~ 196 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2017; 5(5): 196-215

E-ISSN: 2321-2187

P-ISSN: 2394-0514

IJHM 2017; 5(5): 196-215

Received: 17-07-2017 Accepted: 18-08-2017

Anup Kumar Sarkar

Assistant Professor, Department

of Botany, Dukhulal Nibran

Chandra College, Aurangabad,

Murshidabad, West Bengal,

India

Manas Dey

Assistant Teacher, Jurapani

High School, Dhupguri,

Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India.

Mallika Mazumder

Post Graduate Student,

Department of Botany, Raiganj

University, Uttar Dinajpur,

West Bengal, India

Correspondence

Anup Kumar Sarkar

Assistant Professor, Department

of Botany, Dukhulal Nibran

Chandra College, Aurangabad,

Murshidabad, West Bengal,

India

Ecological status of medicinal plants of Chalsa forest

range under Jalpaiguri division, West Bengal, India

Anup Kumar Sarkar, Manas Dey and Mallika Mazumder Abstract The use of Traditional plant in the treatment of disease has shown a good interest in the last few decades.

Different types of human communities traditionally use such medicinal plants. As the forest regions are

rich in medicinal plants, people collect such plants from forest vigourously. Excess harvest of such plants

or their propagule may results the extinction of the species from the forest, which may led to the change

in entire forest vegetation. Considering this view point in mind, a phytosociological survey has been

carried out on naturally occurring medicinal plants of the Chalsa Forest Range. The present paper throws

light on the description and uses of certain species of medicinally important plants along with their

ecological status in this forest.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Traditional knowledge, Phytosociology, Community Index, Threatened,

Conservation

1. Introduction Chalsa Forest Range, a Himalayan foot hill forest range, represents one of the unique

biodiversity region of world which is under little but continual disturbance by biological and

anthropogenic factors. It is situated in Malbazar Subdivision of district Jalpaiguri, West

Bengal, India. Vegetation of the forest is unique in the Nature. The forest is characterized by

dense vegetation and a rich wild life. The forest range is very close to the river Jaldhaka. In

addition Mithi river, Raidak river and Diana river are also very close to the forest range.

Jaldhaka basin in the Chalsa region created some excellent habitats which have rich

biodiversity that contains diverse assemblage of herbs, shrubs, trees, animals and microbes.

The range is 535 ft from sea level. The soil is fertile in nature and strongly acidic. The

temperature of this area varies from 20 oC to 32 oC during summer and from 8 oC to 22 oC

during winter. Most of the area of this forest range is wet annual and humid. The forest is more

or less homogenous in composition with admixed type of tree species. The forest is famous for

some timber vegetation like Shorea robusta Gaertn., Lagerstromia speciosa Pers., Terminalia

belerica Roxb., Chuckrasia tabularis A. Juss., Terminalia tomentosa Roth., Sterculia villosa

Roxb., Persea fructifera Kosterm., Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Nees., etc. [1]. However there

is no reliable study on different types of non-timber plants, their habitat, ecology and

phytosociology. The forest range is also a house of endemic and exotic medicinal plants. The

plants having various proprieties, which are useful in our day to day life. Some are used as

medicine, while some are consumed as edible nutritious vegetables or fruits. Different tribal

communities belonging to the villages adjacent to such forest are dependent upon the forest

resources for their day to day livelihood practice. Many of the traditional healers, Kabiraj, Bez,

also collect the medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases. In the process they collect

the roots, rhizomes, bulbs, flowers, bark, fruits and other medicinally important parts of the

plants for extracting drugs and unused parts of the plants were left in the forest. In this way,

sometimes they destroy the important medicinal plants. Present paper deals with the

occurrence of valuable medicinal herbaceous and shrubby plants in the study area and their

ecological and phytosociological aspects.

Many of the plant species were used by people for medicinal purposeS which was documented

in anient literature including Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita [2]. It can be stated that

existence of human on planet earth depends on diverse species of plants for its medicinal and

other beneficial properties. The world health organization estimates that about 80% of the

population of most developing countries relies on herbal medicines for their primary

healthcare need. About 80% of human population in India is using herbal medicine to care

different kind of diseases [3].Different types of plants are used to cure different types of

disease. Some herbal alternatives assist prevention of the secondary complications of the

disease.

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Since medicinal plants and its derivatives continue to play a

major role in the in medical therapy, it is of utmost

importance to conserve these resources for the sake of

mankind and future generations. For this regular ecological

monitoring of such plants in any vegetation including forest

patches is obligatory.

Phytosociological evaluation of the medicinal plant species is

very important aspect in the field of forestry as well as in

other scientific studies like conservation, management and

bioprospecting of phytoresources. Information on changes in

the herb and shrub layer of any forest ecosystem or natural

ecosystem may be useful to assess present-day issues of

management relating to sustainability and biodiversity in

forestry and nature conservation[4].In present days the lack of

proper ecological knowledge can seriously hinder the

conservation and sustainable use of non-timber plant species,

especially in the face of anthropogenic threats including

overexploitation[5].Herbs and shrubs are associated with a

wide variety of organisms, and are increasingly recognized to

play an important role in controlling food chain and

ecological stability. Such plants provide food and shelter to to

animal communities. However a little cares was taken only

for traditionally used medicinal plants. Thus, this study aims

at assessing the species composition, diversity,

Phytosociological and Ecological characteristics of herbs and

shrub communities.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Description of Study Site The present study has been carried out in four beat forests of

Chalsa Forest Range of Jalpaiguri Forest Division, West

Bengal, India, The forest beats are named as Panjhora Beat,

Nagrakata Beat, Sipchu Beat and Kharia Bandor Beat.

Vegetation of the forest is unique in the world as most of its

plants are evergreen and semi-evergreen. It consists of lots of

floristically diverse plants, of which some of them are rare,

endangered and threatened. The flora shows much more

diversity with the change in topography. The vegetation

varies considerably with the change in altitude, soil, humidity,

rainfall and presence of water passages called Jhora. The

topography ranges between riverine to slightly hilly.

Fig 1: Map of the Forest Beats of Chalsa Forest range.

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Table 1: Topographical and Climatic characteristics

Name of the Forest beat Area(Ha) Type of Soil pH Organic

C (%)

Organic

Matter (%)

Available

N (%)

Total

N (%)

Available

P205 (ppm)

Available

K20 (ppm)

Panjhora Beat 2255.92 Dry 4.90 1.057 2.709 0.040 0.130 36.73 26

Nagrakata Beat 2148.85 Dry 4.75 1.715 2.955 0.043 0.145 57.39 55

Sipchu Beat 1757.58 Wet 5.12 1.571 2.906 0.035 0.135 53.35 50

Kharia Bandor 387.26 Wet 5.35 0.378 0.240 0.021 0.091 18.36 51

2.2 Field Investigation and Data Collection The composition of standing shrub and herb vegetation data

of Chalsa forest range was investigated in between the

January 2015 and February 2017.A total of 64 quadrates 16 in

each of four forest beats were selected which were laid at 100

m interval along 1000 m long line transects having quadrate

size of 20m x 20m (400 m2) following Esmailzadeh et al. We

further systematically placed five 2m×2m shrub quadrates

(one at the centre and the other four at the corners) to

investigate shrubs, and five 1m×1m herb quadrates were fixed

to the upper left corner of each shrub quadrate to investigate

herbs in each plot. Overall 64 plots, including, 320 shrub

quadrates and 320 herb quadrates from natural forest sites.

