Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

Step Up To: Step Up To: PsychologyPsychology

John J. Schulte, Psy.D.John J. Schulte, Psy.D.&&

Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABDJason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

Step Up To: Step Up To: PsychologyPsychology

John J. Schulte, Psy.D.John J. Schulte, Psy.D.&&

Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABDJason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & HockenburyHockenbury

Discovering Psychology Discovering Psychology 55ee

Worth Publishers (2010)Worth Publishers (2010)

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & HockenburyHockenbury

Discovering Psychology Discovering Psychology 55ee

Worth Publishers (2010)Worth Publishers (2010)

Chapter 5: LearningChapter 5: LearningChapter 5: LearningChapter 5: Learning

Classical Conditioning

: Associating

Stimuli

Contemporary Views of Classical

Conditioning

Operant Conditioning: Associating Behaviors and

Consequences

Contemporary Views of Operant

Conditioning

Observational Learning:

Imitating the Actions of

Others

100

200

300

400

500

Classical Conditioning:

Associating Stimuli

100

200

300

400

500

Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning

100

200

300

400

500

Operant Conditioning: Associating

Behaviors and Consequences

100

200

300

400

500

Contemporary Views of Operant

Conditioning

100

200

300

400

500

Observational Learning: Imitating the

Actions of Others

1. Which of the following is not 1. Which of the following is not one of the different types of one of the different types of learning discussed in the chapter learning discussed in the chapter on on LearningLearning ? ?

1. Which of the following is not 1. Which of the following is not one of the different types of one of the different types of learning discussed in the chapter learning discussed in the chapter on on LearningLearning ? ?• A) Operant conditioning

• B) Observational learning

• C) Classical conditioning

• D) Experiential conditioning

• A) Operant conditioning




2. In Pavlov’s experiment 2. In Pavlov’s experiment the food was the:the food was the:

2. In Pavlov’s experiment 2. In Pavlov’s experiment the food was the:the food was the:

• A) unconditioned stimulus.

• B) unconditioned response.

• C) conditioned stimulus.

• D) conditioned response.





3. 3. Jimmy was frightened by a Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of few months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example all dogs. This is an example of: of:

3. 3. Jimmy was frightened by a Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of few months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example all dogs. This is an example of: of:

• A) stimulus discrimination. B) stimulus generalization.

• C) unconditioned response.

• D) unconditioned stimulus.

• A) stimulus discrimination. B) stimulus generalization.



4. Jason was involved in a bad car 4. Jason was involved in a bad car accident on the highway. Ever accident on the highway. Ever since then, he always gets the since then, he always gets the “chills” when he drives past that “chills” when he drives past that one location. In classical one location. In classical conditioning, this is a(n):conditioning, this is a(n):


• A) conditioned emotional response.

• B) higher order stimulus.

• C) neutral stimulus.

• D) extinguished emotional response

• A) conditioned emotional response.

• B) higher order stimulus.

• C) neutral stimulus.

• D) extinguished emotional response

5. Watson’s experiment with 5. Watson’s experiment with Little Albert was criticized Little Albert was criticized because:because:


• A) it is unethical to cause such distress to an infant.

• B) Little Albert died as a result.

• C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents.

• D) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response.





6. More recent investigations into 6. More recent investigations into the process of classical the process of classical conditioning suggest that it conditioning suggest that it involves: involves:


• A) pairing of stimulus and response.

• B) learning how events are related.

• C) rewarding positive behavior.

• D) the use of all the senses.





7. Marla got a batch of bad 7. Marla got a batch of bad shrimp at her favorite shrimp at her favorite restaurant one evening, and restaurant one evening, and thereafter never ate shrimp thereafter never ate shrimp again. This is an example of:again. This is an example of:


• A) the Rescorla effect.

• B) unconditioned agustia.

• C) placebo response.

• D) taste aversion.





8. According to John Garcia human 8. According to John Garcia human beings have a greater tendency beings have a greater tendency to be afraid of dangerous, to be afraid of dangerous, potentially harmful stimuli due to:potentially harmful stimuli due to:

8. According to John Garcia human 8. According to John Garcia human beings have a greater tendency beings have a greater tendency to be afraid of dangerous, to be afraid of dangerous, potentially harmful stimuli due to:potentially harmful stimuli due to:

• A) primal conditioning.

