Stephen J. Ross 1 , Roy S. Malpass 2 , & Lisa D. Topp 3 1 Florida International University
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Transcript of Stephen J. Ross 1 , Roy S. Malpass 2 , & Lisa D. Topp 3 1 Florida International University
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The importance of context and stimulus sampling in mockwitness
tasks:Perceptual similarity may not be enough
Stephen J. RossStephen J. Ross11, Roy S. Malpass, Roy S. Malpass22, & Lisa D. Topp, & Lisa D. Topp33
11Florida International UniversityFlorida International University22University of Texas at El PasoUniversity of Texas at El Paso
33Stephen F. Austin State UniversityStephen F. Austin State University
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Evaluating Lineup Fairness
• Using Using mock witnessesmock witnesses– An individual who did not witness a crime but is asked to An individual who did not witness a crime but is asked to
view a lineup and select the suspectview a lineup and select the suspect
• RationaleRationale– If a lineup is constructed appropriately, each person in the If a lineup is constructed appropriately, each person in the
lineup should have an equal chance of being selectedlineup should have an equal chance of being selected
• Determining FairnessDetermining Fairness– Biased if proportion of suspect identifications differs from Biased if proportion of suspect identifications differs from
chance expectancychance expectancy – Lineup can also be considered unfair if the fillers in the Lineup can also be considered unfair if the fillers in the
lineup are not reasonable alternatives to the suspect lineup are not reasonable alternatives to the suspect
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Lineup Fairness
• What is the MW task concerned with?What is the MW task concerned with?– Focus should be on having MW determine “who is the Focus should be on having MW determine “who is the
accused?” (Wells & Bradfield, 1998)accused?” (Wells & Bradfield, 1998)– ““Suspect stands out” or “Suspect stands out compared to Suspect stands out” or “Suspect stands out compared to
the the description of the perpdescription of the perp”?”?
• Similarity is associated with lineup fairness estimatesSimilarity is associated with lineup fairness estimates– Perceptual similarity is not just Perceptual similarity is not just physicalphysical similarity similarity
• Individuals also use inferred connotative information from Individuals also use inferred connotative information from individuals when forming similarity judgments (Rhodes, 1988; individuals when forming similarity judgments (Rhodes, 1988; Ross, 2008)Ross, 2008)
• MW report “criminality” as a contributor to choice (McQuiston & MW report “criminality” as a contributor to choice (McQuiston & Malpass, 2002)Malpass, 2002)
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Three Questions….
• Does description presence influence lineup fairness?Does description presence influence lineup fairness?– Do MW use different information depending on presence Do MW use different information depending on presence
absence of description?absence of description?
• Does filler pool source influence MW evals?Does filler pool source influence MW evals?– Are college student filler pools equivalent to criminal filler Are college student filler pools equivalent to criminal filler
pools?pools?• Do they vary in similarity & inferred characteristics?Do they vary in similarity & inferred characteristics?• How does this variation influence lineup fairness assessments?How does this variation influence lineup fairness assessments?
• Does context influence lineup fairness?Does context influence lineup fairness?– Do MW use different information depending on the context Do MW use different information depending on the context
the photoarray is presented in (i.e., criminal v. volunteer)?the photoarray is presented in (i.e., criminal v. volunteer)?
