Present Status and Future Plan of Ionospheric Observation and

Research in LAPAN

Buldan Muslim1), Jiyo1), Asnawi1) and Dyah R.M.1)

1) Space Science Center National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) Jl. DR. Junjunan 133 Bandung 40173 Indonesia

1st AOSWA WORKSHOP, Chiang May Thailand, 22-24 Februari 2012

Introduction

LAPAN has been developed the method of HF prediction since 1982, the regional ionospheric model since 2002 and regional T index prediction since 2002 for improving accuration of HF communication prediction over Indonesia

• Ionosphere over Indonesia is located at low latitude that has large temporal and spatial variation, accurate prediction is difficult by using existing global ionospheric model ( IRI , ASAPS )

• Indonesian region consist 2/3 ocean, covers an area of 50 long x 18 lat, ionospheric data from few ionosondes is not enough to be used for HF communication specification over Indonesia

Introduction

LAPAN has also developed the near real time ionospheric monitoring system to detect space weather phenomena, ionospheric precursors of earthquake and to study the lithosphere – ionosphere coupling detected before and after earthquake.

For two main activities of ionospheric observarion and research, LAPAN need partners from other agencies and neighboring countries to accelerate the development of ionospheric monitoring system and ionospheric research

The status and plan of ionospheric observation and research in LAPAN are important for consideration of ionospheric observation and research collaboration in the future especially in Asia – Australia region

Ionospheric observation and research in LAPAN

• Ionosondes (HF communication specification) • GPS TEC and Scintillation (ionospheric

irregulariry, ionospheric correction model and space weather effect mitigation of GPS application)

• MF radar and MWR (atmosphere – ionosphere coupling)

• GPS observation network (earthquke precursors and ionospheric modeling)

• GRBR network (TEC and scintillation)

Status and Plan of Ionospheric Observation in LAPAN

IONOSONDE

Operate

maintainance

preparaion

GISTM

Operate

preparation

90 100 110 120 130 140 150-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

PTK GISTM

LAPAN IONOSPHERIC OBSERVATION NETWORK

Longitude

Lati

tud

e

PTK GISTMPTKMND

BIAK

KTB

PMKTJS

KPG

PTK GISTMPTK GISTMPTK GISTM

BDG GISTM, CORS

PTK GISTMBIK1 GISTM/IGSMND

MND GISTM/IGS

2012: new inst. of cadi MND , KPG 2012: GISTM / IGS MND and BIAK 2013: All ionospheric observations are accessable in real time from Bandung

Status of Radar Observation of ionosphere / mesosphere in LAPAN

90 100 110 120 130 140 150-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

PTK MF radar

PMP MF radar

KTB EAR and MWR

LAPAN IONOSPHERIC / MESOSPHERIC RADAR NETWORK

BIAK MWR

Longitude

Lati

tud

e

Study the passive radar observation of ionospheric irregularity

in Indonesia

90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140

-10

-5

0

5

10

LONGITUDE

LA

TIT

UD

E

DESIGN of VHF IONOSPHERIC PASSIVE RADAR

FM commercial transmitter

VHF receiver

Mument, 2011

Status of LAPAN-BAKOSURTANAL collaboration for developing GPS near real

time ionospheric monitoring system

90 100 110 120 130 140 150-12

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-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Bdg Srby

Bkl

Pdg

Pont

Mksr

Biak

Kup

Smr

Den

Blkp

Kndr

Bitung

Mer

Tern

Sor

Maumere

Cibinong

LONGITUDE

LA

TIT

UD

E

18 REAL TIME CGPS FROM BAKOSURTANAL, STATUS ON 31 DEC 2011

Plan of LAPAN-BAKOSURTANAL-NICT collaboration for GPS TEC estimation

over Indonesia

90 100 110 120 130 140 150-12

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-8

-6

-4

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0

2

4

6

8

10

Bdg Srby

Bkl

Pdg

Pont

Mksr

Biak

Kup

Smr

Den

Blkp

Kndr

Bitung

Mer

Tern

Sor

Maumere

Cibinong

LONGITUDE

LA

TIT

UD

E

18 REAL TIME TEC ESTIMATION USING BAKOSURTANAL CGPS, PLAN IN 2012 - 2013

LAPAN-NICT TEC

calculation from

BAKO CGPS

output: GTEX file

LAPAN

DATA

CENTER

NICT

Installation of GRBR in Watukosek (6 May dan 10 June 2011)

Timbul, 2011

Ionospheric data from GRBR network KTB – PTK – MND - BIK

S:05:08:24 – 05:19:59 S:05:12:57 – 05:28:33 S:05:15:55 – 05:26:55 S:05:05:41 – 05:17:16

Timbul, 2011

Regional Ionospheric Model and Prediction

Existing regional and global ionospheric model

• MSILRI (Model of Simplified Ionosphere for Low Latitude Region over Indonesia)

