The role of limb darkening in the analysis of exoplanetary ...
Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
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Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
Josh Winn
Simon Albrecht, Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda, Teruyuki HiranoAndrew Howard, John Johnson, Geoff MarcyBill Cochran, Dan Fabrycky, the Kepler team
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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obliquity (n.)1 : deviation from parallelism2 : a deviation from moral rectitude or sound thinking
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Semimajor axis [AU]
Ecce
ntric
ity
Jupiter
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Semimajor axis [AU]
Ecce
ntric
ity
Disk-planet interactionsLow
obliquity
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Semimajor axis [AU]
Ecce
ntric
ity
Disk-planet interactions
Few-body dynamics
Tida
l diss
ipati
onHigh
obliquity
Low obliquit
y
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The Sanchis–Nutzman effect
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l = 0°
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l = 0°
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l = 0°
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l = 0°
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l = 0°
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l = 0°
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l = 0° l = 100°
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l = 0° l = 100°
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l = 0° l = 100°
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l = 0° l = 100°
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l = 0° l = 100°
…
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l = 0° l = 100°
…
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l = 0° l = 100°
…
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l = 0° l = 100°
The starspot-anomaly pattern reveals the stellar obliquity
…
Sanchis-Ojeda et al. (2011 a,b)Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011)
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Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011)
Corot-2
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Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011) — see also Désert et al. (2011)
Observed
Calculated (l = 0°) l = 5 ± 12°
Corot-2
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Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)
HAT-P-11
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Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)
Time from midtransit [days]
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Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)
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Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)
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Christoph Scheiner (1573-1650)
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Flux
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
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Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
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Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
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Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
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Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
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Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
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Queloz et al. (2000); Ohta, Taruya, & Suto (2005); Gaudi & Winn (2007)
Measuring the projected obliquity
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l = –1.4° ± 1.1°Winn et al. (2006);see also Triaud et al. (2009)
Low obliquity
HD 189733
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XO-3
l = 37.3° ± 3.0°Hirano et al. (2011);see also Hébrard et al. (2008), Winn et al. (2009)
Moderate obliquity
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Winn et al. (2009)
High obliquity (retrograde)
Narita et al. (2009)
Triaud et al. (2010)
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Valenti & Fischer (2005)
Pinsonneault et al. (2001)
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(Zahn 1977)
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Problem: Orbit decays on same timescale as realignment
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Solution: Realign only the convective zone?
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Reality
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Constant-Q model
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Different Q’s for realignment and orbital decay(D. Lai, in preparation)
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KOI-631.0 M , 1.0 R
P = 9.4 daysRp = 6.5 R
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Prot = 5.4 days≈ (4/7) Porb
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KOI-63
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Current obliquity measurements
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Current obliquity measurementsKepler candidates
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Current obliquity measurementsKepler candidatesKepler multi-planet candidates
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Starspot anomalies
Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Rotation-rate statistics (Schlaufman 2010)
Gravity darkening (Barnes 2010, Szabo et al. 2011)
Rotational Doppler boosting (van Kerkwijk et al. 2010)
Spin precession TDVs (Damiani & Lanza 2011)
Current obliquity measurementsKepler candidatesKepler multi-planet candidates