Plant species found within each sampling plot were

photographed and identified by their vernacular and scientific

names using various book and internet. Knowledgeable

persons of communities and traditional herbal healers were

contacted and information was collected through interviews,

observations and discussions held during field survey through

well prepared questionnaires. In order to analyze the diversity

of vegetation Frequency, Relative frequency, density and

Relative density were calculated. Importance Value Index was

calculated by adding Relative frequency Relative density and

Relative Height [6-9].

(a) Frequency (%): This term refers to the degree of

dispersion of individual species in an area and usually

expressed in terms of percentage. It is calculated by the

equation:

(b) Relative Frequency (%): The degree of dispersion of

individual species in an area in relation to the number of all

the species occurred.

(c) Density: Density is an expression of the numerical

strength of a species where the total number of individuals of

each species in all the quadrates is divided by the total

number of quadrates studied. Density is calculated by the

equation:

(d) Relative Density (%): Relative density is the study of

numerical strength of a species in relation to the total number

of individuals of all the species and can be calculated as:

(e) Relative Dominance (%): Dominance of a species is

determined by the value of the Height/Length. Relative

dominance is the height value of a species with respect to the

sum of coverage of the rest of the species in the area.

(f) Abundance: It is the study of the number of individuals of

different species in the community per unit area. By quadrates

method, samplings are made at random at several places and

the number of individuals of each species was summed up for

all the quadrates divided by the total number of quadrates in

which the species occurred. It is represented by the equation:

(g) Importance Value Index: This index is used to determine

the overall importance of each species in the community

structure. In calculating this index, the percentage values of

the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance

(Relative Height/Length) are summed up together and this

value is designated as the Importance Value Index or IVI of

the species.

IVI= Relative Frequency + Relative Density + Relative

Height/Length

3. Data processing and Phytosociological Analysis:

All the data both spatial and especial collected from different

sources has been tabulated and analyzed separately. The data

collected were used to compute community indices like –

(a) Species diversity (H'): Species diversity of different tree

species; it was calculated using the Shannon- Weiner Index

(Shannon and Weiner, 1963) [10]

(H') = - ∑ [(ni / N). ln (ni / N)]

Where ‘ni’ is the IVI of individual species and N is the total

IVI of all the species.

(b) Species dominance (Cd): Species dominance was

calculated following Simpson (Simpson, 1949) [11]:

Cd = Σ (ni/N)2,

Where, ni and N are the same as those for Shannon Weiner

information function.

(c) Equitability of evenness (e): Equitability of evenness

refers to the degree of relative dominance of each species in

that area. It was calculated according to Pielou (1966) [12] as:

Evenness (e) = H'/log S

Where, H'= Shannon index, S = number of species.

(d) Species richness (D): Species richness was determined by

Margalef index (1968) [13] as:

D=(S-1)/ln N.

S = number of species. N= total number of individuals.

(e) Menhinick’s index (Dmm): Menhinick’s index (Whittaker

1977) [14] is expressed as Dmm=S/N, where N is the number of

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine individuals in the sample and S is the species number.

(f) Equitability Index: The Shannon’s equitability Index

(Lloyd and Ghelard, 1964) [15] is expressed as (EH)=H/Hmax

= H/ln S

(g) Berger-Parker Dominance Index: The Berger-Parker

Dominance Index [16] is a simple measure of the numerical

importance of the most abundant species and is expressed as

d= Nmax/N.

N max is the number of individuals in the most abundant

species and N is the total number of individuals in the sample.

The increase in the value of reciprocal of Berger-Parker

Dominance Index reflects the increase in diversity and a

reduction in dominance.

3. Result and Discussion

The present studies reflect the phytosociological and

ecological status of herb and shrub vegetation. Some of the

area of the forest range is occupied by the small water

passages called “Jhora”, which enhanced the growth of

aquatic and semi aquatic plant.

Table 2: Habitat and Type of Plants

Sl. No Name Family Habitat Type

1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. Rubiaceae Perennial Herb Dicot

2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King & H. Rob Asteraceae Perennial Herb Dicot

3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC Rubiaceae Perennial Herb Dicot

4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Lamiaceae Perennial Shrub Dicot

5 Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoeaceae Climbing herbaceous vine Monocot

6 Phyllanthus Fraternus G.L. Webster Phyllanthaceae Annual Herbs Dicot

7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC Oxalidaceae Annual Herbs Dicot

8 Sauropus compressus Müll. Arg. Phyllanthaceae Annual Shrubs Dicot

9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex. Schult. Caryophyllaceae Procumbent, Annual Herb Dicot

10 Globba racemosa Sm. Zingiberaceae Rhizomatous, Annual Herb Monocot

11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. Fabaceae Erect Annual Herb Dicot

12 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

14 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Annual Herb Dicot

15 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Araceae Perennial Herb Monocot

16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross Polygonaceae Perennial Herb Dicot

17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Polygonaceae Annual Herb Dicot

18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

19 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Perennial Herb Dicot

20 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Acanthaceae Annual Herb Dicot

21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Araceae Perennial Herb Monocot

22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelinaceae Annual Herb Monocot

23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. Melastomataceae Perennial Undershrub Dicot

24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. Fabaceae Perennial Undershrub Dicot

25 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae Perennial Herb Dicot

26 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Annual Herb Monocot

27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. Zingiberaceae Rhizomatous Annual Herb Monocot

28 Impatiens tripetala Roxb. Balsaminaceae Annual Herb Dicot

29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot

30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot

31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot

32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot

33 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Annual Herb Dicot

34 Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Annual Undershrub Dicot

35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Menispermaceae Perennial Climber Dicot

36 Coffea benghalensis B. Heyne ex. Schult. Rubiaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex.

Kurz. Apocynaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. Fabaceae Prostrate Perennial Herb Dicot

39 Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae Prostrate Perennial Herb Dicot

40 Melastoma malabathricum L. Melastomataceae Perennial shrub Dicot

41 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

42 Sida rhomboidea Roxb. Malvaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites Fabaceae Climber shrub Dicot

44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Vitaceae Scandent climber shrub Dicot

45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume Amaranthaceae Perennial Herb Dicot

46 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Climbing Perennial Herb Dicot

47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae Climbing woody shrub Monocot

48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Malvaceae Annual Herb Dicot

49 Boerhavia repens L. Nyctaginaceae Prostrate annual Herb Dicot

50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Urticaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton Fabaceae Perennial Shrub Dicot

52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. Verbenaceae Perennial Herb Dicot

53 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine 54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb. Acanthaceae Perennial climber Dicot

55 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Perennial undershrub Dicot

56 Mimosa invisa Colla. Fabaceae perennial sub-woody shrub Dicot

57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Araliaceae Prostrate Annual Herb Dicot

58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. Asteraceae Annual, creeping/climbing Herb Dicot

59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. Amaranthaceae Perennial climber shrub Dicot

60 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Prostrate Annual Herb Dicot

61 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

62 Mecardon procumbens (Mill.)Small Plantaginaceae Annual prostrate Herb Dicot

63 Scoparia dulcis L. Plantaginaceae Annual Herb Dicot

64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. Cucurbitaceae Annual climbing Herb Dicot

66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. Acanthaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Cucurbitaceae Annual climbing Herb Dicot

69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) Fabaceae Annual/perennial Herb Dicot

70 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Annual Herb Dicot

71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Perennial aromatic Herb Dicot

72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Annual aromatic Herb Dicot

73 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Perennial woody shrub Dicot

74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq. Amaranthaceae Annual Herb Dicot

75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Annual,climbing Herb Dicot

76 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae Annual,Climbing Herb Dicot

77 Kyllinga monocephala Thunb. Cyperaceae perennial greenhead Sedge Monocot

78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan Commelinaceae Annual Herb Monocot

80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.)Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex.