• foF2GIMMSILRI (global model of foF2, convert foF2 from TEC data )

• foE model (M-ProE)

• Regional Ionospheric T index

• Electron density profile over Indonesia is available from GPS Occultaion data but its not yet to be used for ionospheric densitty modeling over Indonesia

MSILRI

L: Nonliniear function R12: Linear function

R12

L

foF2

Asnawi dan Buldan, 2007

MSILRI should be improved by modifying the formulation including by add the input variables such as geomagnetic index and longitudinal variation and using geomagnetic latitude rather than geographic latitude

MAD of foF2 = 13.13 % R12 high MAD of foF2 = 9.17 % R12 low Largest error is in equinox time

GIM-MSILRI foF2 model

L: Nonliniear function R12: Linear function

R12

L

2)12(224.1

)12(1000)12(

RfoF

RTECR

Low solar activity: 0.52 - 1,12 MHz

Solar storm : 0.9 – 2.3 MHz

TEC foF2

Buldan 2011, International Southeast Asia Low-Latitude Ionospheric Observation Network Symposium 2011, 27-28 January 2011, Bangkok, Thailand

TEC of GIM foF2

Low solar activity: 0.52 - 1,12 MHz

Solar storm : 0.9 – 2.3 MHz

Regional T index

Regional Ionospheric T Index Tanjungsari ionosonde: 70 %Ttjs > Tglob Vanimo ionosonde: 67 % Tvan > T glob

Accuration of Ttjs from Tglob= 92 % Accuation of Tvan from Tglob = 87 % For long term ionospheric prediction use Tglob (Suhartini, 2011)

For short term ionospheric prediction using ASAPS model : use local T index : the problem is real time data of foF2

-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

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200

97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Ind

eks

T, R

12

Tahun

T Tjs

T global

R12

Real Time Channel Evaluation

software by using regional

ionospheric condision and

ALE networks.

Method and software of

regional T-index.

Jiyo, 2010, Suhartini, 2011

Investigate D-Region Absorption using MF radar

The intense radiations from solar flares when towards the earth, there will be enhancement of D-region ionization which results in greater absorption of radio waves. If the flare is large enough, the whole of the HF spectrum can be rendered unusable for a period of time. Therefore, absorption of D-region information is important for radio communication.

II. Flare 20 Januari 2005

SNR Flux X-ray

From Dyah R.M., 2009

Single Frequency GPS errors during scintillation occur

Asnawi & Buldan 2006

Scintillation (S4) about 6 PRN

No Scintillation

Ionospheric Scintillation effect on GPS position

Ionospheric precursors of earthquke Aceh, December 26, 2004

Figure. Daily Diurnal variation of TEC on December 2004 Buldan, 2009

Spatial variation of TEC diurnal variation amplitudes

Buldan, 2009

Ionospheric precursor of earthquake

• Precursor of large earthquakes (> 7) has been able to appeared with the spatial analysis of daily diurnal variation anomalies of ionospheric GPS TEC derived from GPS data. The Ionospheric anomalies have also been used to verify the model of earthquake preparation zone model that initially derived from the elastic deformation of the earth's crust. Verification results show that for the precursor of earthquakes in Indonesia and around that are detected, the large earthquakes estimated from the ionosphere TEC data are generally larger than the observation data.

Buldan M, 2009

The future ionospheric observation and research in LAPAN

• High spatial resolution of TEC GPS data over Indonesia : intregation of all GPS observation network in Indonesia. • Real time ionospheric data from ionosonde, GPS and radar observation by upgrading the bandwidth of data communication • Real time and automatic prediction of ionosphere over Indonesia using model (MSILRI, ASAPS, IRI) and data • Near real time ionospheric irregularity information for mitigation of GPS application and detection of tsunami and earthquake • Improve the accuration of ionospheric prediction

Conclussions

• Long term (climatological) regional ionospheric models have been developed for monthly HF communication prediction over Indonesia and it can be developed for short term ionospheric prediction by updating the monthly model using real time ionospheric data

• Alternatively we use global ionospheric model (Australian ASAPS model) for short term prediction but using the local ionospheric T index as an input and it need increasing spatial resolution of real time ionospheric observation using GPS data from ground based (CGPS), space based (GPS occultation) observation and GRBR network.

• High spatial ionospheric observation will be used to clarify the ionospheric precursor in Indonesia

• We will upgrade the bandwidth of data communication for real time ionospheric observation

• We will enhance cooperation with other institutions both nationally and internationally to accelerate the development of ionospheric monitoring system and ionospheric research in LAPAN

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION