STATISTICS OF JEWS - AJC · PDF filestatistics of jews by h. s. linfield, ph. d., director,...

STATISTICS OF JEWS

BY H. S. LINFIELD, PH. D.,

DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND STATISTICS

OF THE BUREAU OF JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

In the present article on Statistics of Jews, all tables which havebeen previously published have been revised and brought up to date,and several tables have been completed and re-cast.

The special feature of the present article is a study of the Jews inHungary on the basis of the census of 1920, with 17 tables. These tablesshow the distribution of the Jews in that country, the status of Jewisheducation in that year compared with the two years preceding and twoyears following 1920, the communal organization of the Jews in thatyear, and other matters bearing on the status of the Jews. With regardto education, the tables also show the disastrous effects of the EducationAct of 1920 (the so-called Numerus Clausus law) on Jewish educationin Hungary.

With regard to Jewish population statistics, it should be borne inmind that the figures arrived at on the basis of a religious or nationalitycensus are likely to be inaccurate to some extent. This is partly dueto the fact that there is sometimes a tendency on the part of censusenumerators to minimize the number of persons of a minority religionor nationality, and partly because some Jews report their nationalityas that of the majority population, or decline to. answer the questionas to religion or nationality.

227

228 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

LIST OF TABLES

A. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLD

I: List of the Countries of the WORLD Having a JewishPopulation.

II: Distribution of Jewish Population of the WORLD byContinents.

I l l : Distribution of Jewish Population of AMERICA by Geo-graphical Divisions and Countries.

IV: Distribution of Jewish Population of EUROPE by Geo-graphical Divisions and Countries.

V: Dislribution of Jewish Population of ASIA by Geographi-cal Divisions and Countries.

VI: Distribution of Jewish Population of AFRICA by Geo-graphical Divisions and Countries.

VII: Distribution of Jewish Population of AUSTRALASIA byCountries.

VIII: List of Important CITIES and Their Jewish PopulationAccording to Latest Published Statistics.

B. JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES

IX: List of Estimates of the Number of Tews in the UnitedStates, Made Between 1818 and 1920.

X: List of States, Territories and Outlying Possessions, theTotal Population in 1920, and the Number of Jews in 1917—1918 and in 1920, in Alphabetical Order.

XI: List of Cities in the United States Having One Thousandor More Jewish Inhabitants.

XII: Distribution of the Jews of the United States by Geographi-cal Divisions, Sub-divisions, and States, 1920.

XIII : Distribution of the Jews of the City of New York byBoroughs, 1920.

C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES

XIV: A Summary of Jewish Immigration to the United States,1881-1(>25.

XV: Jewish Jmmigrants Admitted at the Ports of New York,Philadelphia and Baltimore, 1SS1-1S(>S.

XVI: Total Number of Immigrants and Number of Jewish Immi-grants Admitted, 1899-1907.

XVII: Total Number of Immigrants and Number of Jewish Immi-grants Admitted, Departed, and Net Increase, 1908-1925.

XVIII: Total Number of Immigrants and Number of Jewish Immi-grants Rejected on Application for Admission and ThoseDeported from the United States after Admission, 1899-1926.

STATISTICS OF JEWS 229

XIX: Total Number of Immigrants, Number of Non-JewishImmigrants, and Number of Jewish Immigrants, Ad-mitted, Departed, Increase, Debarred, and Deported,Year Ended June 30, 1926.

XX: Distribution of Total Number of Immigrants, Non-JewishImmigrants, and Jewish Immigrants on the Basis of theDestination Given by the Immigrants at Their Ports ofEntrance, Year Ended June 30, J926.

XXI: Countries of Origin of the Total Number of Immigrants,Non-Jewish Immigrants, and Jewish Immigrants, YearEnded June 30, 1920.

XXII: Age of Total Number of Immigrants, of Non-Jewish Immi-grants, and of Jewish Immigrants, Admitted During YearEnded June 30, 1026.

XXIII: Sex of Total Number of Immigrants, of Non-Jewish Immi-grants, and of Jewish Immigrants, Year Ended June 30,1926.

XXIY: Total number of Immigrants, Number of Non-JewishImmigrants, and Number of Jewish Immigrants WhoCame to Join Relatives, Friends, and Those Who Hadno Relatives or Friends, Year Ended June 30, 1926.

XXY: Total Number of Immigrants, Number of Non-JewishImmigrants, and Number of Jewish Immigrants, Ad-mitted, Departed, Increase, Debarred, and Deported,During July-December, 1926.

D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADA

XXYI: Total Number of Immigrants, and Number of JewishImmigrants Admitted to Canada, 1901-1926.

E. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINA

XXVII: Total and Jewish Immigration into Argentina, 1913-1915,and 1919-1926.

F JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO PALESTINE

XXYIII: Summary of Immigration and Emigration of Jews andNon-Jews 1917-1926.

XXIX: The Total Number of Immigrants by Months, 1923-1925.XXX: Sex and Age of Immigrants, 1922-1926.

XXXI: Immigration, Emigration, Number of Persons RefusedAdmittance, and Net Increase of Jews and Non-Jews,1926.


APPENDIX: THE JEWS OF HUNGARY, CENSUS OF 1920.

I: Total Population and the Number of Jews in the Countryby Districts, 1920.

II: Total Population and the Number of Jews, 1910 and 1920.I l l : Births, Deaths, and Natural Increase, 1920-1922.IV: Marriages, Mixed Marriages, and Divorces, 1920-1922.Y: Illegitimacy Among Jews and Non-Jews, 1920-1922.

VI: Primary Education.VII: Primary Normal Schools.

VIII: Secondary Education.IX: Persons Passing the Baccalaureate Examinations.

X: Number and Distribution of the Jewish Students in theSchools and Faculties for Higher Learning, Second Semes-ter of 1918-1919 to 1921-1922.

XI: Higher Normal Schools, 1918-1919 to 1921-1922.XII: Professional Training 1918-1919 to 1921-1922.

XIII : Institutions of a Philanthropic Character, 1919-1920 and1921-1922.

XIV: Illiteracy, 1920.XV: Jewish Religious Communities, 1919-1922.

XVI: Conversion and Apostasy.

XVII: Persons Found Guilty of Crimes and Persons Who Con-fessed, 1921 and 1922.


A. THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLDThe total Jewish population of the world is over 14,600,000 persons

scattered over the whole earth. Almost every country in the world hasits Jewish population. The table below gives a list of the countries,the number of the Jewish population of which is known.

TABLE IA LIST OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD AND THEIR JEWS1

Name of Country Number of Jews Name of Country Number of Jews

AbyssiniaAden and PerimAfghanistanAlaskaAlgeriaArabiaArgentina2

Australia2

AustriaAzerbajdjanBelgiumBrazilBritish EmpireBritish MalayaBulgariaCanada2

Chile2

China2

Congo (Belgian)Crimea2

CubaCuracaoCyprusCzecho-Slovakia2

Danzig2

Denmark2

Dominican Republic. . .Egypt*EsthoniaFinlandFranceFrance and Possessions.GeorgiaGermanyGibraltar2

Great BritainGreeceHawaiiHong KongHungaryIndiaIndo-China (French)2. .IraqIrish Free State2

ItalyJamaicaJapanKenyaKirghizia2

LatviaLibya2

Lithuania2

Luxemburg2

Malta

50,0003,747

18,135500

100,00025,000

200,00021,615

350,00024,676c44,00021,000

514,442703

43,232126,196

2,00012,000

17751,5168.200

565195

354,3429,2395,947

5559,581

4,5661,618

200,000551,00023,433e

615,0001,123

297,000125,000

77150

473,31021,778

1,00087,4885,148

50,0001,2501,000

1002,120

95,67520,000

155,1251,353

35

MexicoMorocco (French)Morocco (Spanish)Netherlands2

New Zealand2

Norway2

Palestine2

Panama Canal Z o n e . . . .Paraguay2

PersiaPhilippine IslandsPoland2

Porto RicoPortugalPortuguese East Africa..

(Mozambique)Rhodesia (Northern). . . .Rhodesia (Southern). . . .Roumania2

Russia (R. S. F. S. R.)2. .Russia (R. S. F. S. R.) in

Europe2

Russia (U. S. S. R.)Russia (U. S. S. R.) in

Asia2

Saar RegionSerb-Croat-Slovene Sta.SiberiaS. W. AfricaSpainSurinam (Dutch Guiana)Syria and Lebanon2

SwedenSwitzerland2

Tanganyika (GermanEast Africa)

Tangier ZoneTrans-Caucasian RepTunisia2

Turkey in AsiaTurkey in EuropeUkraine2

Union of South Africa5...United States (Contin'l).United States and

PossessionsUruguayUzbek and Turcoman

RepublicsVenezuelaVirgin IslandsWest Russia (Gov't of

Witebsk)White Russia

16,000117,512

18,000150,000

2,3801,457

157,8OOe750400

40,000500

2,854,000200

1,000100

1101.289

900,000518.260

2,662,1392,820,429

114,9535,000

64,15944,725

2004,000

81835,0006,469

20,979

1012,00057,60865,00070,000

120,0001,795,540

62,1033,600,800

3,602.220150

25,683411

70

115,613395.184

'Based on the latest official census or authoritative estimate. For details see tablesIII to VII. See also explanatory notes following Table VIII. .-

*See notes on Tables I—VIII.


Although Jews live all over the world, the density of the Jewish popula-tion varies. Of the 14,780,000 Jews in the world, nearly two-thirds livein Europe and over 26% live in North and South America. Asia, Africa,and Australasia together have but 8.9% of the total Jewish population:Asia, 3.8%, Africa, 3.9%, and Australasia, 1.1%.

TABLE IIDISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE

WORLD BY CONTINENTS

Continent

North and South AmericaAfricaAsiaAustralasia

Total

Jewish Population

9,621,1113,979,365

588,670570,138

24,578

14,783,862

Per Cent of Total

65.1726.913.973.79

.16

100.00

AMERICAOf the Jews who live on the American continent, 3,741,988 dwell in

North America and the West Indies, where they constitute 2.7% of thetotal population, and 108,204 in Central and South America, forming.23% of the total population. In North America the Jews are concen-trated in Continental United States (3.4%) and in Canada (1.43%).In South America more than 92% of the Jews live in Argentina, where,however, they constitute only 1.1% of the total population.

TABLE IIIDISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF AMERICA BY

GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

Name

NORTH AMERICA AND WEST INDIESCanada2

United States (Continental)AlaskaCubaDominican RepublicJamaicaMexico. . '.Panama Canal ZonePorto RicoVirgin Islands

Total

SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICAArgentina2

BrazilChile2

CuracaoParaguaySurinamUruguay . . . .Venezuela

Total •

Grand Total

Gen.Population

8,788,483c.105,710,620c.

55,036c.2,889,004c.

897,405c.858,188c.

14,234,799c.

1,299,809c.26,051c.

134,759,395

9,548,092c.30,635,605c.

3,754,723c.56,371c.

1,000,000c.133,561c.

1,564,620c.2,411,952c.

49,104,924

183,864,319

Yr.

1921192019201918192119211921

19201917

19241920192019231917192319221920

JewishPopulation

126 196c.13,600,800e.

500e.8,20Oe.

55c.1,250c.

16,000e.75Oe.200e.

70e.

3,754,021

200 OOOe.21,000e.

2 OOOe565c.400e.818c150e.411c

225,344

3,979,365

Yr.

1921192019171925192119211927192619171923

19241924192419201924192319101894

PerCent

1.433.4

.006

.14

2.09

.13

.46

•The letter "c" following a figure indicates that it is based on a census, " e " that itis based on an estimate. !See notes on Tables I—VIII.


EUROPEThe bulk of the Jews of Europe live in a group of adjacent countries

located in the center of the continent, which region may be designatedas the "Jewish" Central Europe. In it the Jews form 6.57% of thetotal population. In the countries to the north of this "Jewish" Cent-ral Europe, Jews form not more than .33% of the total population;while in the countries to the west and south of that region the Jewishnumbers represent .66% of the total population.

TABLE IVDISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF EUROPE BY

GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION AND COUNTRIES

Name

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPEBelgiumBulgariaCyprus . .Danzig2

Denmark2

France . . . .GermanyGibraltar2

Great Britain

Irish Free State2

Italy

Malta and GozoNetherlands2 . .

Saar RegionSerb-Croat-Slovene State . . . .

Turkey (Eur.)2

Total

CENTRAL EUROPEAustria . .Czecho-Slovakia2 . . . .

LatviaLithuania 2 . . . .Poland2

Russia (U.S.S.R.) in Europe2

Crimea2

West Russia (Gov't of Witebsk)2..White Russia2

Ukraine2

Total

NORTHERN EUROPEEsthonia

Russia (R. S. F. S. R. exclusive ofCrimea and West Russia)2

Sweden

Total

Grand Total

Gen.Population

7,666,055e.5,0O8,O0Oe.

310,715c.383,995c.

3,267,831c.40,743,851c.62,348,782c.

22,018c.42,918,253c.

5,536,375c.3,139,688c.

38,755,576c.260,767c.224,680c.

6,865,314c.6,032,991c.

SOO.OOOe.12,017,323c.21,347,335c.

3,888,320c.l,872,697e.

263,110,566

6,535,759c.13,613,172c.