Loud Poaceae Annual prostrate/lawn Grass Herb Monocot

82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Climbing/trailing annual Herb Dicot

83 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot

84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Annual Herb Monocot

85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae Annual Herb Dicot

86 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Annual, erect or somewhat prostrate

Herb Dicot

87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Zingiberaceae Annual, rhizomatous Herb Monocot

88 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Perennial shrub Dicot

89 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Annual Herb Dicot

90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge Rutaceae Perennial woody-shrub Dicot

91 Natsiatum herpeticum Hamilton Icacinaceae Perennial Shrub Dicot

92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. Urticaceae Perennial Herb Dicot

93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.)P.Beauv. Poaceae Creeping perennial Grass Herb Monocot

94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Perennial Grass Herb Monocot

95 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Perennial Climbing shrub Monocot

Graph 1: Status of family in herb and shrub vegetation of Chalsa forest range

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine

Graph 2: Status of Monocot and Dicot Genus in Chalsa forest range

Graph 3: Status of Herbs, Shrubs and Climbers in Chalsa forest range

In this study we also present general descriptions of medicinal plant communities and their medicinal and economical aspects.

Table 3: Description of Flowering, Origin and Medicinal importance

Sl.

No Name of The Plant

Flowering

Season Origin Parts Used Medicinal Importance

1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. June-January Naturalized

Exotic

Root and

Leaves

Used to cure malaria, Ophthalmic,

inflammation of eye, headache.

2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King

& H. Rob October-April Invasive Leaves

Used to treat Skin wounds and to stop

bleeding.

3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC Throughout the

year Exotic

Leaves and

Root

Used against Ulcers, anti-inflammatory,

leprosy pimple and skin diseases.

4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. February-July Native Root and

Leaves

Used as Anti-inflammatory, pain-relief

substance and also useful in skin diseases,

leprosy and bone injury.

5 Dioscorea alata L. November Native Tuber

Used as Diuretic, anthelmintic,

contraceptive and also useful in diabetes,

leprosy, gonorrhea, strangury.

6 Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.

Webster March -October Native Whole plant

Used to treat Dysentery, gonorrhoea,

dropsy, diarrhoea and malaria, bronchitis,

asthma, leprosy, anaemia.

7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC August-January Native Whole plant

Used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,

antioxidant, cardioprotective,

radioprotective, chemoprotective,

immunomodulatory, wound-healing, anti-

diabetic agent.

8 Sauropus compressus Müll. Arg. February-

November Native Leaves

The fresh leaves are used for the treatment

of retained Placenta. A mouth-wash made

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine of the juice of fresh leaves and honey and

applied to the tongue.

9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex.

Schult.

August -

December

Naturalized

Exotic whole plant

Used in sinus, headache, cold, snake bite,

fever, asthma, diphtheria, pneumonia,

throat pain.

10 Globba racemosa SM. June to October Native Whole plant

Relief from mouth ulcer, post natal care of

mother and child, conjunctivitis, eye

abrasions, asthma, leucoderma, cough, food

poisoning, analgesic, antipyretic, heart pain

and Stomach pain.

11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. July-February Native Whole plant,

Root, Bark

Anti-inflammatory, fever reducing,

carminative, digestive, laxative, diuretic,

cough, anti-dysenteric, anti-diarrhoeal.

12 Ageratum conyzoides L. Throughout the

year Exotic

Leaves,

Flowers,

Root, whole

plant

Leaves used in wounds, cuts and burns;

root juice antibiotic, plants used febrifuge.

13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. January -

December

Naturalized

Exotic

Leaves,

Flowers,

Root, whole

plant

Leaves used in wounds, cuts and burns;

root juice antibiotic, plants used febrifuge.

14 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Throughout the

year Native

Leaves,

Flower

Used in jaundice, odema, asthama,

wormicide, nasal drops in sinusites, cold

and jaundice, flowers used in cough and

cold.

15 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites August-October Native Leaves,

Inflorescence

Plant recommended for colic, rheumatism,

and intestinal disease.

16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross February-June Native Leaves Leaf is used for treatment dysentery,

enteritis, and sore throat

17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.)

Delarbre May-December Native Whole plant

Effective cure for toothache, epilepsy,

gangrene, rheumatism, and gout.

18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. November-

March Native Young twig

Eaten as a vegetable; uses for blood

purifier, nervous diseases, gonorrhea,

paralysis, epilepsy, digestion problem.

19 Achyranthes aspera L. October-March Native Root and

whole plant

Root is used for piles, jaundice, fever, skin

diseases and sex diseases.

20 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Throughout the

year Native Whole plant Juice of plants is applied as febrifuge

21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. September Native Leaves Leaf petiole is used in jaundice and petiole

juice is used in cut and wounds.

22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. August-

November Native

Leaves and

whole plant

Bruised plant is used against boils,

dysentery

23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. Throughout the

year Native Root

Decoction of roots is used in urinary

problem and diabetes.

24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. September.-

January

Naturalized

Exotic

Leaves,

Flower

Leaves and floral parts of the plants are

some times used in paralysed part.

25 Elephantopus scaber L. August.-

February. Native Leaves, Root

Leaves are anti-diabetic. Root paste cure

chronic abdomen and stomach pain.

26 Commelina benghalensis L. August.-

December Native

Leaves and

whole plant

Leaf paste is used against constipation,

boils, skin diseases

27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. May-June Native Rhizome The rhizome is used in bone fracture, fever,

epilepsy, pains, toothache.

28 Impatiens trilobata Colebr. July - October Exotic Root, Leaves,

Seeds

Root used to treat migraine pain. seed is

used for cancer treatment.

Leaves is used for wounds and skin

inflammations.

29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. Predominantly

Rainy season Native Whole plants

Plant juice is useful against swelling. Stem

juice is taken against gastric trouble and

ulcers.

30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell Throughout the

year Native

Leaves and

whole plant

Decoction of leaves is used as a remedy for

gonorrhea, jaundice, urinary problem,

bronchitis, headache, liver complaints,

spleen diseases, constipation, fever, loss of

appetite, asthma, cough, skin diseases.

31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell July-December Native Leaves and

whole plant

Leaf paste is used against dysentery, ring

worm, indigestion.

32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.)

Pennell May-October Native Leaves

Leaves are useful in wounds, bruises, boils,

jaundice, snakebite, dysentery, urinary

trouble and quick healing of wounds.

