrogeni: estradiol, estron – estrogenski receptor (ER)
-Kortikosteroidi : glukokortikoidi: kortizol, kortikosteron -glukokortikoidni receptor (GR);mineralokortikoidi: aldosteron – mineralokortikoidni receptor (MR)
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Pregled steroidnih hormonov
HO
C
CH
O3
CCH
O3
O
CH2COH
O
O
CH2COH
O
O
HO
CH2COH
O
O
HOCH
O
O
OH
O
O
CCH
O3
O
OH
CH2COH
O
O
OH
CH2COH
O
O
OHHO
CH2COH
O
O
OHO
HO
O
HO
OH
pregnenolon
progesteron
deoksikortikosteron
kortikosteron
aldosteron
17a-OH- progesteron
deoksikortizol
kortizol
kortizon
androstendion testosteron
estron
estradiol
123 4 5 6 7
8910
11 12 1314 15
161719
18 2021 22
2324
2526
27
C21
C21
C21
C19
C18
C27
holesterol
GESTAGENI
GLUKO-KORTIKOIDI
MINERALO-KORTIKOIDI
ESTROGENI
ANDROGENI
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Mehanizem delovanja steroidnih hormonov
• potujejo do tarčnih tkiv s pomočjo prenašalnih proteinov
• difundirajo preko membrane
• vezava na ustrezni receptor v celici• vezava receptorja z vezanim steroidom na specifičnozaporedje DNA (HRE)
• omogočajo prepisovanje (transkripcijo) določenih genov
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Mehanizem delovanja steroidnih hormonov
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Testosterone circulates in the blood bound to albumin (not shown) and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and exchanges with free testosterone. Free testosterone enters prostate cells and is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 -reductase. Binding of DHT to the androgen receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation. The AR dimerizes and can bind to androgen-response elements in the promoter regions of target genes6. Co-activators (such as ARA70) and corepressors (not shown) also bind the AR complex, facilitating or preventing, respectively, its interaction with the general transcription apparatus (GTA). Activation (or repression) of target genes leads to biological responses including growth, survival and the production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Potential transcription-independent actions of androgens are not shown.
Mehanizem delovanja androgenih steroidnih hormonov
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6 bp dolgi palindromi ali direktne ponovitve, ločene za 0 – 4 bp.
GR, MR, AR, PR – homodimeri, ki spoznajo elemente, katerih polovicaima zaporedje TGTTCT (oziroma TGACCT za ER). Polovici sta organizirani kot palindrom, dolžina vmesnika pa določatip elementa.
T3R, VDR, RAR, RXR – tvorijo heterodimere in prepoznajo elemente, katerih polovica ima zaporedje TGACCT. Polovici sta organizirani kot direktna ponovitev, dolžina vmesnika pa določa tip elementa: RXR-1bp, VDR-3bb, T3R-4bp, RAR-5bp.
DNA vezavna mesta steroidnih receptorjev
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Spolni hormoni
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Razvoj ženske in moške gonade
Spolna diferenciacija in puberteta
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Os hipotalamus-hipofiza-gonade
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Normalna spolna diferenciacija od oploditve do tvorbe zunanjih spolovil
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http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/histology/reproductive/tey041he.jpg
Androgeniuravnavajo razvoj moških sekundarnih spolnihznakov, androgeno in anabolno delovanje
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Prečni prerez moda (živalski model)
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Testosteron je glavni cirkulirajoči androgen pri moškihJe tudi glavni cirkulirajoči androgen pri ženskah, kjer ga sintetizirata rumeno telesce in adrenalna žleza.
Izločajo ga Leydigove celice testisov, kot odgovor na LH stimulus
Delovanje:-preko vezave na AR-Preko ireverzibilne pretvorbe v 5-DHT, ki se močneje veže na AR-Preko pretvorbe v estrogene, ki se vežejo na ER
O
OH
testosteron
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O
OH
testosteron
O
O
O
O
androstendion
DHEA
O
OH
Dihidrotestosteron,DHT, 5α−DHT
HO
OH
estradiol
Aktivni metaboliti neaktivni metaboliti
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http://www.prostateline.com/gUserFiles/pc_anatomy_Fig1.8a.gif
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Pulzirajoče sproščanje GnRH
GnRH pulzirajoči generatorpovzroči sproščanje LH in FSH
iz hipofize
Sproščanje FSH in LHiz zadnjega režnja
hipofize
90 – 120 min
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Os hipotalamus-hipofizapri moških
Pulzirajoče sproščanje GnRH, LH in FSH
Tarčna tkiva androgenov,metabolizem testosterona
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Vloga androgenov v različnih stadijih življenja
-pred rojstvom- razvoj moške gonade
-otroška doba ?
-Puberteta
-2nd moški spolni znaki-Kožne spremembe, akne-Poraščenost-Povečanje mišične mase in moči-Zmanjšanje podkožne maščobe-Odebelitev kosti-Spremembe na glasilkah-Povečnje eritropoeze-Agresivnost-Boljša prostorska orientiranost........
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http://www.prostateline.com/gUserFiles/pc_anatomy_fig1.9.gif
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Hypogonadism:
Primary hypogonadism - when the Leydig cells in the testes have lost the capacity to secrete testosterone at normal, youthful levels.
Secondary hypogonadism - when the messages from the brain to the pituitary gland are not strong enough or frequent enough to stimulate the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.
If testosterone levels are normal, and a man is experiencing signs of andropause, the hormonal culprit is usually estrogen, the female hormone.
Young men may have a ratio of testosterone to estrogen of 50:1. The ratio drops to 20:1 or even as low as 8:1 with normal aging.
When estrogen levels in a man increase, the effects of testosterone are negated. While estrogens in women protect them from heart disease and osteoporosis, the effects are the opposite for men. Too much estrogen will actually increase the risk of heart attacks in men.
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Andropavza
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The symptoms of andropause
- lethargy or decreased energy, - decreased libido or interest in sex, - erectile dysfunction with loss of erections, - muscle weakness and aches,- inability to sleep,- hot flashes, night sweats, - depression,- infertility - thinning of bones or bone loss.
http://www.safemenopausesolutions.com/images/1570714339.01.jpg
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Estrogeni (C18, aromatski obroč A, OH na C3) estradiol, estronuravnavajo razvoj ženskih sekundarnih spolnih znakov
C
CH
O3
O
HO
OH
HO
O
estradiol estron
progesteron
Gestageni (C21, O skupina na C20) progesteronuravnavanje ženskega reproduktivnega cikla
http://en.sanofi-aventis.com/img_v2/healthcare/cancer_research/
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http://www.brevail.com/images/figure3.jpg
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Delovanje progesterona in njegovega antagonista RU
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Zorenje dominantnih foliklovpred ovulacijo
Primordialni folikel
Povečani folikel z obročem granuloznih celic
Antralni folikel
Popolnoma razviti folikel pred ovulacijo
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STAROST ŽENSKE število jajčec20 tednov gestacije 6,000,000
rojstvo 2,000,000začetek menstruacije (11-13) 500,000
menopavza (55) 0
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Hormonske spremembe mednormalnim menstruacijskim ciklusom
-
+
+
FSHR +
Povečana koncentracija E2 povzroči hitrejše pulze GnRH,kar poveča izločanje LH in pvzroči ovulacijo
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Bris cervikalne mukoze
Ženska z normalno menstruacijo, 5. dan ciklaOdsotnost resic pomeni nizek nivo estradiola
v tej stopnji mesečnega ciklaBris iste ženske, pridobljen tik pred ovulacijo.