• B) arachnophobia.

• C) biological preparedness.

• D) stimulus priming.





9. According to the _____ 9. According to the _____ perspective, mental perspective, mental processes as well as external processes as well as external events are an important events are an important component in the learning of component in the learning of new behaviors.new behaviors.

9. According to the _____ 9. According to the _____ perspective, mental perspective, mental processes as well as external processes as well as external events are an important events are an important component in the learning of component in the learning of new behaviors.new behaviors.• A) evolutionary

• B) cognitive

• C) biological

• D) analytic

• A) evolutionary

• B) cognitive

• C) biological

• D) analytic

10. Cognitive processes in 10. Cognitive processes in classical conditioning have classical conditioning have been demonstrated by Robert been demonstrated by Robert Rescorla when:Rescorla when:


• A) light was used instead of tones.

• B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS.

• C) the CS was too complex and confusing.

• D) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS.





11. The 11. The “Law of Effect” “Law of Effect” which which addresses the likelihood of addresses the likelihood of repeating a behavior based on repeating a behavior based on the consequences of that the consequences of that action, was proposed by:action, was proposed by:

11. The 11. The “Law of Effect” “Law of Effect” which which addresses the likelihood of addresses the likelihood of repeating a behavior based on repeating a behavior based on the consequences of that the consequences of that action, was proposed by:action, was proposed by:

• A) Edward L. Thorndike.

• B) John B. Watson.

• C) Albert Bandura.

• D) Ivan Pavlov.




• D) Ivan Pavlov.

12. Jonah’s parents are trying to 12. Jonah’s parents are trying to teach him to use the bathroom. teach him to use the bathroom. They first reward him for saying They first reward him for saying “potty,” then only for walking to “potty,” then only for walking to the bathroom, and finally only the bathroom, and finally only after he uses the toilet. This is an after he uses the toilet. This is an example of:example of:


• A) negative punishment.

• B) fixed interval reinforcement.

• C) shaping.

• D) negative reinforcement.



• C) shaping.


13. Hailey’s parents are using 13. Hailey’s parents are using punishment by _________ when punishment by _________ when they take her dolls away from they take her dolls away from her for pulling her little sister’s her for pulling her little sister’s hair.hair.

13. Hailey’s parents are using 13. Hailey’s parents are using punishment by _________ when punishment by _________ when they take her dolls away from they take her dolls away from her for pulling her little sister’s her for pulling her little sister’s hair.hair.

• A) application.

• B) hierarchy.

• C) operant.

• D) removal.

• A) application.

• B) hierarchy.

• C) operant.

• D) removal.

14. A standard Las Vegas or Atlantic 14. A standard Las Vegas or Atlantic City slot machine operates on City slot machine operates on which of the following schedules which of the following schedules of partial reinforcement?of partial reinforcement?


• A) Fixed Interval• B) Variable Interval• C) Fixed Ratio• D) Variable Ratio


15. The best time to deliver a 15. The best time to deliver a positive reinforcer is:positive reinforcer is:


• A) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue.

• B) during the preferred behavior.• C) immediately after the preferred

behavior occurs. • D) immediately after explaining the

relationship to the preferred behavior.





16. Martin Seligman 16. Martin Seligman demonstrated the concept of demonstrated the concept of _________ by exposing dogs to _________ by exposing dogs to electrical shocks that they electrical shocks that they were unable to control or were unable to control or stop.stop.

16. Martin Seligman 16. Martin Seligman demonstrated the concept of demonstrated the concept of _________ by exposing dogs to _________ by exposing dogs to electrical shocks that they electrical shocks that they were unable to control or were unable to control or stop.stop.• A) latent learning

• B) vicarious learning

• C) cognitive maps

• D) learned helplessness

• A) latent learning




17. Because you have a ________ 17. Because you have a ________ map of your own home you map of your own home you should be able to get to the should be able to get to the kitchen to get a glass of milk at kitchen to get a glass of milk at night without turning on the night without turning on the lights.lights.

17. Because you have a ________ 17. Because you have a ________ map of your own home you map of your own home you should be able to get to the should be able to get to the kitchen to get a glass of milk at kitchen to get a glass of milk at night without turning on the night without turning on the lights.lights.• A) conditional

• B) cognitive

• C) fixed

• D) latent

• A) conditional

• B) cognitive

• C) fixed

• D) latent

18. Through his experiments 18. Through his experiments running rats through mazes, running rats through mazes, Edward Tolman observed that Edward Tolman observed that sometimes learning is not sometimes learning is not immediately demonstrated in immediately demonstrated in overt behavior. This is called:overt behavior. This is called:


• A) vicarious learning.

• B) delay of response.

• C) higher-order learning.

• D) latent learning.





19. According to research into 19. According to research into academic learned helplessness, academic learned helplessness, what is the first step in helping what is the first step in helping students develop a sense of students develop a sense of mastery over their academic mastery over their academic demands?demands?

19. According to research into 19. According to research into academic learned helplessness, academic learned helplessness, what is the first step in helping what is the first step in helping students develop a sense of students develop a sense of mastery over their academic mastery over their academic demands?demands?• A) seeking knowledge about course

requirements and setting goals

• B) acquiring the services of a tutor

• C) seeking out extra credit chances

• D) forming study groups

• A) seeking knowledge about course requirements and setting goals

• B) acquiring the services of a tutor

• C) seeking out extra credit chances

• D) forming study groups

2020. Keller and Marian Breland observed . Keller and Marian Breland observed that some animals resisted being that some animals resisted being taught certain behaviors, and they taught certain behaviors, and they posited that __________ could interfere posited that __________ could interfere with operant conditioning.with operant conditioning.


• A) operant noise

• B) instinctive drift

• C) negative intervals

• D) learned latents





21. Albert Bandura contends 21. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior:that most human behavior:


• A) is shaped through repeated trial-and-error.

• B) is acquired through observational learning.

• C) is reinforced through positive conditioning.

• D) is planned out and not accidental.





22. Which of the following is 22. Which of the following is not one of the crucial not one of the crucial cognitive processes involved cognitive processes involved in imitating a behavior in imitating a behavior according to Albert according to Albert Bandura?Bandura?


• A) attention

• B) reinforcement

• C) memory

• D) motivation

• A) attention


• C) memory

• D) motivation

23. Research examining the effect 23. Research examining the effect of violence on television has of violence on television has found all but which of the found all but which of the following?following?


• A) Those who watch more violence on TV as children are three times as likely to be convicted of a crime

• B) Violence on TV is correlated with violent behaviors in the classroom

• C) More than 60% of TV programs contained violent depictions

• D) Violence on TV increases violence in girls more than it does in boys





24. 24. Using the principles of observational Using the principles of observational learning, many countries have television learning, many countries have television programs that promote healthy programs that promote healthy behaviors and social change. Which of behaviors and social change. Which of the following is not an example of such the following is not an example of such programming?programming?


• A) Shows that encourage family planning in Brazil, India, and Tanzania

• B) Shows that promote HIV/AIDS prevention in Peru and Kenya

• C) Shows that promote female economic independence in China

• D) Shows that promote Torah observance in Israel





25. What have researchers 25. What have researchers determined about the correlation determined about the correlation of TV viewing and imitative of TV viewing and imitative behavior?behavior?


• A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV.

• B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV.

• C) None of the above is true; TV doesn’t change the way people act.• D) All of the above are true.




Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Which of the following is not 1. Which of the following is not one of the different types of one of the different types of learning discussed in the chapter learning discussed in the chapter on on LearningLearning ? ?

1. Which of the following is not 1. Which of the following is not one of the different types of one of the different types of learning discussed in the chapter learning discussed in the chapter on on LearningLearning ? ?• A) Operant conditioning




• A) Operant conditioning




2. In Pavlov’s experiment, 2. In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the:the food was the:

2. In Pavlov’s experiment, 2. In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the:the food was the:









3. 3. Jimmy was frightened by a Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of: dogs. This is an example of:

3. 3. Jimmy was frightened by a Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of: dogs. This is an example of:

• A) stimulus discrimination.

• B) stimulus generalization.



• A) stimulus discrimination.

• B) stimulus generalization.