33 Senna tora (L.)Roxb. Throughout the

year Native Leaves

Leaves are applied for skin diseases such as

leprosy, ringworm, itching and psoriasis

and snakebites

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine

34 Senna sophera (L.)Roxb. Throughout the

year Native

Root and

Leaves

Paste prepared from root along with black

pepper is given to treat jaundice and paste

prepared from leaf mixed with sugar candy

is taken one or two tea spoonful twice-

thrice daily to treat dysuria.

35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.)

Miers February-April Native Rhizome

Rhizome used to treat Jaundice, diabetes,

fever, Dyspepsia, insomnia.

36 Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex.

Schult.

March-

December Native

Young twig

and Flower

Young shoot is used for indigestion and

stomachache. Flower is used in child birth

and conjunctivitis

37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. &

Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz.

Throughout the

year Native Bark Dried bark is used in dysentery.

38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. August-

February Native

Leaves and

Root

Leaves are applied for diarrhoea, dysentery

and convulsion.

Roots are used as carminative, tonic,

diuretic and used in bilious complaints.

Decoction of plant or leaves is externally

applied on wounds, ulcers, and for skin

diseases.

39 Desmodium heterophyllum

(Willd.) DC.

September-

February Native Leaves

leaves are used to treat urinary retention

and digestive complaints, diuretic. Plant

decoction used for stomach aches.

40 Melastoma malabathricum L. October-April Native Leaves Leaf paste used against boils skin problems.

41 Sida acuta Burm.f. August-Deceber Naturalized

Exotic

Leaves

Leaf prevents blood urea, boils and

Nephritis.

42 Sida rhombifolia L. July-Deceber Native Leaves and

Root

The roots and leaves are used in

rheumatism, migraine and colic.

43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites August -June Native Seeds Seeds are used as Purgative, Emetic,

Aphrodisiac, Ophthalmic.

44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.)

Planch. June-October Native Whole plant Plants are used in fever, cough-cold tonic.

45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume Throughout the

year Native

Whole plant,

Root

Root juice is used for toothache, decoction

as a diuretic and leech bites.

46 Piper longum L. May-October Native Seeds Seed is used in cough and cold.

47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Throughout the

year Native Tuber

Tubers used against asthma and snake

bite.

48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Septeber-April Naturalized

Exotic

Root and

Leaves

Decoction of the root is used for internal

ulcerations; Leaves are antihypertensive,

astringent, diuretic and used for diarrhoea,

dysentery, internal hemorrhages and

gonorrhea.

49 Boerhavia repens L. Throughout the

year Native Leaves

Leaf juice is applied for snake-bite and

oedema, urinary problem.

50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. August-January Naturalized

Exotic

Bark, whole

plant

Decoction of whole plant is used for

rheumatism, leprosy, skin diseases and

diuretic; snake bite, colic pain.

51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.)

W.T.Aiton

December-

March Native

Leaves and

Root

Decoction of leaves and root are effective

against dysentery, epilepsy, hysteria.

52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. March-June Native Leaves

Leaves are consumed for blood cleanser,

asthma, ulcerated stomachs and control

blood pressure.

53 Urena lobata L. September-

March Native

Leaves and

Root

Leaves and Roots are used widely to treat

bowel complaints, especially colic,

stomach-ache, diarrhoea and dysentery, and

gonorrhea, urinary diseases.

54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex

Rottl.) Roxb.

April-

November Native Whole plant Whole plant used to treat Snake bite.

55 Mimosa pudica L. July- November Introduced

Invasive

Leaves, Root

and seed

Toothache, leprosy, dysentery, vaginal and

uterine complaints, inflammation,

leucoderma, fatigue, asthma, blood

diseases, jaundice, leprosy, ulcers, small

pox.

56 Mimosa invisa Colla. June to

September Native Leaves, Root

Leaves are applied against snake bites and

having antioxidant and antibacterial.

57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. March-

November Native Whole plant

Decoction of whole plant is used for

asthma, bone fracture, edema, fever,

detoxication, throat pain, psoriasis.

58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. June-March Exotic Leaves Leaf sap prevents bleeding, antiseptic, anti-

inflammatory.

59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.)

Merr.

November -

April Native

Leaves and

Root

Decoction of the leaves is used for

dysentery, inflammatory tumours.

Root is used to treat jaundice.

~ 204 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine 60 Oxalis corniculata L.

Throughout the

year

Cosmopolitan-

Native Whole Plant

Dysentery, diarrhea, piles, asthma, skin

disease; refrigerant, appetizer.

61 Xanthium strumarium L. December-May Exotic Leaves

Decoction of the leaves is used to prevent

minor external bleeding and also used as

antiseptic medicine.

62 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.)

Small

Throughout the

year

Naturalized

Exotic Whole Plant

skin problems, cold, fever, cough,

headache, diarrhoea, fertility problems,

toothache, stomach ache, wounds, diabetes,

rheumatism, asthma, dysentery, small pox,

bone fractures, earache, hair loss and snake

bite.

63 Scoparia dulcis L. Throughout the

year

Naturalized

Exotic Leaves

Leaf is used against boils and tumors as

well as pneumonia, anti-diabetic.

64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.)

H.Rob.

Throughout the

year Native Whole Plant Relief from Common cold,cough.

65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. July-December Native Young twig

and Fruits

The unripe fruit and the tender

shoots used as vegetable to improve

appetite, digestion and anti-diabetic.

66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. February-April Native Leaves,

Flower

Cough and cold, leprosy, vomiting, urinary

discharge, asthma, bronchitis, piles;

astringent, tonic, antipyretic.

67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K.Jansen March-April Introduced

esxotic

Root, Leaves

and Flower

Flower heads are chewed to relieve the

toothache and other mouth related troubles.

Leaves are used externally in treatment of

skin diseases, diuretic and lithotriptic,

dysentery.

68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.)

M.Roem. January-August Native

Leaves, Root,

Seed

Plant uses for anti-inflammatory, anorexia,

astringent, antiarthritic and acid-reflux.

69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) April-October Native Whole plant

and Root

Decoction of the roots is given in

dyspepsia, diarrhea, rheumatism, asthma

and urinary disorders. Whole plant is used

for leprosy, ulcers, asthma, and tumors, as

well as diseases of the liver, spleen, heart,

and blood.

70 Physalis minima L. Throughout the

year

Naturalised

exotic Whole plant Relief from Colic, ulcers, cough, bronchitis.

71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Septeber-March Native Leaves and

Root

Carminative, astringent, uterine infection

and Decoction of the plant for dysentery,

inflammation, boil, fever, cough.

Root is antiallergic, cures sores and ulcers

of the mouth.

72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. October -

January

Naturalized

exotic

Root and

Leaves

Decoction of the roots is valued as an

appetizer, emmenagogic, rheumatism.

Leaves are used stomach problems, fevers,

cold.

73 Lantana camara L. Throughout the

year

Naturalized

exotic

Leaves, Bark,

Flower

Leaves are applied for headaches, fever,

flu, coughs, colds toothaches and

indigestion boils, swellings and pain of the

body. Bark is used for leprosy and ulcer.

Flower for tuberculosis.

74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.)

Moq.

November-

February Native Whole plant,

The leaves are antitussive, diuretic and

febrifuge. The decoction of plant is also

applied in frictions to treat oedema.

75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.)

