STEM CELLS EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS/INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS
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Transcript of STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
SUBHA CHANDRA M.P
13-MSVM-08
M.Sc. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
WHAT IS STEM CELL…?
Ability to continuously divide and differentiate ( develop) in
to various other kinds of cells or tissues
BRIEF HISTORY OF STEM CELLS
Early 1900 - oral administration of bone marrow
(unsuccessful)
Mid 1900 - Defective bone marrow of mouse corrected with
intravenous administration of healthy bone marrow
1973 - Unrelated bone marrow transplant (successful)
1981 - Derive first embryonic stem cell from mouse
CONTND…
1998 - First human embryonic stem line
2001 - Clone first early human embryos for
generating embryonic stem cells
2003 - Discovers new source of adult stem cell in
children's primary teeth
2005 - Discovered the CBEs
2006 - Create first ever artificial liver cells using CBEs
CONTND…
2011 - Produce stem cells from endangered species.
2012 - Created mouse egg from mouse skin cells
2013 -First lab grown meat from muscle stem cells
it cooked and tasted
CHARACTERISTICS
Cells (unspecialized)
Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long
periods of time ( proliferation and removal).
Have the blank potential to give rise to specialized cell types.
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Derived from epiblast of blastocyst
Pluripotent
Long term self renewal
Exhibit and maintain a stable diploid normal complement
of chromosome
TOTIPOTENT
PLURIPOTENT
MULTIPOTENT
This cell can form the
embryo and placenta
This cell can just form
the embryo
ADULT STEM CELLS
An undifferentiated cells found among specialized or
differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth.
Active by disease or tissue injury
Skin
Fat cell
Bone marrow
Many other organ/ tissues
INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
Cell from body
Genetic reprograming =
Add certain genes to cell
Induced pluripotent
stem cells behave like
an ESC
Culture ips cells
in the lab
Differentiate in to
all possible type of
specialized cells
CLASSIFICATION OF STEM CELL BASED ON
POTENCY
CELL TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Totipotent Each cell can develop
in to new individual
Cells from early (1-3)
days embryo
Pluripotent Cells can form (over)
cell types
Some cells of
blastocyst (5 -14 days)
Multipotent Cells differentiated but
can form a number of
other types
Fetal tissue cord blood
and adult stem cells
Oligo potent Ability to differentiate
in to few cells
Adult lymphoid or
myeloid cell
Unipotent Ability to produce cells
there own type , self
renewal
Adult muscle stem cells
IDENTIFICATION OF STEM CELLS
Transplanting the stem cell ( eg.HSCs) in to an individual
without hematopoietic stem cells
Clonogenic assay
Observing under microscope
Inject cells in to an immunosuppressant ones
STEM CELL CULTURE
Culturing of stem cells
Cells extracted from adult tissue or from a dividing zygote in
a culture dish.
Allow to grow , embryonic stem cells grow faster than adult
Stem cell lines
Cycle of sub culturing
STEM CELL APPLICATIONS..
Organ and tissue regeneration
Cardio vascular disease treatment
Rheumatoid arthritis
Skin
Type 1 diabetics
Cancer
Bone
CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE
TREATMENT
Coronary heart diseases , hyper tension , stroke
Replacement of damaged heart cells
Adult bone marrow stem cells injected in to heart help to improve
cardiac function in victims of heart failure or heart attack
BLOOD DISEASE TREATMENT
Adult hematopoietic stem cells used
Against leukemia ,sickle cell anemia and other
immunodeficiency disease
Hematopoietic Hematopoietic stem cells are found in
umbilical cord & placenta
Umbilical cord blood bank
SKIN
Replace damaged skins
Faster wound healing repair serious burns
Can synthesize new skins in the lab from there own skin
cells ( take weeks)
Recently use embryonic stem cells to attempt to produce
skin graft
EYE
Repair cornea
Adult stem cells from the eye have proved to be good
treatment for corneal damage
Treat damaged retina (retinal cells ) from mesenchyme
cells
Disadvantage : Difficult to integrate them in to the light
detection and signaling problem
LIVER
Capacity to regenerate itself
From adult stem cells ,artificial regeneration can occur
Hepatocyte transplants from cadaveric donors
Certain signals stimulate hepatocytic generation
Isolation, expanding, storing
Transplant
BRAIN DISEASE TRAETMENT
Parkinson's disease , Alzheimer's disease
Produce dopamine producing stem cells in lab
Treatment by nigral dopamine producing fetal stem cell in to
animals or patients
Ips cells also used
BONE
Mainly used in osteoporosis (loss of bone density) during
ageing
Use stem cells in veterinary medicine
Used to repair injuries in race horses
Spinal chord injury
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Auto immune disease
Allogeneic mesenchyme stem cells to treat RA
Harvested from human umbilical cord
Adult stem cells help full in jumpstarting repair of corded
cartilage
TYPE 1 DIABETICS
Due to destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the
pancreas
Embryonic stem cell existing pancreas cells from patient ,
cells ,tissues ( liver) used to repair pancreas function
Other types of cells used are,mesenchymal cells, stored cord
blood cells
DISEASES TREATED WITH STEM
CELLS
Alzheimer's
Autism
Auto immune diseases
Diabetics
Stroke
Melanoma
Multiple myeloma
Spinal chord damage etc...
STEM CELL THERAPY
It is an application of stem cell
It involves transplantations of autologous or allogeneic stem
cells in to patients, either through local delivery or systemic
infusion
CONTND…
The main purposes are:
o Tooth regeneration
o Type 1 diabetics
o Blood immune system
o Eye treatment
o Skin
o Heart
o Liver
STEM CELL BANK
A stem cell bank
A persons stem cell stored in
certain period for future
need
Sources: amniotic fluid&
cod blood
stored by cryopreservation
RISKS
Chance of forming tumor, due to growth promoting factor
produced by neighboring cells
DNA mutations occur in laboratory conditions cause cancer
growth
Immune reactions – for rejecting cells called graft – versus –
host
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Adult cell can become a stem cell by dipping it in acids
Breast milk stem cells incorporated in to babies
Cellular alchemy turns skin cells in to brain cells
Artificial egg and sperm from embryonic stem cells
Hair growth from pluripotent stem cells
WHY THE CONTROVERSY OVER STEM
CELLS ?
Embryonic stem cells are derived from extra blastocyst that
would otherwise be described following IVF
Extracting stem cells destroy the developing blastocyst(
embryo)
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATIONS
Is an embryo a person?
Is it morally acceptable to use embryos for research
When do we become human beings
Should we clone human embryos
Can we benefit from others destruction of embryos
CONCLUSION
Unspecialized , self renewed
Embryonic , adult , ipsc
Classified based on potency
Identification and there culture
So many applications
Stem cell therapy
Stem cell banking
Obstacle's & controversy
REFERENCES
Van de Stolope,Mummery,I. Wilmut. Stem cells scientific
facts and fiction . 1st Edition 2011
Bruce.M.Carlson., Stem cell anthology,1st Edition 2010
Kamran Alimoghaddam , Stem cell biology in normal life
and diseases , 1st Edition 2013
Tanner Demier, Innovations in stem cell transplantation. 1st
Edition 2013
www.explorecuriocity.org
http//www.stemcellresearchnews.com/
www.eurostemcell.org
www.medicalnewstoday.com