ko koncentracija estradiola naraste
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Os hipotalamus-hipofiza-jajčniki in maternica
Maternica je tarčni organ ovarijskihhormonov. Večino časa visoka raven estrogenov
in progesterona inhibira izločanje FSH in LH znegativno zanko. Vendar pa se med prvim
delom menstrualnega cikla pojavi pozitivni vpliv(pozitivna zanka) estradiola
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Menoopavza
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Menopavza
-po 40 letu ovulatorne disfunkcije, manj ovulacijskih ciklov, krajše folikularne faze
-Klimakterična doba – celotno trajanje zmanjševanja ravni estrogenov, ki vodi do atrofije na estrogene-občutljivih tkiv
-Povprečna starost menopavze je 52 let (ZDA), je kasnejša pri ženskah z več maščobnega tkiva, ki proizvaja estrogene, hitrejša pri kadilkah
-Efekti: temperaturni valovi (70 – 80% žensk), osteoporoza,
-Urogenitalna atrofija
-Estrogenska nadomestna terapija – ni jasnih dokazov za povečanje raka na dojki, 6X nižje doze kot pri kontracepciji, krvavitve
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http://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/hor/sex.jpg
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http://msnbcmedia4.msn.com/i/msnbc/Components/Art/HEALTH/061214/AP_MAMMOGRAMS.gifb
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implant
Injection(progesteron, do 3 mesece)
IUV
Ženska hormonska kontracepcija
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Hormonske spremembe mednormalnim menstruacijskim ciklusom
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http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/558birth.html
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-redno doziranje estrogenov in/ali progestinov, da se prepreči nosečnost s preprečitvijo ovulacije ali vzpostavitvijo neugodnih pogojev za implantacijo
Estrogenska komponenta zavre FSH izločanje z negativno zanko, poveča št.progesteronskih receptorjev in stabilizira endometrij, da ne pride do vmesnih krvavitev.
Sintetični estrogeni –etinil-estradiol, 35ug/dan
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Progesteronska komponenta:
-zavre izločanje LH, kar inhibiraovulacijo
-Zavre mobilnost v jajcevodih in zmanjša možnost implantacije
-Poveča debelino cervičnemukoze in zmanjša možnost penetracije spermija
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http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/558birth.html
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Kontracepcija z le progestinsko komponento:
-zavrto je le izločanje LH in ne FSH, raven estrogenov je normalna, nekatere ženske ovulirajo
-Sintetični progestini
-Aplikacija tudi intramuskularno (3 mesece) ali podkožno (do več let)
-Novi progestini manj androgenih učinkov
-Post-koitalna kontracepcija (dan potem):
- velika doza estrogena z ali brez progestinov, kar prepreči implantacijo
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Stranski učinki estrogenov:
-metabolični učinki v jetrih – povečana sinteza faktorjev za strjevanje krvi, v starejših letih povečana nevarnost za trombotične dogodke
-Zadrževanje telesnih tekočin, slabost, glavoboli, boleče prsi, hipertenzični učinek (več renina)
-“zaščita” pred kardiovaskularnimi obolenji – ugodnejše razmerje LDL/HDL
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Stranski učinki progestinov:
-Povečanje telesne teže
-Utrujenost in depresivnost
-Neredne krvavitve, če niso dodani estrogeni
-Prehodna insulinska rezistenca, podobno kot v nosečnosti
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Are There Women Who Should Not Use Hormonal Contraceptives?
- Pregnant (or suspect to be) - Less than 6 weeks postpartum - Over the age of 35 (!!!) -Smokers (!!!)
- Active liver disease (or a history of liver tumors) - Diabetes - History of heart disease, stroke, or high blood pressure - Cancer (or a history of cancer of any reproductive organ) - Unexplained vaginal bleeding - Breast cancer, history of breast cancer or an abnormal growth in the breast - History of blood clotting problems - Migraines - Moral objection to hormonal methods of birth control (?)
http://www.drugs.com/pro/images/3b1c2a0e-e33b-48d7-b118-a10496e156d6/ortho-cyclen-image02.jpg