Hallier f. February-July Native Whole plant

Juice of the whole plant is considered

cooling and diuretic, high fever, strangury

and urethral discharges, malaria and

smallpox.

76

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.)

Benth. Var subspicata (Benth.)

Maesen

November-

April Native Whole plant

Decoction of the plant is used as an anti-

infective agent, ulcers and boils.

Root is cooked as vegetable.

77 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Throughout the

year Exotic Whole plant

Decoction of the whole plant is used

against malaria; colds with fever; whooping

cough; bronchitis, diarrhea.

78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. October-April Native Leaves

Cooked young leaves are taken to

increase lactation. It is also used in

cough and cold as well as glossitis.

79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan July-November Native Whole plant

Plant paste is used against leprosy,

headache, asthma, piles. Root used to treat

jaundice.

80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Throughout the

year Exotic Leaves

Leaf-sap is used for stomachache,

rheumatism, earache, laxative.

81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer August-October Globally Native Leaves Decoction of leaf is used to treat skin

~ 205 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine & J.A. Schultes ex. Loud diseases.

82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. April-January Naturalized

Exotic Leaves

Leaves used to treat snake bite, skin

diseases, rheumatism, nervous problem,

earache.

83 Bidens pilosa L. June-December Introduced

Exotic Whole plant

Used in toothache, rheumatism, leprosy,

skin disease; checks bleeding.

Leaf juice used in ear and eye complaint.

84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.)

P.Beauv.

October -

January

Naturalized

Exotic Leaves Decoction of leaf is used in eye treatments.

85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. March-

December Invasive exotic Leaves

Decoction of leaf is used to treat malaria,

appetizer, laxative applied to soothe

irritable skin conditions, convulsions and

earache, inflammation and deafness.

86 Amaranthus viridis L. Throughout the

year Native Leaves

Decoction of leaf is used as dysentery and

inflammations and purify the blood

87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig)

C.D.Specht August-october Native Rhizome

Rhizome used to treat stomach Problem,

blood in urine, diabetes.

88 Solanum torvum Sw. Throughout the

year

Introduced and

Naturalized

Root, Fruit,

Leaves

Root decoction is venereal diseases, boil.

Fruit is diuretic and is used for malaria,

stomach aches. Leaves are an effective

antimicrobial and diuretic, anti-diabetic.

89 Heliotropium indicum L. November-

April

Introduced

Exotic Whole plant

Decoction of the whole plant is used to

treat thrush, diarrhoea, diabetes, ulcers,

dysentery, and bronchitis. Root sap is used

in eye treatment.

90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge April-June Native Leaves,Root,

Bark

Leaves are used as vegetable, anti-diabetic,

appetizer, antimicrobial and relief from

vomiting and dysentery.

Bark and Root are used for external

wounds, stomachic.

91 Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-

Ham. ex Arn.

October-

February Exotic Whole plant

Whole plant with other ingredients like

ginger, black piper, leaf of lemon, leaf

of Vitex, Eupatorium, is used to treat

head-ache.

92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. September-

January Native Roots

Roots eaten to cure dysentery, cough and

Asthma.

93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.)

P.Beauv.

Throughout the

year

Naturalized

Exotic Whole plant

Decoction of the whole plant is used to

treat diabetes, heart problems and skin

diseases. It has antimicrobial and anti-

oxidant properties also.

94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Throughout the

year

Naturalize

Exotic Whole plant

Decoction of the whole plant is used to

treat leucoderma, inflammation, leprosy,

dysentery, cough and urogenital disorder.

95 Smilax zeylanica L. Mar.-Aug. Native Leaves and

Root

Root is used for veneral diseases, rheumatic

swellings, urinary complaints and

dysentery, jaundice, wound healing.

Leaf juice is used for skin problems.

Graph 2: Status of Medicinally Used Plant Parts

Landscape position, soil type, disturbance, biological

interactions and chance factors determine the suite and

proportion of species within a given area. Competition

between individuals of same species creates growth

constraints through resource depletion. Other biological

interactions such as seed movement, anthropogenic harvest,

predation, herbivore and nutrient cycling also affect plant

growth and distribution. All of these factors determine the

attractiveness and suitability for both existing and potentially

existing plants and indirectly set the template for a natural

~ 206 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine progression of plant communities. Physical attributes also

influence plant productivity and the development of plant

associations. Such attributes include resource availability,

management past and present land management and natural

disturbance.

Table 4: Different Phytosociological values

Sl.No. Name of The Plant Family H/L D Fr

(%) RH RD

RF

(%)

1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. Rubiaceae 35.711 9.125 67.188 0.0125 0.1470 4.0604

2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King & H.Rob Asteraceae 30.092 2.875 56.250 0.0105 0.0463 3.3993

3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC Rubiaceae 11.750 3.313 43.750 0.0041 0.0533 2.6439

4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Lamiaceae 32.371 2.188 59.375 0.0113 0.0352 3.5882

5 Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoeaceae 27.974 0.594 37.500 0.0098 0.0095 2.2662

6 PhyllanthusFraternus G.L. Webster Phyllanthaceae 7.1040 1.203 31.250 0.0024 0.0193 1.888

7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC Oxalidaceae 16.633 0.469 37.500 0.0058 0.0075 2.2662

8 Sauropus compressus Müll.Arg. Phyllanthaceae 26.355 0.484 37.500 0.0092 0.0077 2.2662

9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex. Schult. Caryophyllaceae 9.6550 2.719 35.938 0.0033 0.0438 2.1718

10 Globba racemosa Sm. Zingiberaceae 31.267 0.703 48.438 0.0109 0.0113 2.9272

11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. Fabaceae 37.364 0.172 14.063 0.0130 0.0027 0.8498

12 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae 14.118 1.594 34.375 0.0049 0.0256 2.0774

13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Asteraceae 12.565 0.719 17.188 0.0044 0.0115 1.0387

14 Leucas aspera (Willd.)Link Lamiaceae 16.375 0.125 7.813 0.0057 0.0020 0.4721

15 Lasia spinosa (L.)Thwaites Araceae 15.353 0.266 6.250 0.0053 0.0042 0.3777

16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross Polygonaceae 16.813 0.250 12.500 0.0058 0.0040 0.7554

17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Polygonaceae 36.400 0.234 6.250 0.0127 0.0037 0.3777

18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Asteraceae 21.174 0.359 4.688 0.0074 0.0057 0.2833

19 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae 11.189 3.313 39.063 0.0039 0.0533 2.3607

20 Rungia pectinata (L.)Nees Acanthaceae 9.822 3.688 43.750 0.0034 0.0594 2.6439

21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Araceae 17.200 0.156 9.375 0.0060 0.0025 0.5665

22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelinaceae 22.071 0.219 7.813 0.0077 0.0035 0.4721

23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. Melastomataceae 18.000 0.063 4.688 0.0063 0.0010 0.2833

24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. Fabaceae 52.250 0.063 6.025 0.0183 0.0010 0.3641

25 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae 24.231 0.406 37.500 0.0084 0.0065 2.2662

26 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae 20.857 0.219 7.813 0.0073 0.0035 0.4721

27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. Zingiberaceae 51.167 0.375 26.563 0.0179 0.0060 1.6052