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Method - Materials
• Constructed 13 lineupsConstructed 13 lineups– 8 criminal8 criminal
– 5 layperson5 layperson
• Varied in similarityVaried in similarity
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Very Dissimilar
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Dissimilar
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Moderately Similar
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Very Similar
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Very Dissimilar 1 --------- 2 --------- 3 --------- 4 --------- 5 Very Similar
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Very Dissimilar 1 --------- 2 --------- 3 --------- 4 --------- 5 Very Similar
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Very Dissimilar 1 --------- 2 --------- 3 --------- 4 --------- 5 Very Similar
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Very Dissimilar 1 --------- 2 --------- 3 --------- 4 --------- 5 Very Similar
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Very Dissimilar 1 --------- 2 --------- 3 --------- 4 --------- 5 Very Similar
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Method – Participants & Procedure
• 689 undergrads689 undergrads– 129 trait/similarity raters129 trait/similarity raters– 560 mockwitnesses560 mockwitnesses
• Trait/Similarity ratingsTrait/Similarity ratings– Rated each individual on 7 characteristicsRated each individual on 7 characteristics– Assessed similarity of potential fillers with target Assessed similarity of potential fillers with target
individualindividual
• Mockwitness evaluationsMockwitness evaluations– Assessed lineup fairness (bias & size)Assessed lineup fairness (bias & size)
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Results – Bias (desc)
Mock witness Bias estimate - Description Provided
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 - 100% dissimilar 1- maj. dissimilar 3 (v1) 3 (v2) 5 (v1) - mod similar 5 (v2) - mod similar 9 (v2) - very similar 9 (v3) - very similar
Lineup similarity version
Bia
s
Bias
Chanceexpectation
avg sim
r = -.81
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Results – Size (desc)
Mock witness Lineup Size - Description Provided
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 - 100% dissimilar 1- maj. dissimilar 3 (v1) 3 (v2) 5 (v1) - mod similar 5 (v2) - mod similar 9 (v2) - very similar 9 (v3) - very similar
Lineup similarity version
Tre
do
ux
' E'
Tredoux E'
Nominalsize
avg sim
r = .64
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Results – Bias (no desc)
Mock witness Bias estimate - No Description Provided
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 - 100% dissimilar 1- maj. dissimilar 3 (v1) 3 (v2) 5 (v1) - mod similar 5 (v2) - mod similar 9 (v2) - very similar 9 (v3) - very similar
Lineup similarity version
Bia
s
Bias
Chanceexpectation
avg sim
r = .21
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Results – Size (no desc)
Mock witness Lineup Size - No Description Provided
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 - 100% dissimilar 1- maj. dissimilar 3 (v1) 3 (v2) 5 (v1) - mod similar 5 (v2) - mod similar 9 (v2) - very similar 9 (v3) - very similar
Lineup similarity version
Tre
do
ux
' E'
Tredoux E'
Nominalsize
avg sim
r = -.34
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What are MW basing decision upon?
• When told suspected of committing a crime – Description provided: similarity # of MW choices – No description provided: criminality # of MW choices
Desc No desc
Choice/similarity .36 .14
Choice/criminality .17 .51
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Do college students differ from criminals?
CriminalCollege Student
Similarity 2.7 2.9
Distinctiveness 4.8 4.7
Memorability 4.4 4.5
Attractiveness 1.6 2.6
Baby-facedness 2.2 3.1
Criminality 5.1 4.5
Dangerousness 4.8 4.5
Likeability 3.5 4.2
p = ns
p < .05
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– College students produces lineups that are more unfair even though similarity is the same
Do college students differ from criminals?
Lineup Bias (College Students)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1 2 3 4 5
Lineup similarity version
Bias
Bias
Chanceexpectationavg sim
Lineup Bias (Criminals)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1 - 100% dissimilar 1- maj. dissimilar 3 (v1) 3 (v2) 5 (v1) - mod similar 5 (v2) - mod similar 9 (v2) - very similar 9 (v3) - very similar
Lineup similarity version
Bias
Bias
Chanceexpectationavg sim
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– College students produces lineups that are more unfair even though similarity is the same
Do college students differ from criminals?
Lineup Size - Tredoux' E' (College Students)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5
Lineup similarity version
Tred
oux'
E'
Tredoux E'
Nominalsize
avg sim
Lineup Size - Tredoux' E' (Criminals)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 - 100% dissimilar 1- maj. dissimilar 3 (v1) 3 (v2) 5 (v1) - mod similar 5 (v2) - mod similar 9 (v2) - very similar 9 (v3) - very similar
Lineup similarity version
Tred
oux'
E'
Tredoux E'
Nominalsize
avg sim
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Take-home Message
• Information used by MW varies as a function of description presence and question asked
• While college students did not differ from criminals in their perceived similarity to the target, they did differ on key inferred traits – Lineups using college students as fillers were evaluated to be more
unfair than lineups using criminal mugshots even though the perceived similarity was the same
• What is the appropriate question to be asked?Does the suspect stand out in the lineup?
OR
Taking into account the description provided by the witness, does the suspect stand out?
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Current/Future Research
• Replication
• Similarity structure across various construction techniques