7,987,143c.1,844,805c.2,2O3,312e.

27,192,674c.17,7OO,OO0e.

7,616,000e.1,353,078c.2,444,675e.

26,178,000e.

114,668,618

1,110,538c.3,366,507c.2,646,306c.

82,85O,0O0e.5,904,489c.

95,877,840

470,185,993

Yr.

192319231921192419211926192519211921192019111921192219211920192019201920192019201922

1923192119201925197.S19211925

197.1192019241924

197719701920

19241920

JewishPopulation

44,000e.43,232c.

195c.9,239c.5,947c.

200,000e.615,000e.

1,123c.297,OOOe.125,OOOe.

5,148c.50,000e.

l,3S3c.35e.

150,000e.1,000e.5,000e.

64,159c.4,000e.

20,979c.120,000e.

1,762,410

35O,O00e.354,342c.473,310c.

95,675c.155,125c.

2,854,000e.900,000e.

51,516c.115,613c.395,184c.

1,795,540c.

7,540,305

4,566c.1,618c.1,457c.

304,286c.6,469c.

318,396

9,621,111

Yr.

192119201921192419211926192219201924192519111924192219201925192119201920192019201923

1920192119201925192319211925

1970192019201920

197?19201920

19201920

PerCent

.062.4.18

2.25.16

.52

1.00.53.02.54

.7

2.76.05.18

10.495.5

7.15

.61

.41

.05

.06

.11

.33

2.04


ASIA

On the continent of Asia the Jews live in concentrated numbers onlyin Palestine and in the Arabic-speaking countries to the north, east,and south of Palestine. In this region the Jews form 1.6% of thetotal population. In the adjacent countries of Asia Minor, CentralAsia, and Northern Asia, the Jews constitute .34% of the total popu-lation. In the countries to the east and south, namely, India, China,and Japan, the number of Jews is comparatively very small, being only.005% of the total population. However, the percentage of the Jewishpopulation to the total white population is considerable in someof those countries.

TABLE V

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF ASIA BY GEOGRAPHICAL

DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

Name

PALESTINE AND NEIGHBORINGCOUNTRIES

Palestine2

AdenIraqSyria and Lebanon2

Total

ASIA MINOR, CENTRAL ANDNORTHERN ASIA

AfghanistanAzerbajdjanGeorgiaKirghizia2

SiberiaTurkey in AsiaUzbek and Turcoman Republics2..

Total

EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIABritish MalayaChina2

Hong KongIndia, States and AgenciesIndo-China (French)2

Japan

Total

Grand Total

Gen.Population

887,OOOe.10,000,000e.

54,923c.2,849,282c.2,439,082c.

16,230,287

12,000,000e.2,2O5,2OOe.2,541,400e.5,058,553c.

10,000,000e.11,069,550c.ll,879,300e.5,194,700e.

59,948,703

3,358,OS4c.318,653,00Oe.

025,166c.318,942,480c.

16,813,000c.59,460,252c.

717,851,952

794,030,942

Yr.

19261921192019211922

1925192619261923

192019221926

192119111921192119141922

JewishPopulation

157,800e.25,0O0e.

3,747c.87,488c.35,OOOe.

309,035

18.135e.24,676c.23,433c.

2,120c.40,000e.44,725c.70 OOOe.25,683c.

244,272

703c.12,OOOe.

150e.21,778c.

l,000e.l,000e.

36,631

589,938

Yr.

1926

191119201922

192319221920

192019231923

192119211920192119241922

PerCent

6.823.1

1.8

.4

.32

.02

.01

.001

.005


AFRICA

The great majority of the Jews of Africa live in the northern partof the continent in the Arabic-speaking countries along the Mediter-ranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The «ombined population of thesecountries, of 27,554,098 includes 459,581 Jews, 1.67%. There are alsoJewish communities in the central part of the African continent, theso-called Black Africa, where the Jews constitute a considerable per-centage of the white European populations. This is especially the casein the Union of South Africa where the Jews form 4 .1% of the whitepopulation of 1,519,488 in that country. There are said to be 50,000Falashas in East Africa (Abyssinia).

TABLE VI

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF AFRICA BY GEOGRAPHICAL

DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

Name

NORTHERN PART (ARABIC-SPEAKING COUNTRIES)

AlgeriaEgypfLibya2

Morocco (French)!Morocco (Spanish)Tangier ZoneTunis2

Total

EASTERN PARTAbyssinia

SOUTHERN PART (BLACK AFRICA)Congo (Belgian)KenyaPortuguese East Africa

(Mozambique)Rhodesia:

North RhodesiaSouth Rhodesia

South-West AfricaTanganyika (German East Africa)Union of South Africa2

Total

Grand Total

'See notes.

Gen.Population Yr.

JewishPopulation Yr.

PerCent

6,064,865c.12,750,918c.

800,000e.4,216,824e.

550,000e.52,OOOe.

2,059,708c.

26,494,315

10,000,000e.

8,510,0372,344,000e.

3,120,000e.

931,500e.803,620c.227,732e.

4,107,000c.6,928,580c.

26,972,469

1926191719211926192119221926

1925

1921

19211921192119211921

100,000e.59,581c.20,000e.117,512e.18,000e.12,000e.65,000e.

392,093

50,000e.

177e.lOOe.

lOOe.

110c.1,289c.200e.lOe.

62,103c.

64,089

1926191719191926191619221926

1922

19231924

1923

19211921192519231921

.5

23.083.1

.16

.01

.24

63,466,784 506,182


AUSTRALASIAOnly 24,645 Jews live in Australasia, constituting .14% of the total

population. Of that number, 21,615 Jews live in Australia, wherethey constitute .37% of the total population.

TABLE VIIDISTRIBUTION OF JEWS OF AUSTRALASIA BY COUNTRIES

Name

New Zealand2

Philippine Islands

Grand Total

Gen.Population

S 777 262c255,912c.

1 284 873c.10,350,640c.

17,668,687

Yr.

1921192019211918

JewishPopulation

21 615c.77c.

2 380c.500e.

24,572

Yr.

1921192619211917

PerCent

.37

.19

.142See notes on Tables I-XI.

TABLE VIIILIST OF IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR JEWS'

NameGen.

Population Yr.Jewish

Population

29,20715,943c.67,249c.22.000e.50,000c.20,000e.

217,545c.24,8855,875c.

45,19243,555c.30,320

6,23020,152c.33,971c.22,335c.

128,14124,691c.76,85452,370

155.86067,59942,81786,17131,751c.3,004c.

39,443c.11,0002.986c.

20,0001,029c.4.427c.

34,61912,951c.19,029c.

201,513c1

309,165c.14.449

Yr.

19201921192019211920192119201920192119211919191719221922192219211923

19211923192119171921192319211921

19221922192019221922192119181921192319211921

PerCent

AlexandriaAlgiersAmsterdamAntwerp. . .BagdadBrusselsBudapestCairoCopenhagenCracowCzernowitzGhomelHaifaJaffaJerusalemJohannesburgKievKovnoLembergLeningradLodzMinskMontrealMoscowPragueRabatRigaRomeSafedSofiaTallinn (Revel)TiberiasTorontoTripoliTunisVienna1

WarsawWinnipeg•See notes on Tables I—VIII

450,000206,595647,427c.334,000250,000c.685,000925,724c.795,000561,344183,70691,852c.64,78624,46947,709c.62,578c.

288.131272,57391,302c.

219,3881,018,630

452,079152,587618,506

1,424,854676,657c.30,953c.

181,443c.600,000

8.760c.154,431c.

6,950c.521,89364,759c.79,175c.

1,856,780c.936,046c.179,087

19201921192019211920192119201920192119211919191719221922192219211923

192119231921191719211923192119211920

19221920

1922192119181921192319211921

6.57.710.46.5

20.02.9

23.53.11.04

24.647.446.825.442.254.77.75

47.27.0435.5.1434.544.36.96.044.699.7

34.112.9

63.76.6

20.024.010.833.8.1


NOTES ON TABLES I-VIII

ARGENTINA. The figure for the Jewish population is the estimate ofthe Jewish Colonization Association.

AUSTRALIA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 20,544 enumerated in 1921 as of"no religion" and 92,258 as of "unknown" religion.

AZERBAJDJAX. The figure for the Jews is that for those who wereenumerated in the towns in the census of 1923. No Jews were enumeratedin the country places.

BRITISH MALAYA. The figure for the general population includes14;954 Europeans.

CANADA. The figure for the Jewish population is on the basis of na-tionality. It has been estimated that the Jewish population numbered140,000 in 1921.

CHILE. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of thenumber of Jews who lived in Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion, andTemuco in 1924.

CHINA. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of thenumber of Jews who lived in 1920 in Harbin, Tientsin, Shanghai, Haitar,Chang-Blung, Dairen (Baluy), and Kiarta Hankow.

CRIMEA. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS.

CUBA. The figure given for the Jews includes 2,700 Sephardic Jewsand 5,500 Ashkenasic Jews.

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA. The figure for the Jewish population is on thebasis of religion and it is exclusive of the possible number of Jews amongthe 724, 507 enumerated in 1921 as of "no religion," 522,333 not includedin the religious census, and 238,808 aliens.

DANZIG. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the poss-ible number of Jews among the 2,815 enumerated in 1924 as of "noreligion," or of "unknown" religion.

DENMARK. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 12,744 enumerated in 1921 as of "noreligion."


EGYPT. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the poss-ible number of Jews among the 8,814 enumerated in 1917 as being of"unknown" religion.

GIBRALTAR. The figure for the Jewish population is that of the ec-clesiastical return of the four synagogues of the city of Gibraltar for1920.

GEORGIA. The figure for the Jews is that for those who were enumer-ated in the towns in the census of 1922. Xo Jews were enumerated in thecountry places.

INDO-CHINA. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate ofthe number of Jews who lived in Haiphong, Hanoi, Tourane, and Saigonin 1924.

IRISH FREE STATE. The figure for the Jewish population is that ofthe census of 1911 and includes the number of Jews who lived in 1911in Northern Ireland.

KENYA. The figure for the general population includes 9,651 Euro-peans and 10,102 Arabs.

KIRGHIZIA. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET RE-

PUBLICS.

LIBYA. The figure for the Jewish population is an official estimate.

LITHUANIA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thenumber of Jews in the District of Meinel of 141,274 inhabitants, January1, 1925. (In the census of 1923, 155 were enumerated as Karaites.)

LUXEMBURG. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive ofthe possible number of Jews among the 10,300 enumerated in 1922 asof "no religion," or, "unknown" religion.

MEXICO. The figure given for the Jews includes about 10,000 orientalJews and about 6,0t)0 European Jews.

MOROCCO. The figure for the Jews in the French Zone includes 107,512native Jews enumerated in the census of 1926 and 10.000 European Jewsestimated to live in all of Morocco.

NETHERLANDS. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimatefor the year 1925. In 1920 the census return was 121,167 Jews, exclusiveof the possible number of Jews among the 533,714 enumerated as of "noreligion" and 1,010 as of "unknown" religions.


NEW ZEALAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusiveof the possible number of Jews among the 5,329 enumerated in 1921 asof "no religion" and 43,302 of "unknown" religion.

NORWAY. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 17,780 enumerated in 1920 as of"no religion," or "unknown" religion.

PALESTINE. The figure for the Jewish population is the official esti-mate for 1926.

PANAMA CANAL ZONE. The figure given for the Jews includes 175men of the army and navy and 25 civilian employees of the Americangovernment.

PARAGUAY. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate ofthe number of Jews who lived in 1924 in Villarrica, Borche, Cabaliero,Ipcarai, Caifunto and Encarmasion.

POLAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the poss-ible number of Jews among the 105,000 enumerated in 1921 as of "un-known" religion or as of "other religions." In the census of 1921, thereturns gave 2,829,456 Jews, exclusive of the number of Jews among the318, 452 persons who were in the army on the day of the census.

PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. The figure for the total population in-cludes about 9,000 white Europeans.

RHODESIA (NORTHERN). The figure for the total population in-cludes 3,750 Europeans.

RHODESIA (SOUTHERN)-. The figure for the total population in-cludes 33,620 Europeans.

ROUMANIA. The figures given are official estimates. In 1918, thereligious census returned 9,696,714 as belonging to the Orthodox Church;1,456,147, Greek Orthodox; 1,482,391, Roman Catholics; 1,344,970,Protestants; 44,087, Mohammedans; 17,586, Armenians; 834,344, Jews;total, 14,876,789, leaving 2,516,360 unaccounted for.

RUSSIA (RSFSR). The figure for the Jewish population in the Euro-pean governments of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republicsis exclusive of the civil Jewish population enumerated in 1920 in thedistrict of Ghomel, which district was later ceded to White Russia.

SIBERIA. See the note on UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS.

SOUTH WEST AFRICA. The figure for the total population includes19,432 Europeans.


SWITZERLAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive ofthe possible number of Jews among the 35,656 enumerated in 1920 asof "no religion" and 3,200 as of "unknown" religion.

SYRIA AND LEBANON. The figure for the Jewish population is anestimate. In 1921-1922, the census returned 16,145 Jews. The latterfigure was exclusive of those among the 71,566 enumerated as "aliens,"50,000 "recent immigrants from Turkey," and 350,000 classed as"nomads."

TANGANYIKA (GERMAN EAST AFRICA). The figure for the totalpopulation includes 2,447 Europeans.

TUNIS. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate. In 1926,the census returned 54,243 Jews, exclusive of the number of Jews amongthe "Europeans."

UKRAINE. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUB-

LICS.

UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS. The figure for the totalnumber of Jewish population in the Union includes 43,337 Jews who werein the army and in the navy at the time of the census of 1920. The figuresfor the Jewish population of Crimea, Kirghizia, Siberia, Ukraine, WestRussia, and White Russia are those of the civil Jewish populationenumerated in the census of 1920, as are also the figures given for thetotal number of Jewish population of the Union in Europe and of thatin the Union in Asia.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. The figure for the total population in-cludes 1,519,488 whites. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusiveof the possible number of Jews among the 8,775 enumerated in 1921 asof "no religion," or of "unknown" religion.

UZBEK AND TURCOMAN REPUBLICS. The figure given for the Jews isthat of those Jews who were enumerated in the towns in 1923. No figuresare available for those who live in the country places.

VIENNA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 33,087 persons enumerated in 1923as of "no religion.'1


B. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

The Government of the United States and the Governments of theStates, in making their various censuses, take no account of religiousaffiliation. There are, therefore, no official statistics of the Jews of theUnited States. Figures concerning the number of Jews in this countryare estimates. As early as 1818 Mordecai M. Noah made an estimate ofthe number of Jews living in the country that year. Since then numerousestimates were made at irregular intervals.

TABLE IX

LIST OF ESTIMATES OF THE NUMBER OF JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES

BETWEEN 1818 AND 1920

Year

181818241826184018481880188818971905190719101914

1917-181920

Authority

Mordecai M. NoahSolomon EttingIsaac C. HarbyThe American AlmanacM. A. BerkWm. B. HackenburgIsaac MarkensDavid SulzbergerThe Jewish EncyclopediaAmerican Jewish Year BookAmerican Jewish Year BookBureau of Jewish Statistics and ResearchBureau of Jewish Statistics and ResearchBureau of Jewish Social Research

Number

3.0006,000

16,00015,00050,000

230,257400.000937,800,508,435,777,185,043,762,933,874,300,000,600,800'

'Continental United States only.

For the estimate of 1907, 1910, 1914 and 1918, see AMERICANJEWISH YEAR BOOK 5668, pp. 431-435, and 5679, pp. 339-352, andfor the author's estimate of 3,600,800 in 1920, AMERICAN JEWISHYEAR BOOK, 5684, p. 337.

Tables X and XI below are two lists, each arranged in alphabeti-cal order. The first one gives the number of Jews in the states, territoriesand outlying possessions in 1917-1918 and in 1920. The total popula-tion of 1920 is also given. The second table gives a list of cities whichhad 1,000 or more Jewish inhabitants in 1917-1918 or at later dates, the.date being indicated in parentheses and the source given in a foot note.This table gives the total population of 1920 and of 1925.


TABLE X

A LIST OF STATES, TERRITORIES AND OUTLYING POSSESSIONS, THE

TOTAL POPULATION IN 1920, AND THE NUMBER OF JEWS IN

1917-1918 AND IN 1920, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

States, Territoriesand Possessions

AlaskaArizona. . . . .

CaliforniaColorado

Florida .

Hawaiian IslandsIdaho . . , . . .IllinoisIndianaIowa

LouisianaMaine . . . .

MassachusettsMichigan

Missouri

NevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPhilippine Islands.

Total Popu-lation,

Census, 1920

2,348,17455,306

334,1621,752,2043,426,861

939,6291,380,631

223,003437,571968,470

2,895,832255,912431,866

6,485,2802,930,3902,404,0211,769,2572,416,6301,798,509

768,0141,449,6613,852,3563,668,4112,387,1251,790,6183,404,055

548,8891,296,372

77,407443,083

3 155,900360,350

10,385,2272 558,123

646,8725,759,3942,028,283

783,3898,720,017

10,350,640

Jews

Est. 1917-1918

11,086500

1,0135,012

63,65214,56566,8623,806

10,0006,451

22,414150

1,078246,63725,83315,5559,450

13,36212,7237.387

62,642189,67163,25431,462

3,88180,807

2,51813,547

5033,257

149,476858

1,603,9234,9151,492

166,3615,1869,767

322,406500

Est. 1920

Numb.

11,150500

1,1505,150

71,40015,38071,8704,010

14,7306,940

23,240150 •

1,160257,600

26,78016,2309,590

13,62013,0207,590

65,330199,300

71,36033,550

3,99082,570

2,52014,020

5103,370

163,180880

1,701,2605,1401,590

177,6905 490

18,260340,740

500

Per Cent

.5

.3

.32.11.65.21.83.4

.7

.8

.34.

.9

.7

.5

.6

.71.4.55.21.91.4.2

2.4.5

1.1.7.8

5.2.2

16.4.2.2

3.1.3

2.34.

STATISTICS OF JEWS

TABLE X (Continued)

243

States, Territoriesand Possessions

Total Popu-lation.

Census, 1920

Jews

Est. 1917-1918

Est. 1920

Numb. Per Cent

Porto RicoRhode Island.. .South Carolina.South Dakota. .TennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirgin Islands. .VirginiaWashington . . .West Virginia. .WisconsinWyoming

1,299,809604,397

1,683,724636,547

2,337,8854,663,228

449,396352,428

26,0512,309,1871,356,6211,463,7012,632,067

194.402

20020,5024,8161,262

14,03430,8393,7372,221

15,4039,1175,129

28,581498

20021,4505,0601,310

14.39032,660

3,9402,260

7016,02010,0305,440

30,100560

3.5.3.2.6.7.9.6

.7

.7

.41.1.3

TABLE XILIST OF CITIES HAVING ONE THOUSAND OR MORE JEWISH INHABITANTS

IN 1917-1918 AND AT LATER DATES AND THE TOTAL

POPULATION IN 1920 AND IN 1925

Cities

Akron, OhioAlbany, N. YAUentown, PaAltoona, PaAtlanta, GaAtlantic City, N. JAugusta, GaBaltimore, Md i . . . .Bangor, MeBay City, MichBayonne, N. JBinghamton, N. YBirmingham, AlaBloomfield N. JBoston, MassBraddock PaBridgeport, ConnBrockton, MassBuffalo. N. YButte, MontCambridge, MassCamden, N. JCanton, OhioCarbondale Pa

Total Population

Census1920

208,435113.34473,50260,331

200.61650,70752,548

733,82625,97847,55476,75466,800

178,806

748,060

143,55566,254

506,77541,611

109,694116,30987,091

OfficialEstimate

1925

117,820c.1"92,151866,1488

53,287855,2458

796,296826,644848,907888,767871,915c.10

205,670'25,9558

781,529c10

21,7398

65,731c1"538,016c.'»

42,867"120,053c."1

128,642s

106,260819,5458

Jews

Estimate1917-1918

2,0007,0001,2001,000

10,0004,0002,500

60,0001,0001,000

10,0001,5003,5001,000

77,5001,600

12,0001,500

20,0001,0008,0002,0001,0001,000

LaterEstimates

2,554 (1920)1

8,500 (1923)2

1,261 (1920)1

11,750 (1923; =

67,500 (1924)2

8,460 (1923)2

2,500 (1926)2

7,600 (1920)'3,169 (1923)2

18,000 (1922)'

6,500 (1924)'1,075 (192O)1


TABLE XI (Continued)

Cities

Charleston, S. C.Charleston, W. VaChattanooga, Tenn

Chester, PaChicago, III.

Cleveland, OColumbus, O. .Council Bluffs, laDallas, TexasDayton, O.. .Denver, Colo

Detroit, Mich.Duluth, Minn.East St. Louis, 111Elizabeth, N. JElmira, N. Y.El Paso, Tex.Erie Pa.Evansville, Ind.Fall River, Mass. . .Fort Wayne, IndFort Worth, TexGalveston, Tex.

Grand Rapids, MichHarrisburg, Pa.. . . . .Harrison, N. J.Hartford, ConnHaverhill, MassHoboken, N. J..

Indianapolis, IndJacksonville, Fla.Jersey City, N JJoliet, 111Kansas City, KanKansas City, MoLancaster, PaLawrence, Mass.Lincoln, Neb.Little Rock, ArkLong Branch, N. J.Los Angeles, CalLouisville, Ky..Lowell, MassLynn, MassMaiden, MassMcKcesport, PaMemphis, Tenn.

Milwaukee, WisMinneapolis, MinnMontgomery Ala.Mt. Vcrnon, N. Y

Total Population

Census1920

67,95739,60857,89543,184

. 58,0302,701,705

401,247796,841237,03136,162

158,976152,559256,491126 468993,678

98,91766,76795,7834S 39377,56093 37285,264

120,48586,549

106,48344,25555,378

137,63475,917

138,03653,88468,16660,203

138,276314,194

91,558298,103

38,442101,177324,410

53,15094,27054,94865.142

576,673234,891112,75999,14849,01346,781

162,35129 867

457,147380,582

43 46442,726

OfficialEstimate

1925

73,125c.10

49,019s

66,575*47,505c1"68,507s

2,995,2398409,333*936,4858279,836s

194,450s

172,942s

280,911s

1,242,044c1

110,502s

71,423s

48,359c.10

104,929'

93,601s

129,662'97,846s

154,847s

48 375'76,870s

153,698'83,422s

16 414'160,197s

49,084c10

60,892c10

164,954'358,819s

95,450c10

315,280"40.578'

367,481s

56,505'95,136c.10

60,941s

74,216s

13,646s

259,259'110,542c1'1103,147c.10

51,789c10

49,097'174,533s

36,292s

509,192'425,435s

46 481'50,382c10

Jews

Estimate1917-1918

1,9001,0001,400

13,0001,000

225,00025,000

100,0009,0001,0008,0004,000

11,0003 200

50,0002,3001,0005,0001,2001,8001 5001,5007,5001,6502,2501,1001,2001,0004,0001 000

16,0003,5005 0001,0005,000

10 0002.000

12,5001,1003,500

12,0001,4002,0001.2001,5001 300

18,0009,0006.0007,5009,0003,0007,0001 000

20,00015,000

1 6503,000

LaterEstimates

14,669 (1920)1

285,000 (1922)'23,170 (1921)'78,996 (1924)'

38,224 (1923)'2,422 (I920)1

20,567 (1920)3

3.000 (19231'1,900 (1926)-

12,125 (1922)'

2,315 (1920)?

43,000 i 1923)3

20,000 (1922)'

7,000 (1924)3

STATISTICS OF JEWS

TABLE XI (continued)

245

CitiesTotal Population

Census1920

OfficialEstimate

1925

Jews

Estimate1917-1918

LaterEstimates

Nashville, TennNewark, N. JNew Bedford, Mass.. .New Britain, Conn. . . .New Brunswick, N. J..New Haven, Conn.. . .New London, Conn.. .New Orleans, LaNewport News, Va.. . .New Rochelle, N. Y. . .New York, N. YNorfolk, VaNorwich, ConnOakland, CalOklahoma City, Okla. .Omaha, NebPassaic, N. JPaterson, N. JPensacola, FlaPeoria, 111Perth Amboy, N. JPhiladelphia, PaPittsburgh, PaPittsfield, MassPlainfield, N. JPort Chester, N. Y . . . .Portland, MePortland, OrePortsmouth, VaPoughkeepsie, N. Y.. .Providence, R . IPueblo, ColoQuincy, MassReading, PaRevere, MassRichmond, VaRochester, N. YRock Island, 111Saginaw, MichSt. Joseph, MoSt. Louis, MoSt. Paul, MinnSalem, MassSalt Lake City, Utah. .San Antonio, TexSan Francisco, Cal.. . .Savannah, GaSchenectady, N. Y.. . .Scranton, PaSeattle, WashShreveport, LaSioux City, laSomerville, MassSouth Bend, IndSouth Bethlehem, Pa..South Norwalk, Conn.Spokane, WashSpringfield, Mass

118,342414,524121,21759,31632,779

162,53725,688

387,21935,59636,213

5,620,048115,776

216,26191,295

191,60163,841

135,87531,03576,12141,707

1,823,779588,343

41,76327,70016,57369,272

258,28854,38735,000

237,59543,05047,876

107,78428,823

171,667295,750

61,90377,939

772,897234,69842,529

113,110161,379506,676

83,25288,723

137,783315,312

43,87471,22793,09170,98350,35827,743

104,437129,614

136,2208452,5138120,494c'068,039s

37,984«178,927*29,1038

414,493847,083844,222c10

5,873,356c.'"

