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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Stem Cell Science Basics
Ethics In The Science Classroom
Professional Development for Secondary Science Teachers
NWABR – Pack ForestJuly 20, 2005
Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTwww.asmalldoseof.org
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Question??
Who were the most influential people of the past century?
James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA (and Rosalind Franklin).
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Topics
Stem Cells – The Basics Cloning – Therapeutic and Human The Politics – State, National,
International
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Stem Cell History
1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Importance
Disease• Diabetes, Spinal
cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease
Genetic based Disease
• Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Stem Cell Characteristics
‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)
Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)
Have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation)
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Stem Cell Differentiation
Princeton University
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Sexual Reproduction
The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Stem Cell Cultivation
University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
August 9, 2001 - President Bush restricted federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research to 70 lines thought to be in existence
Only 11 now available and useable
Many researchers calling for change
Science and Politics of ESCs research
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Blastocyst Diagram
Princeton University
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Five Day Pre-Embryo
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Human Clones?
Are there human clones?
Yes – Identical Twins(Time 2.19.01)
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Cloning Defined
• What is cloning?• Asexual reproduction
• Examples?• Bacteria, fungus• Plants – cutting – potato• Farm animals
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Asexual Reproduction
The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Cloning Dolly
1997 - 2003
(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Cloning A Sheep
(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Human Stem Cell Production
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Removing Nucleus
Removing the maternal nucleus before nuclear transfer
(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Nuclear transfer
Nuclear transfer embryo about to be activated
(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Cloning for use in Stem Cells
Cloning techniques for creating stem cells
Therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
IVF – In Vitro Fertilization
Available since 1986 About 100,000 IVF kids in U.S. Often creates extra embryos U.S. - About 400,000 frozen
embryos (unregulated) England – 52,000 (regulated by
government)
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
What Americans Think
From Research!Americahttp://www.researchamerica.org/
Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America
Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005
July 10, 2005
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
7%11%
35%
23%
24%
Very well
Somewhat well
Somewhat Poorly
Very Poorly
Don't know
Do you think the U.S. is performing well or performing poorly compared to other nations in terms of science and math education?
Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005
U.S. Performance in Science and Math Education
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005
A Majority of Americans Favor Embryonic Stem Cell Research
13%
18%
24%
34%
11%
Strongly favor
Somewhat favor
Somewhat oppose
Strongly oppose
Don't know
Do you favor or oppose medical research using embryonic stem cells?
58%
29%
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005
A Majority of Americans Favor Research Using Donated Eggs from Fertility Clinics
Scientists can extract embryonic stem cells from fertilized eggs that are voluntarily donated by fertility clinic patients. These fertilized eggs would otherwise be discarded.
Knowing this, do you favor or oppose embryonic research?
7%
31%
62%Favor
Oppose
Don't know
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005
A Majority of Americans Favor Cloning Technology to Make Embryonic Stem Cells
Scientists can now make embryonic stem cells for medical research by merging an unfertilized egg with a skin cell, for example. In other words, no fertilization takes place
and there is no merger of egg and sperm. Knowing this, do you favor or oppose embryonic stem cell research?
9%
22%
69% Favor
Oppose
Don't know
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005
Therapeutic Cloning Should Be Allowed
6%
35%
59% Yes
No
Don't know
Therapeutic cloning is the use of cloning technology to help in the search for possible cures and treatments for diseases and disabilities. Do you think that
research into therapeutic cloning should be allowed?
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
WA State Legislation
WA State Stem Cell Billshttp://www.leg.wa.gov/wsladm/billinfo1/billsearch.cfm?Searchterm=stem%20cell
"Regulating stem cell research“ (passed House 59-36 on 3/15/05 and failed in the Senate 26-23 on 4/11/05)
Forum on Science Ethics and Policy(FOSEP – at UW)
http://www.fosep.org/
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
State Legislation – Key Points
Informed Consent No reproductive Cloning IRB approval
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
California Legislation
Law supports therapeutic cloning $3 Billion bond measure to support
stem cell research - 2004
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
National Regulation
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research
Federal funding only for existing stem cell lines
Many consider inadequate
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
National Legislation
House of Representatives passed the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act (H.R. 810)
Senate is expected to consider it soon - corresponding bill (S.471) today!
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
International Legislation
South Korea – refined nuclear transfer or therapeutic cloning
China – supports research Singapore – stem cell research a
national priority Israel – leaders stem cell disease Great Britain – leader Dolly – active
support of research Japan – supports research
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Stem Cells and Cloning
Questions or Comments?
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Stem Cell - References
Forum on Science Ethics and Policy(FOSEP – at UW)
http://www.fosep.org/
The bioscience-bioethics friendship Co-operative
http://www.bioscience-bioethics.org/portal.htm
A Small Dose of Toxicologywww.asmalldoseof.org
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Authorship Information
For Additional Information ContactSteven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT
Director, [email protected]
[email protected]: www.asmalldoseof.org
This presentation is supplement to “A Small Dose of Toxicology”
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Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
A Small Dose of Toxicology
See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose