Steam power plants introduction by Rana Saifullah Khan
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Transcript of Steam power plants introduction by Rana Saifullah Khan
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POWER PLANTS
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POWER PLANTS
• A POWER PLANT IS A ASSEMBLY OF SYSTEMS AND SUBSYSTEMS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY i.e POWER WITH ECONOMY AND REQUIREMENTS.
• ALL THE EQUIPMENT INCLUDING STRUCTRUAL MEMBERS, THAT CONSTITUTE A UNIT POWER SOURCE.
• A COMPLEX OF STRUCTURE, MACHINERY & ASSOCIATED EQUP FOR GENERATING ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM ANOTHER SOURCE OF ENERGY
• ENERGY CENTRES OR SALABLE ENERGY• HIGH GRADE AND LOW GRADE ENERGY• DEGRADATION OF ENERGY--?SURROUNDING BEING HEATED---
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IMPORTANT TERMS
• RENEWABLE RESOURCES—INFINITE RESOUCES• NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES- usually finite• CLASSIFICATION OF PP- BY FUEL, BY PRIME MOVER, BY
DUTY • CONVENTIONAL & NON CONVENTIONAL POWER
STATIONS• ENERGY DENSITY—COAL & SOLAR COMPARISION• ENERGY CONVERTORS-ELECTRIC MOTOR• ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS-PAKISTAN.• HUILE BLANCHE
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SOURCES OF FUEL
• WATER-3 GORGES DAM, 22,500MW• COAL- 5780 MW• FUEL OIL -4,400 MW• PEAT- 1500 MW• BIOFUEL- 750 MW• GEO THERMAL- 303 MW• PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRICITY(PSH)-
3,000MW
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FUEL SOURCES
• RUN OF THE RIVER---2,620 MW• TIDE—254 MW• SOLAR POWER –80.7MW• CONCENTRATED PHOTOVOLTIC---37 MW• WAVE—ONSHORE & OFFSHORE• PL FIND ENERGY MIX OF PAKISTAN , PROJECTS
IN PIPE LINE ?
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OIL SHALE
• ALSO CALLED KEROGEN SHALE.
• ORGANIC RICH FINE GRAINED SEDEMENTARY ROCKED
• PYROLYSIS YIELDS VAPOUR .UPON COOLING IT CAN BE USED AS LOW GRADE OIL
• ESTIMATES OF 2.8 TO 3.3 TRILLION BARRELS OF OIL
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METHANE HYDRATE/ICE
• METHANE CHATHRATE FOUND IN LOW TEMP REGIONS-ITS IS ENVISIONED AS A GAME CHANGER
• WATER MOLECULE SURROUNDS METHANE
• CRYSTALLINE SOLID CONSISTS OF METHANE MOLECULES SURROUNDED BY A CAGE OF INTERLOCKING WATER MOLECULES.
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LAYOUT OF PP
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CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS
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THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• SENSIBLE HEAT– TEMP CHANGE• LATENT HEAT ---PHYSICAL STATE OF SUBSTANCE• WHEN HEAT IS NOT REFLECTED IN TEMP CHANGE,
WE INCREASE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN MOLECULES.
• SO LATENT HEAT IS THE ENERGY PRICE THAT MUST BE PAID FOR A CHANGE OF STATE.THE ENERGY IS NOT LOST COMPLETELY BUT STORED AS INTERNAL ENERGY AND IS REPAID WHEN IT AGAIN CHANGES ITS STATE.
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GENERATION OF STEAM
• PROCESS OF BOILING-LIQUID AND VAPOUR EQUILIBRIUM AND IT DEPENDS ON PRESSURE
• WHEN A LIQUID IS BOILING AND GENERATING VAPOUR IT IS SATURATED LIQUID AND SARURATED VAPOUR.SATURATION TEMP AND SATURATION PRESSURE
• CRITICAL POINT –UNIQUE WORKING FLUID.
• BOILER OPERATES AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
• FURTHER HEAT IS ADDED IN SUPER HEATER AND IS SUPER HEATED STEAM.
• THE AMOUNT BY WHICH THE TEMP OF SUPERHEATER STEAM EXCEEDS THE TEMP OF SATURATED STEAM AT THE SAME PRESSURE IS DEGREE OF SUPERHEAT.( 790-490)= 300 AT 600PSI
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SUPERHEATING
• SUPERHEATING PROVIDES A GREATER TEMP DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOILER AND CONDENSOR THUS ALLOWING MORE HEAT TO BE CONVERTED TO WORK AT THE TURBINES.
• SUPERHEAT STEAM IS DRY AND CAUSES LESS CORROSION OF PIPING AND MACHINERY.
• DOES NOT CONDUCT HEAT AS RAPIDLY AS SATURATED STEAM.
• INCREASED EFFICIENCY WHICH RESULTS FROM THE USE OF SUPERHEATED STEAM REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF FUEL OIL REQUIRED TO GENERATE EACH KG OF STEAM, HENCE WEIGHT AND SPACE REQUIREMENT
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STEAM TABLES
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ENERGY ANALYSIS
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NUMERICAL
• A RIGID TANK CONTAINS 50 KG OF SATURATED LIQUID WATER AT 90 °C. DETERMINE THE PRESSURE IN THE TANK AND THE VOLUME OF THE TANK?
• A RIGID TANK CONTAINS 10 KG OF WATER AT 90°C. IF 8 KG OF THE WATER IS IN LIQUID FORM AND THE RESTIS IN THE FORM OF VAPOUR. FIND PRESSURE AND VOLUME?