28 Impatiens trilobata Colebr. Balsaminaceae 30.348 0.359 25.000 0.0106 0.0057 1.5108

29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. Linderniaceae 22.833 0.563 21.875 0.0079 0.0090 1.3219

30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell Linderniaceae 5.857 0.438 14.063 0.0020 0.0070 0.8498

31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell Linderniaceae 6.275 0.625 18.750 0.0021 0.0100 1.1331

32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.)Pennell Linderniaceae 26.333 0.563 18.750 0.0092 0.0090 1.1331

33 Senna tora (L.)Roxb. Fabaceae 16.750 0.250 17.188 0.0058 0.0040 1.0387

34 Senna sophera (L.)Roxb. Fabaceae 27.750 0.188 17.188 0.0097 0.0030 1.0387

35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.)Miers Menispermaceae 14.214 0.219 12.500 0.0049 0.0035 0.7554

36 Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex. Schult. Rubiaceae 47.222 0.281 17.188 0.0165 0.0045 1.0387

37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz. Apocynaceae 46.063 0.250 18.750 0.0161 0.0040 1.1331

38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. Fabaceae 12.395 1.859 26.563 0.0043 0.0299 1.6052

39 Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae 12 0.188 4.688 0.0042 0.0030 0.2833

40 Melastoma malabathricum L. Melastomataceae 19.222 0.141 9.375 0.0067 0.0022 0.5665

41 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae 23.346 0.406 29.688 0.0081 0.0065 1.7941

42 Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae 23.200 0.234 17.188 0.0081 0.0037 1.0387

43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites Fabaceae 20.75 0.125 12.500 0.0072 0.0020 0.7554

44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Vitaceae 44.500 0.094 9.375 0.0155 0.0015 0.5665

45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume Amaranthaceae 16.219 1.172 14.063 0.0056 0.0188 0.9442

46 Piper longum L. Piperaceae 33.222 0.141 14.063 0.0116 0.0022 0.8498

47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae 72.286 0.109 10.938 0.0253 0.0017 0.6610

48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Malvaceae 36.000 0.250 14.063 0.0126 0.0040 0.8498

49 Boerhavia repens L. Nyctaginaceae 36.952 0.328 12.500 0.0129 0.0052 0.7554

50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Urticaceae 23.375 0.250 15.625 0.0081 0.0040 0.9442

51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton Fabaceae 32.214 0.219 12.500 0.0112 0.0035 0.7554

52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. Verbenaceae 26.056 0.281 15.625 0.0091 0.0045 0.9442

53 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae 25.611 0.563 29.688 0.0089 0.0090 1.7941

54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb. Acanthaceae 64.000 0.172 17.188 0.0224 0.0027 1.0387

55 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae 45.038 0.406 26.563 0.0157 0.0065 1.6052

56 Mimosa invisa Colla. Fabaceae 93.600 0.078 7.813 0.0327 0.0012 0.4721

57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Araliaceae 10.642 1.266 21.875 0.0037 0.0204 1.3219

58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. Asteraceae 39.455 0.172 15.625 0.0138 0.0027 0.9442

59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.)Merr. Amaranthaceae 23.429 0.109 6.250 0.0082 0.0017 0.3777

60 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae 11.550 0.313 10.938 0.0040 0.0050 0.6610

61 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae 17.000 0.125 7.813 0.0059 0.0020 0.4721

62 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.)Small Plantaginaceae 15.944 0.281 4.688 0.0055 0.0045 0.2833

~ 207 ~

International Journal of Herbal Medicine 63 Scoparia dulcis L. Plantaginaceae 14.750 0.188 9.375 0.0051 0.0030 0.5665

64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.)H.Rob. Asteraceae 19.000 0.234 12.500 0.0066 0.0037 0.7554

65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. Cucurbitaceae 60.833 0.094 7.813 0.0213 0.0015 0.4721

66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. Acanthaceae 133.667 0.047 4.688 0.0468 0.0007 0.2833

67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K.Jansen Asteraceae 16.213 0.734 20.313 0.0056 0.0118 1.2275

68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. Cucurbitaceae 52.375 0.125 12.500 0.0183 0.0020 0.7554

69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) Fabaceae 20.545 0.172 9.375 0.0071 0.0027 0.7554

70 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae 19.667 0.094 9.375 0.0068 0.0015 0.6610

71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae 42.200 0.313 14.063 0.0147 0.0050 0.7554

72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae 31.000 0.313 14.063 0.0108 0.0050 0.4721

73 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae 55.389 0.281 15.625 0.0194 0.0045 1.3219

74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.)Moq. Amaranthaceae 12.337 1.438 18.750 0.0043 0.0231 1.1331

75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae 56.333 0.094 7.813 0.0197 0.0015 0.3777

76 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.)Benth.Var subspicata

(Benth.)Maesen Fabaceae 45.333 0.047 4.688 0.0158 0.0007 0.6610

77 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Cyperaceae 13.106 1.031 20.313 0.0045 0.0166 0.4721

78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Fabaceae 17.318 0.344 10.938 0.0060 0.0055 0.2833

79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan Commelinaceae 11.823 0.891 14.063 0.0041 0.0143 0.5665

80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.)Gaertn. Asteraceae 15.409 0.688 17.188 0.0053 0.0110 0.7554

81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.)Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex.

Loud Poaceae 14.647 0.531 12.500 0.0051 0.0085 0.4721

82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae 66.250 0.125 10.938 0.0232 0.0020 0.2833

83 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae 22.433 0.469 12.500 0.0078 0.0075 1.2275

84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. Poaceae 16.250 0.313 7.813 0.0056 0.0050 0.7554

85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae 18.800 0.078 4.688 0.0065 0.0012 0.2833

86 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae 13.875 0.125 4.688 0.0048 0.0020 0.2833

87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Zingiberaceae 106.000 0.063 6.250 0.0371 0.0010 0.3777

88 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae 105.333 0.047 4.688 0.0369 0.0007 0.2833

89 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae 20.333 0.047 4.688 0.0071 0.0007 0.2833

90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge Rutaceae 28.286 0.109 9.375 0.0099 0.0017 0.5665

91 Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. Icacinaceae 47.000 0.063 6.250 0.0164 0.0010 0.3777

92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. Urticaceae 10.867 0.234 6.250 0.0038 0.0037 0.3777

93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.) P.Beauv. Poaceae 12.709 2.953 39.063 0.0044 0.0475 2.3607

94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae 12.833 0.844 10.938 0.0044 0.0136 0.6610

95 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae 74.000 0.016 1.563 0.0259 0.0002 0.0944

D=Density, Fr=Frequency, H/L =Height or Length, RD=Relative Density, RF=Relative Frequency, RH= Relative Height or Length

Table 4: Different Community Index values

Sl. No Name of The Plant A IVI S.I Cd E

1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. 13.5813 4.2199 0.130587 0.001667 0.066028

2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King & H.Rob 5.1111 3.4561 0.113629 0.001118 0.057454

3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC 7.5714 2.7013 0.095253 0.000683 0.048163

4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. 3.6842 3.6347 0.117729 0.001236 0.059527

5 Dioscorea alata L. 1.5833 2.2855 0.084288 0.000489 0.042618

6 PhyllanthusFraternus G.L. Webster 3.8500 1.9097 0.073748 0.000341 0.037289

7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC 1.2500 2.2795 0.084124 0.000486 0.042536

8 Sauropus compressus Müll.Arg. 1.2916 2.2831 0.084222 0.000487 0.042585

9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex. Schult. 7.5652 2.2189 0.082466 0.000460 0.041697

10 Globba racemosa Sm. 1.4516 2.9494 0.101494 0.000814 0.051319

11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. 1.2222 0.8655 0.040050 0.000070 0.020251

12 Ageratum conyzoides L. 4.6363 2.1079 0.079388 0.000415 0.040141

13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 4.1818 1.0546 0.046785 0.000104 0.023656

14 Leucas aspera (Willd.)Link 1.6000 0.4798 0.024941 0.000021 0.012611

15 Lasia spinosa (L.)Thwaites 4.2500 0.3872 0.020931 0.000014 0.010583

16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross 2.0000 0.7652 0.036321 0.000054 0.036321

17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre 3.7500 0.3941 0.021236 0.000014 0.010738

18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. 7.6666 0.2964 0.016789 0.000008 0.008489

19 Achyranthes aspera L. 8.4800 2.4179 0.087853 0.000547 0.044421

20 Rungia pectinata (L.)Nees 8.4285 2.7067 0.095391 0.000685 0.048233

21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. 1.6666 0.5750 0.028883 0.000030 0.014604

22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. 2.8000 0.4833 0.025089 0.000021 0.012686

23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. 1.3333 0.2906 0.016516 0.000007 0.008351

24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. 1.0000 0.3834 0.020762 0.000013 0.010498

25 Elephantopus scaber L. 1.0833 2.2811 0.084168 0.000487 0.010498

26 Commelina benghalensis L. 2.8000 0.4829 0.025072 0.000021 0.012677

27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. 1.4117 1.6291 0.065416 0.000248 0.033076

28 Impatiens trilobata Colebr. 1.4375 1.5271 0.062276 0.000218 0.031488

29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. 2.1457 1.3388 0.056302 0.000167 0.056302

30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell 3.1111 0.8588 0.039805 0.000069 0.020131

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine 31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell 3.3333 1.1452 0.049891 0.000122 0.025226

32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.)Pennell 3.0000 1.1513 0.050097 0.000124 0.025331

33 Senna tora (L.)Roxb. 1.4545 1.0485 0.046573 0.000102 0.023548

34 Senna sophera (L.)Roxb. 1.0909 1.0514 0.046674 0.000103 0.023599

35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.)Miers 1.7500 0.7638 0.036268 0.000054 0.018333

36 Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex. Schult. 1.6363 1.0597 0.046961 0.000105 0.023745

37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz. 1.3333 1.1532 0.050162 0.000124 0.025363

38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. 7.0000 1.6394 0.065730 0.000251 0.033235

39 Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. 4.0000 0.2905 0.016511 0.000007 0.008348

40 Melastoma malabathricum L. 1.5000 0.5754 0.028899 0.000030 0.014612

41 Sida acuta Burm.f. 1.3684 1.8087 0.070798 0.000306 0.035798

42 Sida rhombifolia L. 1.3636 1.0505 0.046642 0.000103 0.023584

43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites 1.0000 0.7646 0.036298 0.000054 0.018353

44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. 1.0000 0.5835 0.029227 0.000031 0.014778

45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume 8.3333 0.8598 0.039842 0.000069 0.020145

46 Piper longum L. 1.0000 0.8636 0.039981 0.000069 0.020215

47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. 1.0000 0.6880 0.033365 0.000044 0.016870

48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 1.7777 0.8664 0.040083 0.000070 0.020267

49 Boerhavia repens L. 2.6250 0.7735 0.036634 0.000056 0.018523

50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. 1.6000 0.9563 0.043329 0.000085 0.021908

51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton 1.7500 0.7701 0.036506 0.000055 0.018458

52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. 1.8000 0.9578 0.043383 0.000085 0.021935

53 Urena lobata L. 1.8947 1.8120 0.070895 0.000307 0.035847

54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb. 1.0000 1.0638 0.047103 0.000105 0.023817

55 Mimosa pudica L. 1.5294 1.6274 0.065365 0.000247 0.033050

56 Mimosa invisa Colla. 1.0000 0.5060 0.026043 0.000023 0.013168

57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. 5.7857 1.3460 0.056535 0.000169 0.028585

58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. 1.1000 0.9607 0.043486 0.000086 0.043348

59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.)Merr. 1.7500 0.3876 0.020948 0.000014 0.010592

60 Oxalis corniculata L. 2.8571 0.6700 0.032663 0.000042 0.016515

61 Xanthium strumarium L. 1.6000 0.4800 0.024949 0.000021 0.012615

62 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.)Small 6.0000 0.2933 0.016643 0.000008 0.008415

63 Scoparia dulcis L. 2.0000 0.5746 0.028867 0.000030 0.014596

64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.)H.Rob. 1.8750 0.7657 0.036340 0.000054 0.018374

65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. 1.2000 0.4949 0.025578 0.000022 0.012933

66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. 1.0000 0.3308 0.018386 0.000010 0.009296

67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K.Jansen 3.6153 1.2449 0.053229 0.000145 0.026914

68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. 1.0000 0.7757 0.036717 0.000056 0.018565

69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) 1.8333 0.5906 0.029513 0.000032 0.014923

70 Physalis minima L. 1.0000 0.5830 0.029207 0.000031 0.014768

71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze 2.2222 0.8597 0.039838 0.000069 0.020143

72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 2.2222 0.8588 0.039805 0.000069 0.020126

73 Lantana camara L. 1.8000 0.9521 0.043179 0.000084 0.021833

74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.)Moq. 7.666 1.1605 0.050408 0.000126 0.025488

75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. 1.2000 0.4802 0.004646 0.000021 0.024958

76 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.Var subspicata (Benth.)

Maesen 1.0000 0.2936 0.016657 0.000008 0.008422

77 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. 5.0769 1.2503 0.053407 0.000146 0.027004

78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. 3.1428 0.7085 0.034157 0.000046 0.017271

79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan 6.3333 0.8672 0.040113 0.000070 0.020282

80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.)Gaertn. 4.0000 1.0590 0.046937 0.000104 0.023733

81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.)Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex. Loud 4.2500 0.7652 0.036321 0.000054 0.018365

82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 1.1428 0.6693 0.032636 0.000041 0.016502

83 Bidens pilosa L. 3.7500 0.7751 0.036695 0.000056 0.018554

84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. 4.0000 0.4879 0.025283 0.000022 0.012784

85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. 1.6666 1.3458 0.056528 0.000169 0.028582

86 Amaranthus viridis L. 2.6666 0.9686 0.043767 0.000087 0.022130

87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht 1.0000 0.3989 0.021448 0.000014 0.010845

88 Solanum torvum Sw. 1.0000 0.6775 0.032956 0.000042 0.016663

89 Heliotropium indicum L. 1.0000 0.4932 0.025506 0.000022 0.012896

90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge 1.6666 0.2948 0.016713 0.000008 0.008451

91 Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. 1.0000 0.5849 0.029283 0.000032 0.014806

92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. 3.7500 0.7717 0.036566 0.000055 0.018489

93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.) P.Beauv. 7.5600 0.4857 0.025190 0.000022 0.012737

94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 7.7142 0.3085 0.017355 0.000008 0.008775

95 Smilax zeylanica L. 1.0000 1.2428 0.053159 0.000014 0.026879

A= Abundance, IVI= Importance Value Index, S= Shannon Index,Cd= Species dominance, E= Evenness

4. Conclusion In this work it was found that Chalsa forest range is rich in

medicinal plants. Such medicinal plants are often used in rural

areas because of its easy availability. During the past few

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine decades, the traditional knowledge on medicinal properties of

plants gathered by many generations is declining rapidly. The

erosion of traditional knowledge is primarily due to

development of modern health care facilities,

commercialization and socioeconomic changes and lack of

interest on learning the knowledge by indigenous community.