23,118'253,700s

211,768868,979s

141,695s

25,305c.10

81,564847,136s

1,979,364"631,563s

47,241c10

31,748s

19,28375,3338

282,383s

59,029835,670c10

267,918c.1"43,787s

60,131c'0112,707s

33,261c1"186,4038316,786c10

40,073s

72,100s

78.342s

821,5438246,001s

42,821c.'0130,948s

198,0698557,5308

93,134s

92,786c10

142,2668

57,857

99,206c.'"80,091'

3,00055,0003,5002,5003,000

18,0001,0008,0002,0003,000

1,500,0005,0001,5005,0001,000

10,0006,000

15,0001,0001,7505,000

200,00060,000

1,5001,5001,0001,0002,5008,0001,600

15,0001,0001,2501,7506,0004,000

20,000

108,897142,224c10

1,0003,300

60,00010,000

1,5002,5003,000

30,0005,0003,5007,5005,0001,5002,5002,0002,0001,3001,0001,1006,000

20,000 (1920)2

1,371 (1920)'

1,643,012 (1920)'

9,337(Oct.l,1924)*

240,000 (1922)242,450 (1924)2

2,700 (1926) =

3,000 (1921)2

9,000 (1920)«

16,500 (1923)2

14,800 (1920)21,382 (1924)"

55,000 (1926)2

26,000 (1923)>

3,500 (1925)2

10,000 (1920)2


TABLE XI (continued)

Cities

Stamford, ConnStockton, CalSyracuse, N. YTampa, FlaToledo, Ohio »Topeka, KanTrenton, N. JTrov, N. YTulsa, Okla. . . . .Utica, N. YWaco, TexWashington, D. CWaterbury, ConnWest New York, N. JWheeling, W. VaWilkes-Barre, PaWilmington, DelWinthrop, Mass.Woodbine, N. JWorcester, MassYonkers, N. YYoungstown, Ohio

Total Population

Census1920

35,09640,296

171,71751,608

243,16450,022

119,28972,013

94,15638,500

437,57191,71529,92656,20873,833

110,168

179,754100,176132,358

OfficialEstimate

1925

40.7378

47,2878182,003c.10

94,743c.1"287,380855,411c10

1.32,020872,223c10

101,604c.10

43,9128497,9068

39,197s

77,6448122,049816,155c10

192.242c10

113,647c10

159,970s

Jews

Estimate1917-1918

1,5001,000

12,0001,0007.5001,0007,0003,000

1.6005,001

10,0006,0001,5001,0003,0003,5001,5001,900

10,0005,0005,000

LaterEstimates

9,500 (1922)'

1,000 (1926)"2,517 (1920)1

13,780 (1921)2

1,538 (1920)'

4,200 (1922)2

8,500 (1921)2

5,500 (1924)2

•The number of persons who reported Yiddish or Hebrew as their mother-tongue inthe United States Census of 1920.

'Estimate of the Jewish Welfare Board, New York City.'Estimate of the Bureau of Jewish Social Research, New York City.'Estimate of local federation of Jewish charities.'Estimate of local Jewish residents."Local census.'See Table XII."Estimate of the United States Bureau of Census.•Special census May 31, 1925.

1 "State census.1 Private communication.


TABLE XII

DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND

SUBDIVISIONS AND STATES, 1920*

Divisions, Subdivisions, States,and Territories

N E W ENGLAND DIVISIONNorthern Subdivision

MaineNew HampshireVermont

Total . ^

Southern SubdivisionMassachusetts. .Rhode Island . .Connecticut

Total

Grand Total

MIDDLE ATLANTIC DIVISIONNew York . . . .

Southern Subdivision

Pennsylvania

Total . . .

EAST NORTH CENTRAL DIVISIONO h i o . . . .

Illinois

Northern SubdivisionMichiganWisconsin

Total

Grand Total

WEST NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION

Nebraska

North Dakota

Kansas

Total

Grand Total . . . .

TotalPopulation

768,014443,083352,428

1,563,525

3,852,356604,397

1,380,631

5,837,384

7,400,909

10,385,227

3,155,9008,720,017

16,641,096

22,261,144

5,759,3942,930,3906,485,280

3,668,4112,632,067

6,300,478

21,475,542

2,387,1253,404,0551,296,3722,404,021

646,872636,547

1,769,257

5,456,697

12,544,249

JewishPopulation

7,5903,3702,260

13,220

199,30021,45071,870

292,620

305,840

1,701,260

163,180340,740

562,168

2,205,180

177,69026,780

257,600

71,36030,100

101,460

563,530

33,55082,57014,02016,230

1,5901,3109,590

30,720

158,860

P. C. of Jews

to TotalPopulation

1..8.6

.84

5.23.55.2

5.

4.13

16.4

5.24.

3.8

9.91

3.1.9

4.

1.91.1

1.6

2.62

1.42.41.1

.7

.2

.2.5

.6

1.27

to TotalNo. of Jews

.2

.09

.06

.37

5.5.6

2.

8.1

.85

47.2

4.59.4

15.5

61.2

5..7

7.1

2..01

2.81

15.6

.92.3

.4

.4

.04

.04

.3

.85

4.41

*For a detailed analysis of this Table, see Volume 28, pp. 406-408.


TABLE XII (continued)

Divisions, Subdivisions, States,and Territories

SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISIONDelaware

Northern SubdivisionMarylandDistrict of Columbia

Total

Southern SubdivisionVirginiaWe9t VirginiaNorth CarolinaSouth Carolina . . .

Florida

Total

Grand Total

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL DIVISIONKentucky

AlabamaMississippi

Total

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL DIVISIONArkansas . . . . . .OklahomaLouisianaTexas

Total . . . . .

MOUNTAIN DIVISIONColoradoMontanaIdahoWyomingNew MexicoArizona . . . . .UtahNevada

Total

Grand Total

PACIFIC DIVISIONWashington

TotalPopulation

223,003

1,449,661437,571

1,887,232

2,309,1871,463,7012,558,1231,683,7242,895,832

968,470

11,879,037

13,989,272

2,416,6302,337,8852,348,1741,790,618

8,893,307

1,752,2042,028,2831,798,5094,663,228

10,242,224

939,629548,889431.866194,402360,350334,162449,396

77,407

1,415,717

3,336 101

1,356,621

JewishPopulation

4,010

65,33014,730'

80,060

16,0205,4405,1405,060

23,2406,940

61,840

145,910

13,62014,39011,1503,990

43,150

5,1505,490

13,02032,660

56,320

15 3802,5201,160

560880

1,1503,940

510

10,720

26 100

10,030

P. C. of Jews

to TotalPopulation

1.8

4.53.5

4.2

.7

.4

.2

.3

.8

.7

.5

1.04

.6

.6

.5

.2

.49

.3

.3

.7

.7

.55

1.6.5.3.3.2.3.9.7

.7

78

.7

to TotalNo. of Jews

.1

1.8.41

2.22

.4

.1

.1

.1

.6

.2

1.7

4.04

.4

.4

.3

.1

1.2

.1

.1

.4

.9

1.6

.4

.07

.03

.01

.02

.03

.1

.01

.30

.72

.3



Divisiona, Subdivisions, States,and Territories

Southern SubdivisionOregonCalifornia

Total

Grand Total

Total Continental UnitedStates

TERRITORIES AND OUTLYINGPOSSESSIONS

Alaska . .

Philippine IslandsPorto RicoVirgin Islands

TOTAL OUTLYING POSSESSIONS . . .

GRAND TOTAL UNITED STATES . . .

TotalPopulation

783,3893,426,861

4,210,250

5,566,871

105,709,619

55,306255,912

10,350,6401,299,809

26,051

11,987,718

117,697,337

JewishPopulation

18,26071,400

89,660

99,690

3,604,580

5002150250022002

70»

1,420

3.606.000

P. C. of Jewsto Total

Population

2.32.1

2.1

1.79

3.4

.9

.06

.004

.015

.27

.011

3.1

to TotalNo. of Jews

.52.

2.5

2.8

100.

35.210.635.214.14.9

100.

1 In 1921 on the basis of an estimated Jewish population of Washington of 13,780.2 In 1917-1918. ' In 1923.

Table XIII below shows that during the two years, following the esti-mate of 1917-1918, the Jewish population of Manhattan has decreased1.7%, while that of all other Boroughs has increased: Bronx 24.2%,Brooklyn 6.1%, Queens 73.4%, Richmond 70.9%. The estimate of 1917-1918 is that of Dr. Alexander Dushkin, Jewish Communal Register.The estimate of 1920 is that of Dr. Walter Laidlaw, The ReligiousComposition of Greater New York, 1922. The latter's estimate for theJewish population, in view of the fact that political units densely inha-bited by Jews were not canvassed, is probably too low.

TABLE XIIIDISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK

BY BOROUGHS, 1920

BOROUGH

Richmond

Total

TOTAL POPULATIONU. S. Census

1920

2,284,103732,016

2,018,356469,042116,531

5,620,048

State Census1925

1,945,029872,168

2,203,235714,647138,277

5,873,356

JEWS

Estimate1917-1918

696,000211,000568,000

23,0005,000

1,503,000

Estimate1920

657,101'278,1692604,38086,19417,168

1,643.012

PerCent

28.838.29.18.414.7

29.2i[n 1923, 661,000 Jews, Estimate of the Jewish Welfare Board, New York City.2In 1923, 362,000 Jews, Estimate of the Jewish Welfare Board, New York City.


C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATESJEWISH IMMIGRATION 1881-1921

Little is known, statistically, of the earlier waves of Jewish immigra-tion to the United States, the immigration of Spanish, Portuguese, andDutch Jews and of German Jews. We are in possession of satisfactoryfigures relative to Jewish immigration from 1881 onward.

TABLE XIV

A SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES,

1881-1926

Year

1881-1898

1899-19071908-1926

Total

Not deducting departures or adding admissions through portsother than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore

Gross increase (departures not deducted)Net increase (departures deducted)

Number

533,478829,244976,219

2,338,941

If we assume that during the period of 1881-1898 the number of Jewishdepartures equalled the number of Jewish admissions through portsother than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and if we neglectfor the moment the number of Jewish departures during 1899—1907, thenet increase of Jewish immigration to the United States during 1881—1926 amounts to 2,338,941.

TABLE XV

NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED AT THE PORTS OF NEW

YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND BALTIMORE, 1881-1898

Year

1881-841885188618871888188918901891

NumberAdmitted

74,31019,61129,65827,46831,36323,96234,30369,139

Year

1892189318941895189618971898

Total

NumberAdmitted

60,32532,94322,10832,07728,11820,68427,409

533,478


From 1881 to 1898, 533,478 Jews entered at the ports of New York,Philadelphia, and Baltimore. No figures are available for Jewish immi-grants who entered the United States through other ports during theseseventeen years, but it is believed that the number of these immigrantswas inconsiderable.

Beginning with 1899 we possess figures for the total Jewish immigra-tion at all ports, but up to 1907 no statistics of departures were kept bythe United States authoritie3. The total number of Jews admitted from1899 to 1907 was 829,244, which is 11.8% of the total number of immi-grants admitted during the same period.

TABLE XVI

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES, 1899-1907.

Year

189919001901190219031904190519061907

Grand Total. .

Total

311,715448,572487,918643,743857,046812,870

1,026,4991,100,7351,285,349

6,974.447

Jews

37,41560,76458,09857,68876,203

106,236129,910153,748149,182

829,244

Per Cent of Jews to Total

12.013.0511.98.98.9

13.112.713.911.6

11.9

During 1908-1926, for which years we possess complete statisticaldata, 1,029,145 Jews were admitted to the United States, constituting9.4% of the total number of immigrants admitted. During thejjsameperiod, 52,926 Jews departed from the United States. The last figureforms 5.18% of the number of Jews admitted; while the percentageof total departures to total admission was 33.54%. The net increaseof the Jewish immigration during this period was 976,219, or 13.0%of the total net increase as against 8.9% of Jewish admissions to totaladmissions.

With the year ending June 30, 1925 we have probably begun a newperiod in Jewish immigration. Under the immigration law of 1924,only a limited number of Jews can be expected to enter the country.During the year ending June 30, 1926 only 10,267 Jews entered, and 341Jews left the country, leaving an increase of only 9,926.


TABLE XVII

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS1 AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,

ADMITTED, DEPARTED, AND NET INCREASE, 1908-1926*

Year

1908190919101911191219131914191519161917191819191920192119221923192419251926

G.T.

Admissions

Total

782,870751,786

1,041,570878,587838,172

1,197,8921,218,480

326,700298,826295,403110,61:8141,132430,001805,228369,556522,919706,896294,314304,488

11,255,438

Jews

103,38757,55184,26091,22380,595

101,330138,05126,49715,10817,342

• 3,6273,055

14,292119,03653,52449,71949.98910.29210,267

1,029,145

P.C.Jews

toTot.

13.27.68.1

10.49.68.5

11.38.15.15.83.2.63.3

14.717.39.57.3.53.3

8.9

Departures

Total

395,073225,802202,436295,666333,262308,190303,338204,074129,76566,27794,585

123,522288,315247,718198,71281,45076,78992,72876,992

3,744,694

Jews

7,7026,1055,6896,4017,4186,6976,8261.524

199329687373358483830413260291341

52,926

Per Cent toAdmissions

Total

50.4630.019.4333.6739.7625.724.8962.4643.4222.4385.5187.5167.0530.7664.215.5710.831.5125.2

33.

Jews

7.4410.606.87.019.206.604.945.751.311.89

18.912.2

2.54.11.5

.83

.523.3.3

5.1

Net

Total

387,797525,984839,134582,921504.910889,702915,142122,626169,061229,126

16,03317,610

141.686557,510110,844441.469630.107201,586227,496

7,510,744

Increase

Jews

95,68551,44678,57184.82273,17794,633

131,22524,97314,90917,0132,9402.682

13.934118.55352,69449,30649.72910,0019,926

976,219

P. L.Jewsto

Tot.

24.29.79.3

14.514.410.614.320.3

8.87.

18.315.29.8

21.247.511.167.895.4.3

13.

1 In the tables which follow, the words "Immigration" and "Immigrant" refer toalien immigration and alien immigrants only.

2 Year ending June 30.

During 1899-1926, for which years we possess statistical data, 28,-889 Jews were debarred from entering the United States, 2.8% of thenumber of Jews who were admitted; while the percentage of total de-barred to the total admitted was 3.7%.

During the same period of time, 3,548 Jews were deported after havingbeen admitted. This constituted .36% of the net increase of Jewishimmigration, while the percentage of total deported to total net increasewas 1.07%. During 1926 the percentage of the total deported to thetotal net increase was 4.7%, while the percentage of deported Jews wasonly 1.7%.

STATISTICS OF JEWS

TABLE XVIII

253

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

REJECTED ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION AND THOSE DEPORTED

FROM THE UNITED STATES AFTER ADMISSION, 1899-1926

Year

1899-1910. .1911.191219131914191519161917191819191920192119221923192419251926

Total 1889-1926.

Debarred

Number

Total

116,25522,34916,05719,93833,04124.11118,86716,0287,2978,626

11,79513,77913,73120,61930,28425,39020,550

418,717

Total 1911-1926.

Jews

10,7851,9991,0641,2242,5061,398

949607222199268

1,1951,2561,4551,7541,137

871

28,889

Per Cent toAdmission

Total

1.22.51.91.62.77.36.35.46.56.12.71.74.43.94.38.66.7

Jews

1.02.11.31.21.95.26.23.56.06.51.81.02.32.93.5

11.18.4

Deported

Number

Total

12,1772,7882,4563.4614,1372.6702.9061,918

7963,1022,7624,5174,3453,6614,2949,495

10,904

76,389

64,212

Jews

1,303209191253317

687946271753

13421499

113250175

3,548

2,245

Per Cent toNet IncreaseTotal

.5

.4

.4

.42.11.8.9

4.917.61.9.8

3.9.82.68

4.74.7

Jews

.2

.2

.2

.2

.2

.5

.3

.9

.7

.4

.1

.4

.02

.22.51.7

JEWISH IMMIGRATION DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1926

During the year ended June 30, 1926, 10,267 Jews were admitted tothe country, about as many as during the previous year; the number ofJews that departed was insignificant, namely, 3411; and the net increasethrough immigration was thus only 9.926.

The Jewish immigrants constituted 3.4% of the total. But the num-ber of Jewish immigrants who departed amounted to only .4% of thetotal number of Jewish immigrants admitted, as against 25.2% for thenon-Jews. The increase of Jewish immigrants admitted over Jewishimmigrants departed was, as a result, 5% of the total net increase.

'Of the 341 Jewish emigrants who departed, 102 went to Palestine, 62 to Poland, 46to Canada, 35 to Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 28 to Roumania, and 68 to morethan eighteen other countries. Of these 341 Jewish alien emigrants, 226 came from theState of New York and the remainder from seventeen other States.


Unlike previous years and evidently as a result of the operationof the immigration law of 1924, the percentage of Jewish immi-grants debarred during the year under review was larger thanthat of the non-Jewish immigrants, the respective' percentages being8.48% for the Jewish immigrants, and 6.68% for the non-Jewish immi-grants. However, the percentage of the number of deported Jewish immi-grants after having been admitted, continued to be smaller than thepercentage of the number of the deported non-Jewish immigrants. Only175 Jews were deported during 1926 as against 10,729 non-Jews, con-stituting 1.76% and 4.8% respectively of the net increase of Jewish andof non-Jewish immigrants.

TABLE XIX

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,

AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED, DEPARTED, INCREASE,

DEBARRED, AND DEPORTED, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1926

Non-Jews....Jews

Total

Admissions

No.

294,22110,267

304,488

%of

Tot.

98.63.4

100.0

Departures

No.

76,651341

76,992

%of

Adm.

25.2.4

25.3

Increase

No.

217,5709,926

227,496

%of

Tot.

95.5.

100.0

Debarred

No.

19,679871

20,550

ofAdm.

6.688.48

6.75

Deported

No.

10,729175

10.904

%of

Incr.

4.S1.76

4.79

Table XX below shows the distribution of the Jewish immigrantson the basis of the states of destination given by the Jewish immigrantsat the ports of their admission. There was not a State in the Unionfor which one or more Jewish immigrants were not bound.

TABLE XX 255DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, AND JEWISH

IMMIGRANTS ON THE BASIS OF THE DESTINATION, YEARENDED JUNE 30, 1926

States

AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColorado. . .,"Connecticut

District of Columbia. . . . .Florida

Idaho

IowaKansas

LouisianaMaine

MassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota

TexasUtah

Wyoming

Total States and Ter-ritory of Alaska

Total Outlying Pos-sessions of Hawaii,Porto Rico, PhilippineIslands, and Virgin

Grand Total

Number

Total

26297

3,04294

19,785722

6,447223883

4,067229418

20,1762,5551,623

740321644

2,9561,187

26,84534,358

3,981166

2,055808951145

1,93215,175

44574,019

420816

9,452263

2,11917,6273,311

42607135

28,339682

1,384414

5,590462

4,880233

304,127

361

304,488

Non-Jews

25496

3,04192

19,572704

6,300215840

4,021205416

19,3892,5191,581

732314631

2,9411,089

26.45S33,8293,899

1571,944

805925143

1,91714,695

44268,444

411812

9,094251

2,09216,7743,272

40603129

28,286678

1,381389

5,568451

4,786233

293,860

361

294,221

Jews

8112

21318

1478

434624

27873642

87

131598

387529

829

1113

262

15480

35,575

94

3581227

85339

246

5343

25221194

10,267

10,267

Per

Non-Jews

96.999.99.9797.998.997.297.796.495.198.989.599.596.196.397.498.997.898.99.591.798.598.497.994.694.699.697.398.699.296.899.392.597.899.596.295.498.795.298.895.299.395.599.899.499.893.999.697.698.1100.

96.6

100.

Cent

Jews

3.11.

.032.11.12.82.33.64.91.1

10.5.5

3.93.72.61.12.22.

.58.31.51.62.15.45.4

.42.71.4

.83.2

.77.52.2

.53.84.61.34.81.24.8

.74.5

.2

.6

.26.1

.42.41.9

3.4

P. C. of TotalNumber Admittedto United States

Total

**1.*6.5

.232.1*.2

1.3*.1

6.6.8.5.2.1

.97

.48.8

11.21.3

.7

.2

.3#

.65.

.124.3

.1

.33.1*

.75.81.1*

*9.3

.2

.4

.11.8.1

1.6

99.9

.1

100.

Non-Jews

**1.1*6.6

.22.1*.3

1.4#.1

6.6.8.5.2.1.2

1..4

9.11.5

1.3*

.6

.3

.3*

.65.1.

23.3.1.3

3.1*

.75.71.1*

.2*9.6

.2

.5

.11.9.1

1.6*

99.9

.1

100.

Jews

****2.1

.21.4*.4.4.2

*7 8.3.4

*.1.1.98

3.85.3

.8*1.1*

.2«.*"• . 1

4.8*

55.6**3.6

.1

.38.5

.4*

I ***

.5**

.2

.2

.1

.9*

100.

100.*Less than . 1 % .


Table XXI below shows the countries whence the immigrants came.Of the total of 10,267 Jewish immigrants 6,288 came from Poland(4,133), Russia (1,552) and Roumania (603); 1,163 came from Germany(652) and Great Britain and Northern Ireland (511), 931 from Canada;and 1,885 came from some 40 other countries in the world.

We also note that the Jews constituted 87.9% of the number of im-migrants who came from Russia; 58% of those who came from Polandand 49.8% of those who came from Roumania.

TABLE XXICOUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS,

NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30. 1926

Countries

AlbaniaAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCzecho-SlovakiaDanzig, Free City of.. .•Denmark ,EsthoniaFinlandFrance, incl. CorsicaGermanyGreat Britain and

Northern IrelandGreeceHungaryIrish Free StateItaly, incl. Sicily and

SardiniaLatviaLithuaniaLuxemburgNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugal, incl. Azores

Cape Verde andMaderia Islands....

RoumaniaRussiaSpain, incl. Canary and

Balearic IslandsSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey in EuropeYugoslaviaOther Europe

Total Europe

Number

Total

1581,102

718175

2,953210

2.549132491

4,18150,421

25,9471,121

90624,478

8,253298636127

1,7535,7567,126

6661,2111,766

3268,5131,994

2101,059

326

155,562

Non-Jews

1581,031

641173

2,777185

2,542115488

4,01349,769

25,4361,116

73824,464

8 24590

332127

1,6955,7462,993

664608214

3258,5061,984

1681,053

324

146,720

Jews

7177

2176

257

173

168652

5115

16814

8208304

104,133

2603

1,552

17

1042

62

8,842

PerCent ofTotal

Immigra-tion fromCountry

Non-Jews

100.93.589.394.494.0488.199.787.199.496.98.7

98.0399.581.499.9

99.930.252.2100.96.799.842.

99.750.212.1

99.799.999.580.99.499.4

94.3

Jews

*6.5

10.75.65.96

11.9^

12.9.6

4.1.3

1.97.5

18.6.1

.169.847.8

*3.3

.258.

.349.887.9

.3

.1

.520.

.6*

5.7

Per Cent of TotalImmigration

to United States

Total

.4

.2*1.*

.8

.21.4

16.6

8.5.4.3

8.

2.7*

.2*

.61.92.3

.2

.4

.6

.12.8

.6*

.3

.1

51.1

Non-Jews

.3

.2

.9*

.9*

.21.4

16.9

8.6.4.2

8.3

2.8*

.1*

.61.91.

.2

.2*

.12.9

.7*

.3

.1

49.9

Jews

*.7.7

*1.7

.2*

.1*1.76.5

5.1*1.7

.1

2.13.

**

40.3

*6.

15.1

*

1..4

**

86.2


TABLE XXI (continued)

Countries

ArmeniaChinaIndiaJapanPalestinePersiaSyriaTurkey in AsiaOther Asia

Total Asia

EgyptOther Africa

Total Africa

Australia and Apper-taining Islands

New Zealand and Ap- . .pertaining Islands

Not Specified

Total Australasia....

CanadaNewfoundlandMexicoCuba.Other West IndiesBritish HondurasOther Central America. . .Brazil... . . .Other South AmericaOther America

Total WesternHemisphere

Grand Total . .

Number

Total

161.7.51

93654250

56429

21143

3,413

214315

529

376

18035

591

91,0192,349

43,3162,281

94139

1,3358772,230

6

144,393

304,488

Non-Jews

161,709

87654

8653

42819

130

3,182

169286

455

369

18034

583

90,0882,346

43.2972,201

93939

1,335855

2,1756

143,281

294,221

Jews

426

164312

13

231

4529

74

7

1

8

9313

1980

2

2255

1,112

10,267

Per Cent ofTotal

Immigra-tion fromCountry

Non-Jews

100.97.693.5

100.34.494.699.890.590.9

93.2

79.90.8

86.

98.1

100.97.1

98.6

99.899.999.996.599.8

100.100.97.597.5

100.

99.2

96.6

Jews

*2.46.5*

65.65.4

.29.59.1

6.8

21.9.2

14.

1.9

2.9

1.4

1.2.1.1

3.5.2

**2.52.5

.8

3.4

Per Cent of TotalImmigration

to United States

Total

*.6

*.2

**

.1**

1.1

*.1

.2

.1

*

.2

29.9.8

14.2.7.3

*.4.3.7

*

47.4

100.

Non-Jews

*.6

*.2

*.1

*

1.1

**

.1

.1

**

.2

30.8.8

14.7.7.3

*.4.3.7

*

48.7

100.1

Jews

*.4

**1.6***

.1

2.3

.4

.3

.7

*

*

9.3•

.2

.8***

.2

.5

10.8

|100.

*Less than .1%.


Tables XXII and XXIII show that the Jewish immigration duringthe year ended June 30, 1926, included 19.6% children, while only 15.4%of the total number of non-Jewish immigrants admitted were children.Similarly 15.3% of the total Jewish immigrants were men and women of45 years of age and over, while only 8.9% of the non-Jewish immigrantsbelonged to this age group. The percentage of immigrants between 16and 44 years of age was consequently smaller among Jews (65%) thanamong the total number of non-Jewish immigrants (75.7%).

With regard to sex, as in the previous year the number of Jewishfemales exceeded the number of Jewish males (55.5% and 44.5%); whileamong the non-Jewish immigrants the number of males exceeded thenumber of females (56.4% and 43.6%).

TABLE XXII

AGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED DURING THE YEAR ENDED

JUNE 30, 1926

Age

Under 161 6 - 4 4 . . . .

Total

Number

Total

47,347228,527

28,614

304,488

Non-Jews

45,338222,84326.040

294,221

Jews

2,0095,6842,574

10,267

Per Cent of Admission

Total

15.575.09.5

100.

Non-Jews

15.475.78.9

100.

Jews

19.665.115.3

100.

TABLE XXIII

SEX OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,

AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1926

Sex

MalesFemales

Total

Number

Total

170,567133,921

304,488

Non-Jews

165,999128.222

294,221

Jews

4,5685,699

10,267


Total

56.44.

100.

Non-Jews

56.443.6

100.0

Jews

44.555.5

100.0


During the year ended June 30, 1926, 95.7% of the Jews admittedcame to join relatives and only 2.3% came to neither relatives norfriends, as compared with 73.6% and 17.1% respectively, among thenon-Jewish immigrants.

TABLE XXIV

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON—JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,

AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS WHO CAME TO JOIN RELATIVES,

FRIENDS, AND THOSE WHO HAD NO RELATIVES OR FRIENDS, YEAR

ENDED JUNE 30, 1926

Persons Joined

Relatives . . . .Friends . .None

Total

Number

Total

230,24327,98246,263

304,488

Non-Jews

220,42327,77446,024

294,221

Jews

9,820208239

10,267


Total

75.69.2

15.2

100.

Non-Jews

73.69.3

17.1

100.

Jews

95.72.02.3

100.

JEWISH IMMIGRATION DURING JULY-DECEMBER, 1926

Statistics for the year ended June 30, 1927, were not available whenthis article was compiled, but as the figures for the second half of 1926are at hand, a summary table based on these is given herewith. DuringJuly-December, 1926, only 5,614 Jews were admitted to the country,3.2% of the total.

TABLE XXV

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,

AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED, DEPARTED, INCREASE,

DEBARRED AND DEPORTED, DURING JULY-DECEMBER, 1926

Non-Jews... .

Jews

Total

Admissions

No.

170,341

5.614

175,955

%of

Tot.

96.8

3.2

100.

Departures

No.

42,646

133

42.779

%of

Adm.

24.2

2.4

24.3

Increase

No.

127,695

5,481

133,176

ofTot.

95.9

4.1

100.

Debarred

No.

9,774

584

10,358

3Adm

5.67

10.4

Deported

No.

6,158

90

6,248

%of

Incr.

4.82

1.64


D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADADuring 1901-1925, 98,788 Jews were admitted to Canada, 1.9% of

the total immigration. The figure given for the Jews does not include thenumber of Jews who immigrated from the United States and from GreatBritain. During 1925, taken separately, the Jewish immigration fromContinental Europe constituted 4% of the total.

TABLE XXVITOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

ADMITTED TO CANADA

Year

190119021903190419051906190719081909191019111912

1914

Total

49,14967,379

128,364130,331146,266189,064124,667262,469146,908208,794311,084354,237Af\ry AJtr}l*\J£,'iO£

384,878

Jews(via ocean

ports)

2,7651,0152,0663,7277,7157,1276,5847,7121,6363,1825,1465,3227 3871 ,OO i

11,252

Per CentJew9 to To-

tal

5.61.51.62.85.23.85.22.91.11.51.61.51 ftl . O

2.9

Year

1915..1916..1917..1918. .1919..1920..1921..1922..1923..1924..1925..1926..

Total.

Total

144,78948,53775,37479,07457,702

117,336148,47789,99972,887

148,560111,36296,064

5,096,183

Jews(via ocean

ports)

3,10765

1363222

1162,7638,404'2,793»4,2554.4593,587

102,375

Per CentJews to To-

tal

2.1.1.1.04.04.09

1.99.33.82.84.3.7

E. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINADuring 1913-1915 and 1919-1926, 64,757 Jews entered Argentina.

About 7,534 Jews were admitted during 1926.

TABLE XXYIITOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINA, 1913-1915 AND

1919-1926

Year

191319141915191919201921'19221

1923'1924'1925'192ft'

Total

Total

302,047284,449137,71669,879

155,332108,591139,953195.063159,939125.365135,111

1,813,445

Jews

10,8603,693

606280

2,0714,0957,198

13,7017,7996,9207,534

64,757

Per CentJews to To-

tal

3.51.3.4.4

1.33.85.27.04.85.55.6

3.6

'Communicated by ICA.


F. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO PALESTINE, 1917-1925

From the date of the British occupation of Palestine, December 9,1917,to the end of 1926, 97,185 immigrants entered the country. Of that num-ber 93,887 were Jews and 3,298 were non-Jews. But the government keptno statistics of the religion of the 14,011 persons who entered the countryduring December 9, 1917-May, 1921, with the result that the number ofJews given includes an indefinite but probably small number of non-Jewsand the number given for the non-Jews is a minimum. The proportionof non-Jewish immigrants fluctuated between 1.6% during June-Decem-ber of 1921 and 7% in 1923.

Statistics of emigration are incomplete. During 1922-1926, 16,522Jews, 22% of the number of Jews admitted, left the country, leavingan increase of 57,380, or 76.4% of the number of Jews admitted.

In compiling the statistics for some of the years, the writer had thevaluable and courteous cooperation of the Controller of the Permits Sec-tion of The Palestine Government.

TABLE XXVIII

SUMMARY OF IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION OF JEWS AND

NON-JEWS, 1917-1926

A. NUMBER

Year

Dec. 9, 1917-May, 1921June-Dec. 1921

Total

1922.1923192419251926

Total 1922-1926. .

Grand Total

Immigration

Total

14,1014,861

18,962

8,1287,991

13,55334,64113,910

78,223

97,185

Jews

14,1014,784

18,885

7,8447,421

12,85633.80113,081

75,071

93,958

Non-Jews

*77

77

284570697840829

3,220

3,207

Emigration

Total

**

2,9394,9472,5114.1009,429

23,926

23,926

Jewa

**

1,5033,4662,0372,1517,365

16,522

16,522

Non-Jews

**

1,4361,481

4741,9492,064

7,404

7,404

Increase

Total

**

5,1893,044

11,04230,541

4,481

54,297

54,297

Jews

*

6,3413,955

10,81931,650

5,716

58,551

Non-Jews

•

1,1521911'223

1,109'1,235'

4,184'

•Figures not available.•Decrease.


B. PERCENTAGES

Year

Dec. 9 1917-May, 1921June-Dec. 1921

Total

192219231924 . . . .19251926

Total

Grand Total

Immigration

Total

100.0100.0

100.0100.0100.0100 0100.0

Jews

100.094.4

96.593.087.397.694.

74.3

96.3

Non-Jews

•1.6

3.57.

12.72.4(>.

3.7

2.9

Emigration

Total

**

100.0100.0

100.0100.0

Jews

*

51.170.0*52.478.1

63.1

•

Non-Jews

**

48.930.0*47.521.9

36.8

*

Table XXIX below gives the number of immigrants by month andshows that the monthly immigration was irregular.

TABLE XXIX

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS BY MONTHS, 1923-1926

Month

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayTuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Total.

Average. . .

Number

1922 1923 1924 1925 1926

905890736788689498349487712577829641

8,101

675

955831871839849700386558452561520379

7,991

66

357336500775597

1.311l,35d1,8792,0551,0171,7051,665

13,553

1,129

1,7751,7303,15-12,5852.8193,7582,7173,3333.4153,8382.N32

1,7111,4762,3231,4851,5991,308783873677641521513

34,640.13,910

2,887 1,150

Per Cent

1922 1923 1924 | 1925

11.1710.999.099.738.506.154.316.018.797.1210.237.91

mo.on

11.9510.3910.8910.4910.638.764.846.986.787.036.514.75

100.00

3.7

4A \9.710. i13.015.2 !

12.512.2

100.00

5.15.0Q.It . ̂

S.I10.87.S'J 0o s11.2S.27.8

100.00

1926

12.310.616.710.711.511.85.66.34.94.63.73.7

100.00


Table XXX below shows that during 1922-1926 the number of menadmitted exceeded the number of women (41.2% men, 34% women).

TABLE XXXSEX AND AGE OF IMMIGRANTS 1922-1926

Year

19221923192419251926

Total. .

Number

Men

3,4272,2285,502

14,4135,900

31,470

Women

2,5282,6164,300

11,9534,560

25,957

Children

2,1732,1473,7518,2752,620

18,966

Total

8,1287,991

13,55334,64113.080

76,393

Per Cent

Men

42.40.3940.638.645.

41.2

Women

31.32.7431.734.535.

34.

Chil-dren

27.26.8727.723.820.

24.8

Total

100.00100.00100.00100.00100.

100.

Table XXXI below gives the number of immigrants and emigrants,Jews and non-Jews, and the number of persons refused admittance dur-ing 1926, by month. With regard to emigration, it will be noted that thegovernment of Palestine classifies persons who permanently leave thecountry in two groups, viz.: (1) emigrants, Palestine citizens, and (2)returning immigrants, aliens who are permanently returning to theircountries of origin.


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APPENDIX: THE JEWS OF HUNGARY, CENSUS OF 1920In 1920 the Hungarian government took a census of the population

of the New Hungary. Results of that census, recently published, sheda great deal of light upon the status of the Jews in that country. In thepages that follow the writer has tried to present the results, as far as pub-lished, which bear on the distribution of the Jews; births and deaths;marriages, intermarriages, and divorces; education and the effect of thenumerus clausus law of 1920; the Jewish communities; and a few othermatters. In a few cases it was possible to compare the conditions in 1920with those of 1910. Due to the fact, however, that the Hungary of 1910comprised a larger territory than the Hungary of 1920, it was not feasibleto do so in most of the cases and comparison was therefore made withyears immediately following or preceding the year of census.

1. DISTRIBUTIONAs in other countries, the Jews of Hungary are widely but not evenly

distributed. The table given below shows that while the Jews in 1920formed 5.9% of the total population, they constituted but 2.8% in theDistrict of the Right Bank of the Danube and 2.1% in the District ofthe Triangle Between the Tisza and the Maros. On the other hand theyconstituted 8.8% in the District between the Danube and the Tiszaand 7.2% in the District of the Right Bank of the Tisza. Further inthe municipal districts, which include the twelve large cities cf thecountry, the Jews formed 17.2% (in Budapest, 23.2%), while in the restof the country, the so-called comitats, or rural communes, they con-stituted but 3.2%. Considering the distribution of the Jewish popula-tion, we find that 55.88% lived in the municipal districts as corrparedwith 9.29% of the total. Over 45% of the Jews of Hungary lived inBudapest.

TABLE ITOTAL POPULATION AND THE NUMBER OF JEWS IN THE COUNTRY

BY DISTRICTS, 1920

District

Total

Municipal Districts

Comitats (Rural Communes).. .

Total

7.980,1431

1,539,587

6,440.556

Right Bank of Danube, including 2,506,487

5 Municipalities

Left Bank of Danube

Region Bet. Danube & Tisza, includ.

4 Municipalities

Budapest

Right Bank of Tisza, including... .

1 Municipality

Left Bank of Tisza, including

/ Municipality

Triangle Bet. Tisza and Maros. . . .

177,912

261,556

3,285,851

272.511

928.996

572,032

56,982

1,186,778

103,186

K.7,439

JewsNumber

473,310

264,508

208,802

69,250

15,699

7.745

289,255

11,827

215,512

41,132

11,300

62,454

10,170

'3,474

% of Total

5.9

17.2

3.2

2.8

7.5

3.

8.8

4.8

23.2

7.2

19.8

5.3

9.8

2.1

DistributionsTotal

100.00

9.29

80.71

31.41

21.78

3.27

41.17

3.41

11.64

7.16

.71

14.85

1.29

1.66

Jews

100.00

55.88

44.12

14.6.)

3.31

1.63

61.11

2.49

45.53

8.69

2.38

13.20

2.34

.71'Including 6,300 persons designated as "others" and as of "unknown religion.'


2. POPULATION GROWTHTable II below shows that the number of Jews in the country in 1920

was practically the same as in 1910, while the total population increasedby 4.6% and that, as a result, the percentage of Jews in the countrydecreased from 6.2% in 1910 to 5.9% in 1920, a falling off of .3%. Thecause of the decrease is to be sought mainly in the extremely low birth-rate of the Hungarian Jews, although a small part of it is traceable toconversions. (See Table XVI, below.)

TABLE IITOTAL POPULATION AND THE NUMBER OF JEWS, 1910 AND 1920

1910

1920

Increase 1910-1920

NumberTotal

7,606,971

7,980,143

373,172

Jews

471,355

473,310

1,955

P.

Total

93.8

94.1

4.6

C.Jews

6.2

5.9

.4

3. BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND NATURAL INCREASETable III below gives births, deaths, and natural increase of the Jews

and of the total population in 1920 and also in 1921 and in 1922. Duringthe three years under consideration, the country as a whole had an aver-age birth rate of over 30 living births per 1000 persons. It is importantto note, however, that the fecundity of the Hungarian Jews was muchsmaller than that of the total population, 19.8 comapred with 31.7.The reverse condition obtains as to death, the death rate for the wholecountry being a little over 21 per 1000 persons, but only 15.7 amongJews. The table, however, shows clearly that the Hungarian Jews hada much lower natural increase. For 1920 it is only 2.1 per 1000 comparedwith 10.1 for the total population. The natural increase of the Jews inthe two subsequent years was probably no higher than for 1920.

