Stem Cells
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Transcript of Stem Cells
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STEM CELLSLeah Yang
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DEFINITION
• Stem cell: A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
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RELEVANCE• Stem cells have the ability to
differentiate into other cell/tissue types, which allows them to replace cells that have died.
• They have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
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HISTORY• 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos • 1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from
cadavers• 2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell
research• 2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20
million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research• 2002 - California approves stem cell research • 2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private
funding• 2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
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CHARACTERISTICS• capable of dividing and renewing themselves
for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)
• have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation)
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EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS• derived from extra blastocysts
that would otherwise be discarded following IVF
• from five to six-day-old embryos• can also be grown in lab by cell
culture (see next slide)• can proliferate for a year or more
in the laboratory without differentiating
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ADULT STEM CELLS• undifferentiated cells found among
specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth
• they have a more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew (see next slide)
• can be found in many organs and tissues, including the brain and the heart
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KINDS
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PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS• pluripotent stem cells have
more potential to become any type of cell
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MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS• multipotent stem cells are more limited in what
they can become
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INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
• IPSCs are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell–like state
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APPLICATIONS• tissue repair -nerve, heart,
muscle, organ, skin• cancers• autoimmune diseases• diabetes• rheumatoid arthritis• MS
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TISSUES• stem cells can be used to
regenerate spinal cord, heart tissue or any other major tissue in the body
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BONE MARROW• adult stem cells help with jumpstarting
repair of eroded cartilage, and can replace damaged/destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells
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HEART DISEASE• adult bone marrow stem cells
injected into the hearts are believed to improve cardiac function in victims of heart failure or heart attack
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RISKS• because stem cells injected into a patient are
permanent, long term side effects may not be fully understood for years
• injection of embryonic stem cells may result in minor miscalculations – side effects are endless
• about 20% of rats injected with embryonic stem cells later die from some form of cancerous tumor
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IMPORTANCE OF STEM CELL RESEARCH• stem cells can replace diseased or
damaged cells • stem cells can be used to test
different substances (drugs and chemicals)
• scientists can use stem cells to screen new drugs, and develop systems to study growth/identify the causes of birth defects
• stem cells allow us to study development and genetics