Sometime, over exploitation of a particular species can also

lead to the incidental disappearance of other non-targeted

species. In addition excess commercialization of such

medicine in local market also creates threat to these medicinal

plants as well as the forest biodiversity. The information

generated from the present study regarding the medicinal

plant use by the people of this region need a thorough

phytosociological investigation including allelopathic analysis

and soil seed bank analysis. This could help in creating mass

awareness regarding the need for conservation of such plants

and also in the promotion of ethno-medico-botany knowledge

within the region besides contributing to the preservation and

enrichment of the natural resources of such biodiversity rich

forest range before they are lost forever.

In the present work an attempt has been made to investigate

the ecological and phytosociological status of medicinal

plants in Chalsa forest range and it may be useful to the health

professionals, scientists and scholars working in the field of

Botany, Ecology, Forestry pharmacology and therapeutics to

develop. This also covers the conservation prospective of

medicinal plants, in forest patches. The traditional knowledge

on medicinal values of plant is developed through course of

time by co-existence with surrounding floristic diversity and

its conservation management is developed through the

ecological and phytosociological status. The phyto-

sociological analysis revealed that Spermacoce alata Aubl is

the most abundant species of this forest range. Abundance

value is also good for Achyranthes aspera L., Rungia

pectinata (L.)Nees, Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq.,

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Enhydra fluctuans Lour.,

Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd.

Ex. Schult., Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.)P.Beauv. and

Desmodium trifolium (L.) DC. Abundance value is low for

some plants (Table.5).

This study also determines the Importance Value Index (IVI)

for several medicinal plants to evaluate the status of their

overall existence in this forest. IVI was recorded maximum

for Spermacoce alata Aubl. as 4.2199. IVI was also good for

Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Chromolaena odoratum (L.)

King & H.Rob, Dioscorea alata L.,Biophytum sensitivum (L.)

DC., Sauropus compressus Mull. Arg., Drymaria cordata (L.)

Willd. Ex. Schult., Globba racemosa Sm. etc. However IVI

was recorded very poor for many plants (Table 5.).This result

indicates the majority of medicinal plants of this forest range

need a proper and scientific conservation method.

Eight diversity indices used were used to analyze the status of

medicinal plants of this forest. Shannon and Weiner index

represents entropy. It is a diversity index taking into account

the number of individuals as well as the number of taxa. It

varies from 0 for communities with only single taxa to high

values for community with many taxa each with few

individuals. Simpson’s dominance index was very less than 1,

which showed that the sites were not dominated by single

species. On the contrary a few species dominate the forest.

The primary conclusion is that there is low grazing pressure

and moderate human impact on normal distribution of such

species which may cause reduction in medicinal plant

community in next few decades in the forest ecosystem. To

measure richness of species Menhinick’s index and

Margalef’s index were determined (Table 6).

Table 6: Different Community indices for medicinal plants of the Forest Range

Community indices Value

Species diversity (H') 4.316388

Species dominance (Cd) 0.003409

Equitability of evenness (e) 1.000449

Species richness (D) 11.343377

Menhinick’s index (Dmm) 0.023923

Equitability Index 0.947849

Berger-Parker Dominance Index 0.003420

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 1:

1. Melastoma malabathricum L., 2. Mimosa pudica L., 3. Impatiens trilobata Colebr., 4. Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb., 5.

Crotalaria micans Link. 6. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross, 7. Urena lobata L., 8. Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC., 9. Lindernia ruellioides

(Colsm.) Pennell, 10. Biophytum sensitivum (L) DC, 11. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton, 12. Ageratum conyzoides L., 13. Torenia

cordifolia Roxb., 14. Mimosa diplotricha Sauvalle 15. Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz.

Therefore, this study recommends protection and

conservation of wild plant of the area for sustainable use in

future and a detailed documentation of ethno-medicinal

knowledge for the use of future generation. The medicinal

plants are to be conserved by the laws and legislations of the

forest department and by the active people’s participation.

The threatened medicinal plants of this forest should also

conserved by the botanist by propagation practices in the

botanical garden.

4

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 2:

16. Bidens pilosa L., 17. Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Var subspicata (Benth.) Maesen 18. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, 19.

Coffea benghalensis B. Heyene ex. Schult., 20. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, 21. Elephantopus scaber L., 22. Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites 23.

Sauropus compressus Mull. Arg., 24. Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small 25. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., 26. Spermacoce alata Aubl., 27.

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud., Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees, 29. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., 30. Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster.

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 3:

31. Solanum torvum Sw., 32. Costus speciosus (Koening ex Retz.) Smith, 33. Cardiospermum halicacabum L., 34. Trichosanthes

tricuspidata Laur., 35. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbe, 36. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl., 37. Clerodendrum infortunatum

L., 38. Sida acuta Burm. f. 39. Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen, 40. Curcuma caesia Roxb. 41. Abrus precatorius L., 42.

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. 43. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex. Loud, 44. Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 45.

Lantana camara L.

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 4:

46. Enhydra fluctuans Lour., 47. Senna sophera (L.) Roxb., 48. Sida rhombifolia L., 49. Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.). Merr.,

50. Achyranthes aspera L., 51. Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch., 52. Scoparia dulcis L., 53. Lindernia ciliate (Colsm)

Pennell, 54. Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC., 55. Physalis minima L., 56. Oxalis corniculata L., 57. Tephrosia purpurea

L., 57. Tephrosia purpurea L. (Pers.), 58. Commelina diffusa Burn. f., 59. Smilax zeylanica L., 60. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.

Roem.

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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 5:

61. Mikania micrantha Kunth, 62. Drymaria cordata (L.) Wild. Ex. Schult., 63. Dominant Clerodendrum infortunatum Under-

shrub, 64. Dominant Chromolaena odoratum under-shrub, 65.-75 Authors and Forest Guards working at different study sites of

Chalsa Forest Range

6. Acknowledgements

We convey our thanks and gratitude to Principal Chief

Conservator of Forest, West Bengal; Chief Conservator of

Forest and Divisional Forest Officer, Jalpaiguri Division, for

their kind permission. We also great full to Dr. Archan

Bhattacharya for his unreserved professional advice and

encouragement. We also convey our thanks to Mr. Pallab

Mukherjee, Range Officer, Chalsa Range and his staffs for

their kind cooperation during field study. Above all we also

thankful to the local people and traditional medicinal

professionals for providing their valuable knowledge

regarding the medicinal value of the plants.

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