TABLE IIIBIRTHS, DEATHS, AND NATURAL INCREASE OF THE TOTAL

POPULATION AND OF THE JEWS, 1920-1922

1920Population

Births. . .DeathsIncrease

1921Population

BirthsDeathsIncrease

1922Population

Births. . .DeathsIncrease #

NumberTotal

7,980,143258,751175.86282,889

8.022,840255.453170,05985,394

8,103,501249,279173,35175.028

Jews

473,3108,4467.4161,030

7,7766,780

990

7,312

514

Rate per 1000Total Jews

31.4 17.821.3 , 15.710.1 ! 2.1

31.8 '.'.'.'.21 .2 . . .10 .0 2.09»

30.8 ".'.'.21.4 . . . .

9.4 1.08'

•This percentage is based on the assumption that the Jewish population giew onlyto the extent of excess of births over deaths.


4. MARRIAGE, MIXED MARRIAGE, AND DIVORCE

Table I\ below gives the data of marriages and divorces. In 1920, alittle over 13 persons married for every 1000 persons in the country. In1921 the rate was 11.6 and in 1922, 10.8. The divorce rate per 1000 isnot given for 1920, it was .77 in 1921, and .91 in 1922. Assuming thatthere was no change in the Jewish population since 1920, the marriagerate of Jews was, 24.4, 20.9 and 21 respectively and the divorce rate wasless than .1 per thousand in 1921, and only a little over .1 per thousandin 1922.

The table gives also data of mixed marriages of Jews and non-Jews. Ifwe consider all Jews married out of the faith as a total loss to Judaism,how great was the loss through intermarriage during the years underconsideration? The table below shows the loss as insignificant, .22%,though the number constituted a considerable percentage of the totalJews married. We may note also the high rate of divorces among inter-married persons of Jews and non-Jews. In 1920 the rate was 15.03% ofthe mixed marriages, whereas the Jewish marriages terminated con-stituted only 4.52% of the number of Jewish marriages.

TABLE IVMARRIAGES, MIXED MARRIAGES, AND DIVORCES, 1920-1922

1920 1921 1922

PopulationTotalJews

MarriagesTotal. . .Jewish. .

Rate per 1000 PopulationTotalJews

Number of Jews MarriedTo JewsTo Non-Jews

Percent of Jews MarriedPercent of Total Jewish Population.MenWomen

7,980,143473,310

215.47011,567

27.1124.4

23,1341,0434.61

.22614429

8,022,840

Marriages Invalidated or DissolvedTotalJewish •

Rate per 1000 PopulationTotalJews

Mixed Marriages TerminatedNumberPercentage of Mixed Marriages.MenWomen

186,6209,928

23.3

19,856958

4.82

"507451

6,188449

.077

.009

14415.03

7866

8,103,501

175,7429,939

21.7

19,8781,0675.36

'555512

7,419537

.091

.011

19818.55

12078


5. ILLEGITIMACY

Table V below shows that illegitimacy was much less frequent amongJews than among non-Jews. During 1920, 1921 and 1922 an average of8 children of every 100 children born in the country were born out ofwedlock. But among the Jews, an average of only 3 children per 100were illegitimate.

TABLE YILLEGITIMACY AMONG JEWS AND XON-JEWS, 1920-1922

Year

1920

1921

1922

Children Born

Total

258,751

255,453

249,279

Jews

8,440

7,776

7,312

Illegitimate Children

Number

Total Jews

20,768 288

18,822 i 260

IX,151 ' 214

Percent of TotalChildren

Total

8.

7.4

7.3

Jews

3.4

3.4

2.9

6. EDUCATION

Public education in Hungary comprises: (1) Infant schools; (2) ele-mentary schools; (3) middle or secondary schools; (4) preparatory andtraining institutions for infant-school teachers, elementary and higherschool teachers; (5) professional schools; and (6) universities. Theeducational institutions are maintained by the State, the comitats (ruralcommunes), the municipalities, foundations, private persons, and thereligious denominations.

A. PRIMARY EDUCATION.—Primary education comprises: (1) Elemen-tary schools; (2) high primary schools (completion courses) closelyassociated with the sixth class of the elementary school; (3) primary-agricultural schools, industrial and commercial apprentice schools; (4)the so-called "burgher" schools (Polgari iskolak) connected with thefourth class of the elementary school.

In 1919-1920, 1,040,623 children attended the institutions of primary-education, including 56,408 Jewish children, (5.4%); in 1920-1921, thenumbers were 1,115,327 and 58,160, (5.2%), respectively; and in 1921—1922, they were 1,256,606 and 59,402, (4.7%) respectively.

The vast majority of the Jewish children attended, during the yearsunder consideration, the elementary daily schools and the burgherschools. The percentage of Jews in the supplementary courses was smallbecause a greater number of Jewish children than of non-Jewish childrenwent to the high schools. (See Table \T B. below.)


In the years under consideration the Jews maintained a number ofdaily elementary schools, burgher schools, and a few supplementarycourses.

As in other countries, only a small number of the Jewish children inHungary attended Jewish schools—29% in 1919-1920, 31.4% in 1920-1921,and31%in 1921-1922. In the daily elementary schools only 41.1%attended the Jewish denominational schools in 1919-1920, 43.6% in1920-1921, and 45.2% in 1921-1922; while among the total populationas many as 64.3% attended the Christian denominational schools in1919-1920, 63.1% in 1920-1921, and 62.4% in 1921-1922. Still greaterwas the difference in the case of the burgher schools. Only 6.8% of thetotal number of Jewish children in the burgher schools attended thosemaintained by Jews in 1919—1920, but the proportion was much greaterin the two succeeding years—10.7% in 1920-1921, and 12.8% in 1921-1922; while among the total population the proportion attending theChristian denominational citizens' schools remained stationary, being16.5% in 1919-1920, 16.8% in 1920-1921, and 16.6% in 1921-1922.Of the remaining number of Jewish children in the daily elementaryschools, 46.8% attended the state, district and municipal schools in1919-1920, 44% in 1920-1921, and 42% in 1921-1922. (Only a smallnumber of Jews went during those years to private schools and to schoolsmaintained by foundations); while 12.1% of the total number of Jewishchildren in the elementary daily schools in 1919-1920, 12.4% in 1920-1921, and 12.8% in 1921-1922 attended schools maintained by theChristian denominations. On the other hand, since the denominationalschools are subsidized by the State, some Christian children attendedthe Jewish schools.

TABLE VIA

PRIMARY EDUCATION, 1919-1921

Schools

Teachers1

Pupils—Total...

Pupils—Jewish..

1919-1920

Total

10,092

21,030

1,040,623

56,408

Jewish

218

466

17,844

16,763

1920-1921

Total

10,981

22,928

1,115,327

58,160

Jewish

227

512

19,447

18,268

1921-1922

Total

12,077

24,527

1,256,606

59,492

Jewish

249

573

19,748

18,488

'Excluding teachers in Completion Courses, the number of which is not given.


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B. PRIMARY NORMAL SCHOOLS.—In 1919-1920, 1920-1921, and 1921-1922 the State and the religious denominations maintained normalschools for the training of teachers for the institutions of primary educa-tion and for the infants' homes. The Jews maintained only one normalschool, namely, a school for the training of men teachers in the primaryschools.

The table below shows that the number of Jewish students in the pri-mary normal schools steadily decreased in spite of the fact that theschools are not higher educational schools and are thus not subject tothe numerics clausus law of 1920. Noteworthy is also the fact that themajority of the public school teachers-to-be received their training atdenominational normal schools, the percentages being 59.8% in 1919-1920, 57.2% in 1920-1921, and 57.5% in 1921-1922.

TABLE VIIPRIMARY NORMAL SCHOOLS

Total, 1919-1920.

Total, 1920-1921Jewish . .

Total, 1921-1922

Pupils

Total

5,88447

3,518

5,97734

3 426

4,75035

2.705

Jews

1844759

1323448

1053533

Percentages

P.C.JewishPupils to

Total

3.1100.

1.7

2.2100.

1.4

2.2100.

1.2

Distributionby class of school

Total

100.

59.8

100.

57.2

100.

57.5

Jews

100.25.432.

100.25.736.3

100.32.432.4

C. SECONDARY EDUCATION.—Institutions for secondary educationinclude gymnasia, realschulen, and secondary schools for young girls. Boththe gymnasia and the realschulen are divided into senior schools and juniorschools. In addition, there are secondary schools^ of commerce to betreated under professional schools. In the years under review some ofthe secondary schools, especially the gymnasia, the realschulen and thesecondary schools for young girls, were maintained by the State or themunicipalities; other schools belonged to religious denominations, orwere private schools, but were under the supervision of the State; whilestill others were denominational and autonomous. In 1919-1920 theJews began to maintain one junior gymnasium (2 in 1921-1922) and oneschool for young girls, both under the supervision of the. State.


In the three years under consideration, the percentage of Jewish child-ren to the total enrollment was greatly out of proportion to the percent-age of Jews to the total population. In 1920, for example, Jews con-stituted 28.3% of the pupils in these schools, although only 5.9% of thetotal population. Since 1920-1921, this percentage has slightly butsteadily fallen.

It may be noted also that the percentage of Jews attending the varioussecondary schools differed from that of the total population. In 1919-1920, for instance, of the total number of 56,541 children attending thesecondary school 50.1% attended the gymnasia, 15.4% the realschulen,and 16.8% the schools for young girls; while among Jews the percentageswere 55.8%, 21.7%, and 22.5% respectively. The large number of Jew-ish girls attending the secondary schools for girls is especially note-worthy: 22.5% of the total among Jews as compared with 16.8% ofthe total among non-Jews.

TABLE VIII

SECONDARY EDUCATION

Pupils

Total Jews

P.C. JewishPupils to

Total

Distributionby class 'of school

Total

100.

16.8818.39

100.66.7

16.117.2

100.

67.5

15.117.4

Jews

100.55.8

.521.722.5

.5

100.54.9

1.21.223.9

1.4

100.

55.12.3

20.923.92.5

Total, 1919-1920GymnasiaJewishRealschulenSchools for Young GirlsJewish

Total, 1920-1921GymnasiaJewishRealschulenSchools for Young GirlsJewish

Total, 0921-1922

GymnasiaJewishRealschulenSchools for Young GirlsJewish

51,54133,358

838,7049,479

88

56,92737,991

1529,1409,796

194

56,005

37,804307

8,4459,756

329

15,9968,929

833,4653,602

88

14,2197,809

1523,0113,399

194

13,154

7,253307

2,7503,151

329

30.3326.77

100.39.838.

100.

24.920.5

100.32.934.7

100.

23.5

19.2100.32.632.3

100.


D. BACCALAUREATE EXAMINATIONS.—Table IX below gives the dataon the number of boys and of girls, during 1919-1920 to 1921-1922, whopassed the examinations required for admittance to higher institutionsof learning. In each of the years under consideration the Jews show ahigherfproportion of their youth passing the baccalaureate examinationsin comparison with the total population. In 1919-1920, for instance,26% of the successful graduates were Jews while the percentage of Jewsof the total population was but 5.9%. The proportion is even greateramong the girls. Of the total number of graduates in 1919-1920 amongthe total population there were 83.2% of boys and 16.8% of girls; whileamong Jews the per cents were 74.8% and 25.2% respectively.

TABLE IX

PERSONS PASSING THE BACCALAUREATE EXAMINATIONS

YearandSex

Total 1919-1920Boys.Girls

Total, 1920-1921BoysGirls

Total, 1921-1922 .

Girls

N o .

Total

4,0793,392

687

4,6973,885

812

4,5793,882

697

Jews

1,062795267

1,164866298

1,159890269

Per Cent

P.C. Jewsof Total

26.23.438.8

24.822.336.7

25.322.438.6

Distribution

Total

100.83.216.8

100.82.717.3

100.084.815.2

Jews

100.74.825.2

100.74.425.6

100.76.823.2

E. HIGHER EDUCATION.—In 1920-1921 higher education in Hungaryincluded the following institutions: a university at Budapest and auniversity at Debrecen. Pre-war Hungary included two more univer-sities, one at Szeged and one at Pecs. The latter institutions are nowlocated in territory no longer belonging to Hungary, but some depart-ments of those so-called "refugee universities" were removed to placesin Hungary and are still functioning. It will, therefore, be necessary toconsider the number of faculties or departments that functioned in thecountry in each one of the years under consideration. The Universityof Budapest had faculties of Roman Catholic theology, law, medicine,and philosophy, and courses in pharmacy. The university of Debrecenhad faculties of Calvinistic theology, law, and philosophy, as did also


the "refugee universities." In addition, the government controlled apolytechnical school at Pesth with sections in chemistry, architecture,mechanical engineering, and political economy; 3 academies of law: 1Roman Catholic, 1 Calvinist, and the third Lutheran; and 4 higherschools of theology: 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Calvinist, 1 Lutheran, and 1Jewish. Thus the country had faculties and schools of theology, law,medicine, philosophy and, since 1920-1921, political economy; onepolytechnicum; and courses in pharmacy.

The table below gives the data of higher education during the fouryears of 1918-1919 to 1921-1922. The year 1918-1919 is included witha view to showing the havoc which the Education Act of 1920 wroughtamong the Jewish students in the years that followed. At the end of1918-1919, the number of Jews who attended the institutions of higherlearning, was 6,719, or 36.4% of the total; but one year later, as a resultof the numerus clausus, the Jews numbered only 558, or 5.6% of thetotal. Since then the percentage of Jews increased to 12.1% in 1920-1921 and to 13.4% in 1921-1922. But in the latter year, although thetotal enrollment was 93.8% of that of 1918-1919, the number of Jewswas still but 34.5% of the number of Jews in 1918-1919.

Very instructive is the distribution of the Jewish students among thevarious departments and schools. In the year before the introductionof the numerus clausus, nearly 50% of the total number of Jewish studentsstudied medicine, 24.8% studied in the Polytechnicum, and 15.7% inthe law schools. After the introduction of the numerus clausus the per-centages were .5%, 75.6%, and 17.4% respectively in 1919-1920, be-coming normal again in the following years when they were 57.7%,16.6%, and 17.5% in 1920-1921; and 51.5%, 15.8%, and 20.6% in 1921-1922. Different was the distribution of the total number of students:in 1918-1919 the percentages were 35.4%, 23%, and 25.6% in medicine,law and technicum respectively; in 1919-1920, the year of numerusclausus, the percentages were quite out of the ordinary: 27.9% in med-icine, 20.3% in law, and 34.4% in the technicum. In the years that fol-lowed the percentages were 31.6%, 19.6%, and 27% respectively in1920-1921, and 29.7%, 21.1%, and 24.3% in 1921-1922. These fluctua-tions are traceable of course to the drastic reduction in the enrollmentof Jews.


TABLE X

NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWISH STUDENTS IN THE SCHOOLS

AND FACULTIES FOR HIGHER LEARNING AND IN THE JEWISH SCHOOL OF

THEOLOGY, SECOND SEMESTER OF 1918-1919 TO 1921-1922

Total, 1918-1919Theology

MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicum

Total, 1919-1920TheoJogvLaw.. .MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicum

Total, 1920-19?lTheology

MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicumPolitical Economy. . . .

Total, 1921-1922TheologyLaw.. . .MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicumPolitical Economy. . . .

Total

18,449554

4,2416,5262,104

2974,727

10,005524

2,0282,7871,107

1173,442

14,258708

2,7914,5031,304

2283,851

873

17,306797

3,6495,1321,391

3604,2031,774

Jews

6,71913

1,0563,336

524120

1,670

5585

973

247

422

1,7218

302994

7620

28635

2,31811

4781,194

13643

36690

Percentages

Jewsof

Total

36.423.524.951.124.940.435.3

5.6.9

4.8.1

2.26.

12.2

12.11.1

10.822.15.88.87.44.

13.41.4

13.123.3

9.811.98.75.1

Distribution

Total

100.3.

23.35.411.41.6

25.6

100.5.2

20.327.911.11.2

34.4

100.4.9

19.631.69.11.6

27.6.1

100.4.6

21.129.7

8.2.1

24.310.

Jews

100.7

15J49.6

7.81.8

24.«

100..9

17.4

4.31.2

75.6

100..5

11.557.74.41.2

16.62.

100..5

20.651.5

5.91.8

15.83.9


F. HIGHER NORMAL SCHOOLS.—The government and Christian ordersmaintain five higher normal schools for the training of teachers for sec-ondary schools and for secondary commercial schools. Those normalschools are located at Budapest and at Pannonhalma. (Pre-war Hun-gary had another one at Szeged.) The introduction of the numerusclausus has greatly cut down the number of Jewish students in theseschools. In 1918-1919 the percentage of Jews was 18.2% while in 1919-1920 it was 4.7%, falling still lower in the following years.

TABLE XI

HIGHER NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1918-1919 TO 1921-1922

1918-1919

1919-1920

1920-1921

1921-1922

Xo. of CandidatesSecond Semester

Total

400

362

318

377

Jews

73

17

6

11

Per CentJews

18.2

4.7

1.9

2.9

G. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING.—Professional training in Hungaryincludes training in agriculture; veterinary medicine; engineering, for-estry, and mining; industry and commerce; the arts; communications(railways and navigation); midwifery; and other professions taught atspecial schools and courses. The training in agriculture is given at fiveagricultural high schools and 21 other agricultural schools. The vastmajority of the Jewish students, in the years under consideration, attendedthe agricultural high schools. Hungary has one Royal Hungarian HigherSchool for Engineers, Foresters, and Mines and one veterinary school.The latter school, as far as statistics are available, does not classify itsstudents according to religion, and will, therefore, be omitted from thetable below. (The veterinary school had in 1919-1920, 40 teachers and101 students.) Training in industry and in commerce is given in 36 sec-ondary schools and in 20 industrial schools. The latter include 1 highschool for decorative art, and 7 special industrial schools for girls. Inaddition there were in 1919-1920, 95 special industrial courses with over10,000 pupils which, according to the published statistics, were not sub-divided in accordance with religion and therefore not included in thetable below.


In 1918-1919 a total of 40,421 students received training in the pro-fessional schools of the country, of whom 9,291 or 23% were Jews; in1919r1920 the Jews constituted 22% of the total; in 1920-1921, 18.7%;and in 1921-1922, 17.4%. The introduction of numerus clausus^ did notcut down the number of Jewish students to the degree that it did in theuniversities because most of the professional schools are not of collegiatestanding and the numerus clausus law was, therefore, not applicable tothem.

Very instructive is the distribution of the Jewish students among theprofessional schools. In 1918-1919 the Jews were most numerous in theindustrial and commercial schools, where they constituted 51.8% of thetotal number of Jewish students in all the schools. Then came the indus-trial schools with 43.1%, and the art schools with 3%. A similar con-dition prevailed in the years that followed the introduction of the num-erns clausus law.

TABLE XII

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 1918-1919 TO 1921-1922

Year, School and Courses

1918-1919Agriculture

Engineering, Forestry and

Industry and Commerce. . . .

Art

Special Schools and Courses.

Total

1919-1920



Art


Total

Number of Students

Total

1,678

205

13,114

3,349

77

18,423

1,409

126

11,579

2,503

85

190

83

15,975

Jews

152

22

4,811

284

3

5,272

21

4

3,977

238

11

3

4

4,258

]

P. C. ofJews toTotal

9.06

10.73

36.68

8.48

3.9

28.62

1.49

3.17

34.33

9.52

12.94

1.58

4.82

26.65

3ercentages

Distribution

Total

9.1

1.13

71.18

18.17

.42

100.

8.82

.79

72.5

15.66

.53

1.18

.52

100.

Jews

2.88

.42

91.25

5.38

.06

100.

.5

.09

93.4

5.59

.26

.07

.09

100.



Year, School and Courses

1920-1921Agriculture . . .



Art .

Midwifery . . .


Communal Administration. .

Total

1921-1922

Engineering, Forestry andMines

Industry 'and Commerce. . . .

Art

Communication..

Midwifery


Communal Administration. .

Total . . . .

Number of Students

Total

1,935

154

12,499

2,281

14

134

94

121

17,232

2,357

144

13,419

2,340

151

147

126

205

18,889

Jews

15

3,398

642

24

4,079

17

3,220

443

11

1

8

3,700

P. C. ofJews toTotal

.78

27.82

28.15

25.53

23.67

.72

24.02

18.93

7.28

.7

6.35

19.58

'ercentages

Distribution

Total

11.23

.89

72.53

13.23

.06

.78

.55

.70

100.

12.47

.76

71.04

12.39

.80

.78

.67

1.09

100.

Jews

.37

83.30

15.73

.59

100.

.45

87.08

11.97

.29

.21

100.


H. PHILANTHROPIC SCHOOLS.—In addition to the pupils who receivedtheir education in the primary schools, high schools, professional schools,etc., there were pupils who received instruction in institutions describedas of a philanthropic character. These institutions included, in 1919-1920 and 1920-1921, orphanages and institutions for the blind, deaf-mutes, and the insane. The institutions were maintained either by theState, the comitats, the cities, foundations and private persons, or by thevarious religious denominations. In addition there were State homes forinfants, institutions of the National League for the Protection of Infants,houses of charity, and correctional homes. Of the latter category ofinstitutions the most important were the homes maintained by the State.In 1919-1920, for example, of the 37,281 children, 35,868 were found inthe State homes. The Jewish children also were mostly in the Statehomes; of the 2,851 Jewish children in such homes, in 1919-1920, 2,737were in the State homes.

The table below shows that in 1919-1920 the number of Jewish pupilsin the philanthropic institutions was 3,021 or 7.9% of the total, a per-centage out of proportion to the ratio of Jews to the total population.

TABLE XIIIINSTITUTIONS OF A PHILANTHROPIC CHARACTER, 1919-1920 AND

1921-1922

Total, 1919-1920

Institutions for the Blind. . .Institutions for Deaf Mutes.Institutions for the Insane...Homes

Total, 1920-1921... .

OrphanagesInstitutions for the Blind. . .Institutions for Deaf Mutes.Institutions for the Insane...

Total, 1921-1922

Institutions for the Blind . . .Institutions for Deaf Mutes.Institutions for the Insane...

Pupils at Endof Year

Total

40,480

2,055353453338

37,281

40,086

2,029289612378

36,778

41,969

1,873323739443

38,591

Jews

3,211

168218289

2,851

3,077

21326

10088

2,650

3,174

10023

11425

2,912

Percentages

Jews toTotal

7.9

8.25.9

18.126.3

7.6

7.7

10.59.

16.323.3

7.2

7.5

5.37.1

15.45.67.5

Dist. of Children

Total

100.

5.1.9

1.1.8

92.1

100.

5..7

1.5.9

91.7

100.

4.4.8

1.71.1

92.

Jews

100.

5.2.6

2.52.8

88.8

100.

6.9.8

3.22.8

86.1

100.

3.1.7

3.6.8

91.7


I. ILLITERACY.—A number of the tables given above show that pro-portionally more Jews than non-Jews attended the public, high, andprofessional schools, and the institutions for higher learning. The tablebelow shows one of the results of the educational effort of the Jews,namely, the lower percentage of illiteracy among the Jews than amongthe total population. In 1920, the census year, 11.6% of the total numberof Jews, 6 years and over, were illiterate, while among the total num-ber of persons, six years and over, enumerated in that year, double thatproportion were illiterate. In the following table, the larger proportion(93.3%) of persons 6 years of age and older among Jews than in the totalpopulation (90.09%) should be noted; it reflects the lower birth-rateprevailing among the Jews of Hungary, already referred to above.

TABLE XIVILLITERACY, 1920

Total

Jews

Population

Number

7,980,143

473,310

Persons 6 yrs. ofage and over

Number

7,189,272

441,306

%

90.09

93.23

Illiterates

Number

1,881,586

51,503

%

26.2

11.6

7. JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND RABBIS

The table below gives the number of Jewish communities. During1919-1922 the number of the "Mother" communities, or principal com-munities, remained stationary. On the other hand the number of auxil-iary, small communities, decreased until 1922 when it showed an increase.Similarly in the case of the rabbis. The number of the principal rabbisdid not decrease while the number of the associate rabbis and teachersof religion decreased yearly until 1922 when it showed an increase.

TABLE XVJEWISH RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES, 1919-1922

Number

1919 1920 1921 1922

Incr. or Deer.Per Cent

1920 1921 1922

Communities

Primary

Secondary

Rabbis and Associates..

Rabbis

Associates and Mastersof Religion

769

262

507

642

174

468

727

261

466

515

162

353

650

261

389

462

176

286

659

261

398

496

175

321

— 5.46

— .38

— 8.08

—19.79

— 6.89

—24.57

—10.6 + 1.39

—16.52

—10.3

+ 8.64

—13.26

+ .23

+ 8.06

— .55

+ 12.24


8. CONVERSION AND APOSTASY

The table below gives the data on apostasy. In 1919, evidently as aresult of the terrible persecutions, as many as 7,146 Jews abandoned theirreligion and only the small number of 137 non-Jews embraced the Jewishreligion. The number of apostasies fell to 1,925 in the following yearand decreased to 499 two years later. Conversely, the number of con-versions to the Jewish religion steadily increased until it reached 340in 1922.

TABLE XVICONVERSION AND APOSTASY

Men

Men >

Surplus of apostasies over conversions

MenWomen

Number

1920

168

66102

1,925

1,096829

1,757

1,030727

1921

243

83160

827

398429

584

315269

1922

340

137203

499

227272

159

9069

Incr. or Deer.

Per Cent1921

+44.64

+25.76•+56.86

—57.04

—63.68—48.25

—66.76

—69.42—63.

1922

+39.92

+65.06+26.87

—39.66

—42.96—36.60

—72.77

—71.43—74.35

9. CRIME

Statistics of criminals according to religion are available only for 1921and 1922. The table below shows that the total number of Jews foundguilty of crimes was 3.1% and 3.4% of the total, while the 1920 censusshows the per cent of the Jews as 5.9 of the total

Noteworthy is the variation shown by the Jewish people in the dis-tribution of the crimes between the sexes. Among the total population,per cents of men and women were 71% and 29% respectively; whileamong Jews they were 72.9% and 27.1% respectively.

TABLE XVIIPERSONS FOUND GUILTY OF CRIMES AND PERSONS WHO CONFESSED,

J021 AND 1922

1921

Men

1922

Women

Total

33,951

24,1129,839

46,783

34,11512,668

Jews

1,077

823254

1,612

1,281331

Per Cent

of Jewsto Total

3.1

3.42.6

3.4

3.762.61

Men and Women

Total

100.00

71.29.

100.00

72.927.1

Jews

100.00

78.221.8

100.0

79.4620.54

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