• A) conditioned emotional response.• B) higher order stimulus.• C) neutral stimulus.• D) extinguished emotional response

• A) conditioned emotional response.• B) higher order stimulus.• C) neutral stimulus.• D) extinguished emotional response

8. According to John Garcia, human 8. According to John Garcia, human beings have a greater tendency beings have a greater tendency to be afraid of dangerous, to be afraid of dangerous, potentially harmful stimuli due to:potentially harmful stimuli due to:

8. According to John Garcia, human 8. According to John Garcia, human beings have a greater tendency beings have a greater tendency to be afraid of dangerous, to be afraid of dangerous, potentially harmful stimuli due to:potentially harmful stimuli due to:









9. According to the _____ 9. According to the _____ perspective, mental perspective, mental processes as well as external processes as well as external events are an important events are an important component in the learning of component in the learning of new behaviors.new behaviors.

9. According to the _____ 9. According to the _____ perspective, mental perspective, mental processes as well as external processes as well as external events are an important events are an important component in the learning of component in the learning of new behaviors.new behaviors.• A) evolutionary

• B) cognitive

• C) biological

• D) analytic

• A) evolutionary

• B) cognitive

• C) biological

• D) analytic

11. The 11. The “Law of Effect,” “Law of Effect,” which which addresses the likelihood of addresses the likelihood of repeating a behavior based on repeating a behavior based on the consequences of that the consequences of that action, was proposed by:action, was proposed by:

11. The 11. The “Law of Effect,” “Law of Effect,” which which addresses the likelihood of addresses the likelihood of repeating a behavior based on repeating a behavior based on the consequences of that the consequences of that action, was proposed by:action, was proposed by:




• D) Ivan Pavlov.




• D) Ivan Pavlov.





• C) shaping.




• C) shaping.


13. Hailey’s parents are using 13. Hailey’s parents are using punishment by ________ when punishment by ________ when they take her dolls away from they take her dolls away from her for pulling her little sister’s her for pulling her little sister’s hair.hair.

13. Hailey’s parents are using 13. Hailey’s parents are using punishment by ________ when punishment by ________ when they take her dolls away from they take her dolls away from her for pulling her little sister’s her for pulling her little sister’s hair.hair.

• A) application.

• B) hierarchy.

• C) operant.

• D) removal.

• A) application.

• B) hierarchy.

• C) operant.

• D) removal.

16. Martin Seligman 16. Martin Seligman demonstrated the concept of demonstrated the concept of _________ by exposing dogs to _________ by exposing dogs to electrical shocks that they electrical shocks that they were unable to control or were unable to control or stop.stop.

16. Martin Seligman 16. Martin Seligman demonstrated the concept of demonstrated the concept of _________ by exposing dogs to _________ by exposing dogs to electrical shocks that they electrical shocks that they were unable to control or were unable to control or stop.stop.• A) latent learning




• A) latent learning




17. Because you have a ________ 17. Because you have a ________ map of your own home, you map of your own home, you should be able to get to the should be able to get to the kitchen to get a glass of milk at kitchen to get a glass of milk at night without turning on the night without turning on the lights.lights.

17. Because you have a ________ 17. Because you have a ________ map of your own home, you map of your own home, you should be able to get to the should be able to get to the kitchen to get a glass of milk at kitchen to get a glass of milk at night without turning on the night without turning on the lights.lights.• A) conditional

• B) cognitive

• C) fixed

• D) latent

• A) conditional

• B) cognitive

• C) fixed

• D) latent

19. According to research into 19. According to research into academic learned helplessness, academic learned helplessness, what is the first step in helping what is the first step in helping students develop a sense of students develop a sense of mastery over their academic mastery over their academic demands?demands?

19. According to research into 19. According to research into academic learned helplessness, academic learned helplessness, what is the first step in helping what is the first step in helping students develop a sense of students develop a sense of mastery over their academic mastery over their academic demands?demands?• A) Seeking knowledge about course

requirements and setting goals.• B) Acquiring the services of a tutor.• C) Seeking out extra credit chances.• D) Forming study groups.

• A) Seeking knowledge about course requirements and setting goals.

• B) Acquiring the services of a tutor.• C) Seeking out extra credit chances.• D) Forming study groups.



• A) attention


• C) memory

• D) motivation

• A) attention


• C) memory

• D) motivation

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Questions written by:Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

• Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Questions written by:Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

• Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

AnswersAnswersAnswersAnswers

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. A

5. A

6. B

7. D

8. C

9. B

10. D

11. A

12. C

13. D

14. D

15. C

16. D

17. B

18. D

19. A

20. B

21. B

22. B

23. D

24. D

25. A

Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

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Transcript of Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD