Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers...

41
Stefan G Kiessling MD FAAP Stefan G Kiessling , MD, FAAP

Transcript of Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers...

Page 1: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Stefan G Kiessling  MD  FAAPStefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP

Page 2: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

To briefly review the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system

To review the basics of urinalysis and urine sediment in children pertinent to a primary care provider’s needschildren pertinent to a primary care provider s needs

To review normal and abnormal findings of the urinalysis and urine sediment and correlation with clinical pathology

To discuss a further diagnostic approach based on findings of urinalysis and microscopy

Page 3: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>
Page 4: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>
Page 5: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Easy inexpensive tool to diagnose illnesses that could otherwise remain undiagnosed and to follow therapy response to certain diseases Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus Glomerulonephritis Hypertension related renal injury Non‐symptomatic UTIs Non‐symptomatic UTIs

AAP News 2010(12):31 ‐ UA should only be done in children at risk or with certain medical conditions but NOT used as a routine tool

Page 6: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

In the office setting, clean catch midstream voided specimen are collected most commonlyspecimen are collected most commonly

Make sure to label properly with name, MR#, DOB to avoid mix up with sample from another patientS i   h ld b   i d  ithi     i t  t    h   Specimen should be examined within 30 minutes to 1 hour after voiding either in the office or set to the lab

Collect new sample if >1 hr at room temperature or >4 hr in f i trefrigerator

Urine sediment should be reviewed in certain cases: Spin 5‐10 ml of urine at 2500‐3000r/min for 3‐5 minutes Discard the supernatant and resuspend sediment in remaining  Discard the supernatant and resuspend sediment in remaining 

amount of urine Transfer one drop of urine to a slide and coverglass

Page 7: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Analysis Of The Urine SedimentAnalysis Of The Urine Sedimentyy

►► Take minimum of 8Take minimum of 8‐‐10 cc of urine (if available); spin at 10 cc of urine (if available); spin at 20002000‐‐3000 3000 RPM for 3RPM for 3‐‐5 minutes with 5 minutes with >> 5 RBC/HPF5 RBC/HPFRPM for 3RPM for 3 5 minutes with 5 minutes with >> 5 RBC/HPF5 RBC/HPF

►► Discard supernatant and Discard supernatant and resuspendresuspend pellet in remaining urinepellet in remaining urine►► Put the cover glass on in Put the cover glass on in an an angle so that possible casts get washed to angle so that possible casts get washed to 

the opposite sidethe opposite sidethe opposite sidethe opposite side

Casts

►► If there is microscopic hematuria on an initial clean catch urine, If there is microscopic hematuria on an initial clean catch urine, repeat at least one more repeat at least one more time 2time 2‐‐3weeks later 3weeks later since high (>50since high (>50‐‐70) “false 70) “false positive” rate (Dodge et al., 1976) positive” rate (Dodge et al., 1976) 

Page 8: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Remember: In adolescent and obese females, the labia must be spread apart to 

get a proper clean sample – MOST girls don’t do that

Eileen Brewer (Peds Nephrologist at Baylor) :Eileen Brewer (Peds Nephrologist at Baylor) : Her husband urologist says that if your hands are not wet after you 

collect the sample, you did not do it right

Do not squeeze the diaper in infants except if you look for  Do not squeeze the diaper in infants except if you look for protein

Uncircumcised male with difficult to retract foreskin: Best method of collection is suprapubic tap

Consider In/Out cath  

Page 9: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>
Page 10: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Clear Cloudy Color (red/brown/yellow) Smell

Page 11: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Yellow: normal Amber to reddish brown:

RBC – hemoglobin – myoglobin – hemosiderin Bright red:Bright red:

Fresh blood, urates (infant diapers), porphyrins, pyridium, adriamycin, food coloring, beets

Brown‐Black:Brown Black: Alkaptonuria, melanin, methyldopa

Bright orange: Rifampin Rifampin

Dark orange: Bilirubin, carotin

Brewer E.

Page 12: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Ammonia: bacteria Fruity: ketones (DM, starvation) Maple Syrup: maple syrup disease Musty: PKU Ingested foods: asparagusE t d D   tibi ti Excreted Drugs: antibiotics

Page 13: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Should be read as soon as dipstick is taken out of urine specimen  Alk li   H d  t  l   f  l til    ( i   f   t   Alkaline pH due to loss of volatile gases (conversion of urea to ammonia in the presence of bacteria and loss of CO2)

Range quite wide from 4.5 to 7 in normal individuals but usually id ( 6)   d  t  b   idi   i   d f   ti   f d il  acid (5‐6); needs to be acidic given need for excretion of daily 

acid load of 2mEQ/kg/day Usually of little importance pH>7.5 in vegetarian (vegan) diet or urease producing organisms 

(Proteus; nitrite usually also positive) Urine pH below 5.3 in the setting of metabolic acidosis, if not, 

think about RTA Excess urine runover from protein reagent can falsely lower urine 

pH

Page 14: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Range seen usually is between 1.003 and 1.035 Reflects number and size of particles in solution Expected value:

L  i   l  l di   d hi h i   l  d fi i  b h  fl i   Low in volume loading and high in volume deficit both reflecting appropriate tubular function

Unexpected value: Low SG in ARF or oliguria reflecting tubular dysfunction

Page 15: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Normally not seen unless serum glucose passes renal threshold (>180mg/dl)

Dipstick is specific for glucose (need other testing for galactose  fructose  lactose)galactose, fructose, lactose)

Not a good indicator for diabetes control Glucose in the urine does not always reflect hyperglycemia G y yp g ybut can be a sign of abnormal tubular reabsorption (need concomitant serum glucose to rule out renal glucosuria)F l   i i  i   h     f b i  Vi i  C  d  False positive in the presence of bacteria, Vitamin C and ASA (acetylsalicylic acid)

Page 16: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Normal in children as a rule of thumb is <100mg/day Normal small amounts are either filtered by the glomerulus  albumin or 

secreted by the tubule Tamm Horsfallsecreted by the tubule Tamm‐Horsfall Dipstick tests ONLY for albumin Urine albumin concentration influenced by rate of protein excretion and 

urine volume In case of concerns of non‐glomerular proteinuria, need to consider special 

testing (Beta2‐microglobulin, sulfosalicylic acid precipitation) Dipstick:

0: 0 mg/dl 0: 0 mg/dl Trace: 1‐10 mg/dl 1+: 15‐30 mg/dl 2+: 40‐100 mg/dl 3+: 150‐350 mg/dl 4+: >500 mg/dl 

Page 17: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

< 1 g per day Transient – postural – tubular – glomerularTransient  postural  tubular  glomerular

> 3 g per day Glomerular

False positive results Macroscopic hematuria Pyridium (phenazopyridine)y (p py ) Urine pH >8  Vaginal secretions chlorhexidinechlorhexidine

Page 18: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Normal < 3 RBC per high power field (HPF) Results are trace to 3+ Results are trace to 3+ Positive dipstick does not exclude pigmenturia true hematuria needs to be confirmed by RBCs on t ue e atu a eeds to be co ed by R Cs ourine microscopy

Can spin urine down – if supernatant clear hhematuria

Can originate from anywhere in the urinary tract RBC morphology can help to determine glomerular RBC morphology can help to determine glomerular vs. non‐glomerular hematuria

Page 19: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

False positives: Betadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dipstick without RBCs ‐> dilute urine (SG<1.006) leading to p ( ) g

red cell lysis Excess bacterial peroxidase in urine, bacterial overgrowth Menstruating femaleg

Take home message: A positive dipstick for blood should always be followed by the assessment for presence or absence of red blood be followed by the assessment for presence or absence of red blood cells

Page 20: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Product of fat metabolism (largely β hydroxybutyric acid but  Product of fat metabolism (largely β‐hydroxybutyric acid but also acetoacetic acid and acetone)

Dipstick only detects acetoacetic acid and acetone thus p yunderestimating true ketone excretion

Positive in DKA, starvation, anorexia, dieting, vomitingd Reported as trace to 4+

Caveat:  false negative in delayed reading of the urine sample false negative in delayed reading of the urine sample False positive in highly pigmented urine, mesna and levodopa 

metabolites

Page 21: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Reported as 1+ to 3+ Reported as 1+ to 3+ May indicate abnormal liver function tests or biliary obstruction

Is quite unstable and should be read in a timely fashion to avoid false negative readingl f l f Also false negative in presence of Vitamin C

Page 22: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Degradation product from bilirubin formed by intestinal  Degradation product from bilirubin formed by intestinal bacteria

Trace amounts are considered normal since <5% of bili i   t d i  th   i  ( / h )urobilinogen is excreted in the urine (1‐4mg/24hr)

Presence can indicate hemolysis, intestinal obstruction or abnormal LFTs but not biliary obstructiony

If dipstick is positive for bilirubin but negative for urobilinogen, think about biliary obstruction (absence of bilirubin in the intestine, no bacterial metabolism) bilirubin in the intestine, no bacterial metabolism) 

Page 23: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>
Page 24: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Dietary nitrate is normally excreted in the urine Dietary nitrate is normally excreted in the urine Useful as a screen for presence of bacteria (if there is adequate contact time), usually gram negative rods which q ) y g greduce nitrate to nitrite

False negative results in the presence of Vitamin C, yeast or   iti  b t i   d i   t i  (l   it t  gram positive bacteria and in vegetarians (low nitrate 

production)

Page 25: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Essentially confirms presence of polymorph nuclear cells  Essentially confirms presence of polymorph nuclear cells (PMN)

False positive with eosinophilia and trichomonas False negative with Vitamin C and large amounts of albumin

Sensitive for UTI but need to think about others in the  Sensitive for UTI but need to think about others in the differential diagnosis:

Resolving UTI Glomerulonephritis Renal stone Tubulo‐interstitial nephritis TB (Interstitial cystitis)

PKD PKD

Page 26: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Red blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Renal tubular epithelial cells Transitional epithelial cells Squamous epithelial cellsC t l Crystals

Casts Bacteria  Artifacts (Fiber, starch crystals, air bubbles) Mucous threads (normal in low quantity, high quantity in i f ti /i it ti   f th   i  t t)infammation/irritation of the urinary tract)

Page 27: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Small  smooth  no nucleus Small, smooth, no nucleus Normal <3 RBC per HPF They lyse in dilute, alkaline and non‐fresh urine samplesThey lyse in dilute, alkaline and non fresh urine samples Dysmorphic RBCs ‐ acanthocytes

Page 28: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Spherical  larger than RBCs  dull gray  characteristic granules  Spherical, larger than RBCs, dull gray, characteristic granules and lobulation of the nucleus (0‐4/HPF)

Normal urine contains up to 2000 leukocytes/mlp y

Page 29: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Slighly larger than WBCs with a large round nucleus that can be eccentric

Cuboidal, Columnar or teardrop shapedS  i  ATN  d   t   h t i Seen in ATN and exposure to nephrotoxins

Oval fat bodies: tubular cells with lipid particles (seen often in urine sediment in nephrotic syndrome) p y )

Page 30: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Normal urine component If present in large quantities  need to think about neoplasm

Page 31: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Usually less than one if the urine is a clean catch Larger numbers indicate vaginal contamination

Page 32: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

In acidic urine Calcium oxalate – normal after intake of oxalate‐rich foods 

(spinach, tomatoes, oranges, asparagus, garlic, rhubarb) – Calcium oxalate calculi, ethylene glycol intoxication, large amounts od Vit C

Uric acid – normal or associated with gout, febrile illness, Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome

Cystine – Cystinuria or cystinosis

In alkaline urine Ammonium Magnesium Phosphates (Struvite) – coffin lid; UTI 

with urease producing orgamismwith urease producing orgamism Calcium phosphate Amorphous Phosphate: phosphate salts

Page 33: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Calcium OxalateCalcium Oxalate

Page 34: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Often seen after urine is refrigerated Of little clinical value Can mimic brownish casts of ATN Occur in acid pH and can be dissolved by adding an alkali like 2% ammonia solution

Page 35: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>
Page 36: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Usually formed by precipitation of Tamm‐Horsfall mucoprotein (which is secreted by the tubules) and the mucoprotein (which is secreted by the tubules) and the clumping of cells or other materials within the protein matrix; they reflect renoparenchymal injury

Thin or broad (often correlating with duration of  Thin or broad (often correlating with duration of underlying disease)

Hyaline casts:  found in very concentrated urine found in very concentrated urine Exercise or stress induced Proteinuria

Cellular casts:Cellular casts: RBC casts: Glomerulonephritis and vasculitis WBC casts: pyelonephritis and tubulointerstitial disease Tubular casts: ATN or other renal tubular damage

Page 37: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Granular casts: Coarse or fine Degenerating cellular casts Aggregated proteingg g p

Fatty casts: Heavy proteinuria as in nephrotic syndrome

W Waxy: Advance renal failure

Page 38: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Red blood cell cast White blood cell cast

Page 39: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>
Page 40: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

Only few bacteria in UNSPUN urine are essentially diagnostic of a UTI

Bacteria in a SPUN urine are NOT diagnostic and most of the time represent contaminationthe time represent contamination

Page 41: Stefan G Kiessling, MD, FAAP - UK HealthCare … Presentation.pdfBetadine, hypochlorite cleansers (oxidize dip‐stick reagent) Other chemicals Positive dippstick without RBCs ‐>

GlomerularGlomerular TubularTubular InterstitialInterstitial VascularVascular

Heme positiveHeme positive ++++++ ++++ --/+/+ ++++

Protein 2+Protein 2+ ++++++ -- --/++/++ --/+/+Protein 2+Protein 2+ ++++++ /++/++ /+/+

Dysmorphic Dysmorphic RBCRBC

++++++ -- --/+/+ ++++

Renal cells Renal cells 1515--2020

--/+/+ ++++++ ++ ++

RBC castsRBC casts ++++ -- -- ++

Granular castsGranular casts ++ ++++ ++ ++

Heme/granularHeme/granular ++ ++++++ ++++++Heme/granular Heme/granular castscasts

++ -- ++++++ ++++++

Herrin, JT.