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1. INTERVAL SCALE - are numeri !a"e! in #$i$ #e %n n&' &n"( '$e &r)er,

*u' a"!& '$e e+a' )ierene! *e'#een '$e a"ue!.

- E+am"e/ Ce"!iu! 'emera'ure *eau!e '$e )ierene *e'#een ea$ a"ue

i! '$e !ame. F&r e+am"e, '$e )ierene *e'#een 0 an) 2 )e3ree! i! amea!ura*"e 1 )e3ree!, a! i! '$e )ierene *e'#een an) 5 )e3ree!.

 Time i! an&'$er 3&&) e+am"e &6 an in'era" !a"e in #$i$

'$e inremen'! are %nn, &n!i!'en', an) mea!ura*"e.

7. NOMINAL SCALE - are u!e) 6&r "a*e"in3 aria*"e!, #i'$&u' an(

8uan'i'a'ie a"ue. 9N&mina": !a"e! &u") !im"( *e a""e) 9"a*e"!.:- E+am"e!/ Gen)er, $an)e)ne!!, 6a&ri'e &"&r, an) re"i3i&n

;. OR&"i'ia" &rien'a'i&n = Le6', en'er, ri3$'

4. RATIO SCALE - $a! an a*!&"u'e ?er& @a &in' #$ere n&ne &6 '$e 8ua"i'( *ein3

mea!ure) e+i!'!. !in3 a ra'i& !a"e ermi'! &mari!&n! !u$ a! *ein3

'#ie a! $i3$, &r &ne-$a"6 a! mu$.- E+am"e!/ RLER/ in$e! &r en'ime'er!

  INCOME/ m&ne( earne) "a!' (ear  G>A/ 3ra)e &in' aera3e

2. RANLING - i! '$e *a!i !am"in3 'e$ni8ue #$ere #e !e"e' a

3r&u &6 !u*e'! @a !am"e 6&r !'u)( 6r&m a "ar3er 3r&u @a &u"a'i&n.

- E+am"e/ A!!i3n a num*er '& ea$ &6 1 e&"e #$& $ae e+re!!e)in'ere!' in a''en)in3 a !eia" een'. In)ii)ua" num*er! are $&!en 6r&m

'$e ran)&m num*er 'a*"e. W$en a er!&nD! num*er i! $&!en, '$e( are

ar&e) '& a''en) '$e een'.

0. STRATIFIE< SAM>LING - re6er! '& a '(e &6 !am"in3 me'$&). Wi'$ !'ra'ie)

!am"in3, '$e re!ear$er )ii)e! '$e &u"a'i&n in'& !eara'e 3r&u!, a""e)

!'ra'a.- E+am"e/ '& )e'ermine '$e r&&r'i&n! &6 )e6e'ie r&)u'! *ein3

a!!em*"e) in a 6a'&r(. In '$i! a!e !am"in3 ma( *e !'ra'ie) *(

r&)u'i&n "ine!, 6a'&r(, e'.

5. CLSTER SAM>LING - !e #$en '$e !'u)ie) &u"a'i&n i! !rea) ar&!! a

#i)e area !u$ '$a' !im"e ran)&m !am"in3 #&u") *e )iu"' '& im"emen'

in ae!!in3 '$e !e"e'e) !am"e.

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- E+am"e/ In a !'u)( &6 '$e &ini&n! &6 $&me"e!! ar&!! a &un'r(, ra'$er

'$an !'u)( a 6e# $&me"e!! e&"e in a"" 'n!, a num*er &6 'n! are

!e"e'e) an) a !i3nian' num*er &6 $&me"e!! e&"e are in'erie#e) in

ea$ &ne.

. CONVENIENCE SAM>LING- i! a n&n-r&*a*i"i'( !am"in3 'e$ni8ue #$ere

!u*e'! are !e"e'e) *eau!e &6 '$eir &nenien' ae!!i*i"i'( an) r&+imi'(

'& '$e re!ear$er.- E+am"e/

o !in3 !'u)en' &"un'eer! a! !u*e'! 6&r '$e re!ear$. An&'$er

e+am"e i! u!in3 !u*e'! '$a' are !e"e'e) 6r&m a "inio A "a!! &r an in!'i'u'i&n '$a' i! ea!i"( ae!!i*"e '& '$e re!ear$er

o C$&&!in3 e e&"e 6r&m a "a!! &r $&&!in3 '$e r!' e name!

6r&m '$e "i!' &6 a'ien'!.. >R>OSIVE SAM>LING - re6erre) '& a! u)3men', !e"e'ie &r !u*e'ie

!am"in3 i! a n&n-r&*a*i"i'( !am"in3 me'$&) '$a' i! $ara'eri?e) *( a

)e"i*era'e e&r' '& 3ain rere!en'a'ie !am"e! *( in"u)in3 3r&u! &r '(ia"

area! in a !am"e.

- E+am"e/ A re!ear$er #an'! '& 3e' &ini&n! 6r&m n&n-#&r%in3 m&'$er!.

 T$e( 3& ar&un) an area %n&%in3 &n )&&r! )urin3 '$e )a( #$en $i")ren

are "i%e"( '& *e a' !$&&". T$e( a!% '& !ea% '& '$e D#&man &6 '$e $&u!e.

 T$eir r!' 8ue!'i&n! are '$en a*&u' #$e'$er '$ere are $i")ren an)

#$e'$er '$e #&man $a! a )a( &*.

1.FREENCY

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I' i! a"!& &!!i*"e '& group '$e a"ue!. Here '$e( are 3r&ue) in 2!/

11.GRO>E< OLYGON - are a 3ra$ia" )eie 6&r un)er!'an)in3 '$e

!$ae! &6 )i!'ri*u'i&n!. T$e( !ere '$e !ame ur&!e a! $i!'&3ram!, *u' are

e!eia""( $e"6u" 6&r &marin3 !e'! &6 )a'a.

14.OGIVES - Cumu"a'ie $i!'&3ram!, 3ra$! '$a' an *e u!e) '& )e'ermine $

man( )a'a a"ue! "ie a*&e &r *e" a ar'iu"ar a"ue in a )a'a !e'. T$e

umu"a'ie 6re8uen( i! a"u"a'e) 6r&m a 6re8uen( 'a*"e, *( a))in3 ea$

6re8uen( '& '$e '&'a" &6 '$e 6re8uenie! &6 a"" )a'a a"ue! *e6&re i' in '$e

)a'a !e'. T$e "a!' a"ue 6&r '$e umu"a'ie 6re8uen( #i"" a"#a(! *e e8ua" '&

Papers Sold Frequency

12-1 7

7-74 5

72-7 1

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'$e '&'a" num*er &6 )a'a a"ue!, !ine a"" 6re8uenie! #i"" a"rea)( $ae *een

a))e) '& '$e rei&u! '&'a".- E+am"e/

 

12.ANTILE - are &in'! in a )i!'ri*u'i&n '$a' re"a'e '& '$e ran% &r)er &6 a"ue!

in '$a' )i!'ri*u'i&n.- E+am"e/ '$e me)ian i! a 8uan'i"e

10.STAN

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15.COEFFICIENT VARIATION - i! '$e eren'a3e aria'i&n in mean, !'an)ar)

)eia'i&n *ein3 &n!i)ere) a! '$e '&'a" aria'i&n in '$e mean.

Formula: C&eien' &6 Varia'i&n CV J S'an)ar)

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E+am"e/ Sam #an'! '& *u( a ne# amera, an) )ei)e! &n '$e

6&""in3 ra'in3 !(!'em/

• Ima3e ua"i'( "%&

• Ba''er( Li6e 3%&

• &&m Ran3e 2%&

 T$e C&n( amera 3e'! @&u' &6 1 6&r Ima3e ua"i'(, 0 6&r Ba''er( Li6e an) 5

6&r &&m Ran3e. T$e San&n amera 3e'! 6&r Ima3e ua"i'(, 4 6&r Ba''er( Li6e

an) 0 6&r &&m Ran3e. W$i$ amera i! *e!'

  C&n(/ .2 P .; P 0 .7 P 5 J 4 1. 1.4

J !.2  San&n/ .2 P .; P 4 .7 P 0 J 4.2 1.7 1.7

J '.$

Sam )ei)e! '& *u( '$e C&n(.

20. COMBINE< MEAN - T$e ari'$me'i mean &6 !eera" !e'! &6 )a'a ma( *e

&m*ine) in'& a !in3"e ari'$me'i mean 6&r '$e &m*ine) !e'! &6 )a'a