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Transcript of Statistics in bioequivalence Didier Concordet [email protected] NATIONAL VETERINARY S C H O O L T...
Statistics in bioequivalence
Didier [email protected]
NATIONALVETERINARYS C H O O L
T O U L O U S E
May 4-5 2004
2
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
3
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
4
Parametric ?may 4-5 2004
A statistical property of the distribution of data
All data are drawn from distribution that can be completely described by a finite number of parameters (refer to sufficiency)
ExampleThe ln AUC obtained in a dog for a formulation is a figure drawn from a N(m, ²)
The parameters m, ² defined the distribution of AUC (its ln) that can be observed in this dog.
5
Non parametric ?may 4-5 2004
The distribution of data is not defined by a finite number of parameters. It is defined by its shape, number of modes, regularity…..The number of parameters used to estimate the distribution with n data increases with n.
PracticallyThese distributions have no specific name.
The goal of a statistical study is often to show that some distributions are/(are not) different.It suffice to show that a parameter that participate to the distribution description (eg the median) is not the same for the compared distributions.
6
Parametric : normalitymay 4-5 2004
Usually, the data are assumed to be drawn from a (mixture) of gaussian distribution(s) up to a monotone transformation
Example :The ln AUC obtained in a dog for a formulation is drawn from a N(3.5, 0.5²) distributionThe monotone transformation is the logarithmThe ln AUC obtained in another dog for the same formulation is drawn from a N(3.7, 0.5²) distribution
The distribution of the data that are observable on these 2 dogsis a mixture of the N(3.5, 0.5²) and N(3.7, 0.5²) distributions
7
Parametric methodsmay 4-5 2004
• Methods designed to analyze data from parametric distributions• Standard methods work with 3 assumptions (detailed after)
• homoscedasticity• independence• normality
Practically for bioequivalence studies
AUC and CMAX : parametric methods
8
Non-parametric methodsmay 4-5 2004
• Used when parametric methods cannot be used (e.g. heteroscedasticity)• Usually less powerful than their parametric counterparts (it is more difficult to show bioeq. when it holds)• Lie on assumptions on the shape, number of modes, regularity…..
Practically for bioequivalence studies
The distribution of (ln) TMAX is assumed to be symmetrical
9
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
10
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
11
Transformations of parametersmay 4-5 2004
DataParametric
methodsAssumptions ?
yes
Transformation
no
yes
Non parametricmethods
no
12
Three fundamental assumptionsmay 4-5 2004
HomoscedasticityThe variance of the dependent variable is constant ; it does not vary with independent variables : formulation, animal, period.
IndependenceThe random variables implied in the analysis are independent.
NormalityThe random variables implied in the analysis are normally distributed
13
Fundamental assumptions : homoscedasticity
may 4-5 2004
HomoscedasticityThe variance of the dependent variable is constant, does not vary with independent variables : formulation, animal, period.
Example :Parallel group design, 2 groups, 10 dogs by groupGroup 1 : Reference Group 2 : Test
AU
C
Ref Test
Ln
AU
C
Ref Test
14
Fundamental assumptions : homoscedasticity
may 4-5 2004
Homoscedasticity• Maybe the most important assumption• Analysis of variance is not robust to heteroscedasticity• More or less easy to check in practice :
- graphical inspection of data (residuals)- multiple comparisons of variance (Cochran, Bartlett, Hartley…). These tests are not very powerful
• Crucial for the bioequivalence problem : the width of the confidence interval mainly depends on the quality of estimation of the variance.
15
Fundamental assumptions : Independence
may 4-5 2004
Independence (important)• The random variables implied in the analysis are independent.• In a parallel group : the (observations obtained on) animals are independent. • In a cross-over :
the animals are independent. the difference of observations obtained in each animals with the different formulations are independent.
In practice :Difficult to checkHas to be assumed
16
Fundamental assumptions : Normality
may 4-5 2004
Normality • The random variables implied in the analysis are normally distributed.• In a parallel group : the observations of each formulation come from a gaussian distribution. • In a cross-over :
- the "animals" effect is assumed to be gaussian (we are working on a sample of animals)
- the observations obtained in each animal for each formulation are assumed to be normally distributed.
17
Fundamental assumptions : Normality
may 4-5 2004
Normality • Not important in practice
when the sample size is large enough, the central limit theorem protects uswhen the sample size is small, the tests use to detect non normality are not powerful (they do not detect non normality)
• The analysis of variance is robust to non normality• Difficult to check :
- graphical inspection of the residuals : Pplot (probability plot)
- Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-Square test…
18
In practice for bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Log transformationAUC : to stabilise the variance
to obtain a the symmetric distributionCMAX : to stabilise the variance
to obtain a the symmetric distributionTMAX (sometimes) : to obtain a the symmetric distribution
usually heteroscedasticity remainsWithout transformation
TMAX (sometimes)usually heteroscedasticity
19
The ln transformation : side effectmay 4-5 2004
If ),(~ln 2mNX
22
2
2
2
1)(
~)(
m
m
eeXVar
eXE
m is the pop. mean of lnX is the pop. median of X
1)(2
eXCV
After a logarithmic transformationbioequivalence methods compares the median (not the mean) of the parameters obtained with each formulation
20
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
21
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
22
Parallel and Cross-over designsmay 4-5 2004
parallel
Test
Ref. Seq
uenc
e 1
2
Period1 2
22 Cross-over
23
Parallel vs Cross-over designmay 4-5 2004
Advantages Drawbacks
Parallel
Cross-over
Easy to organiseEasy to analyseEasy to interpret
Comparison is carried-outbetween animals:not very powerful
Comparison is carried-outwithin animals:powerful
Difficult to organisePossible unequal carry-overDifficult to analyse
24
Analysis of parallel and cross-over designs
may 4-5 2004
• To check whether or not the assumptions (especially homoscedasticity) hold• To check there is no carry-over (cross-over design)• To obtain a good estimate for
the mean of each formulationthe variance of interest
between subjects for the parallel designwithin subject for the cross-over
Why ?
• To assess bioequivalence (student t-test or Fisher test)
NO
25
Why ?may 4-5 2004
H 0 : |T - R| >
H 1 : |T - R|
Classical hypotheses for student t-test and Fisher test (ANOVA)
T and R population mean for test
and reference formulation respectively
Hypotheses for the bioequivalence test
H 0 : T = R
H 1 : T R
bioequivalence
bioinequivalence
26
Analysis of parallel designsmay 4-5 2004
Step 1 : Check (at least graphically) homoscedasticity
Step 2 : Estimate the mean for each formulation, estimate the between subjects variance.
Transformation ?
27
0
50
100
150
200
250
AU
C
Examplemay 4-5 2004
AUC78.867.548.614.659.995.951.542.023.537.036.743.6198.570.433.127.150.126.938.3120.9
Test Ref
Tes
tR
ef
6.610ˆ 2 T
3.3008ˆ 2 R
Variances comparison : P = 0.026 Heteroscedasticity
28
1
10
100
1000
AU
C
Example on log transformed data may 4-5 2004
Test Ref
Tes
tR
ef
320.0ˆ 2 T
434.0ˆ 2 R
Variances comparison : P = 0.66 Homoscedasticity
ln AUC4.374.213.882.684.094.563.943.743.163.613.603.775.294.253.503.303.913.293.644.80
29
Examplemay 4-5 2004
Tes
tR
ef
320.0ˆ 2 T
434.0ˆ 2 R
Pooled variance
825.3TX
937.3RX
2
ˆ)1(ˆ)1(ˆ
222
RT
RRTT
nn
nn
377.021010
434.0)110(320.0)110(ˆ 2
ln AUC4.374.213.882.684.094.563.943.743.163.613.603.775.294.253.503.303.913.293.644.80
30
Another way to proceed : ANOVAmay 4-5 2004
Write an ANOVA model to analyse data useless here but useful to understand cross-overln AUC
4.374.213.882.684.094.563.943.743.163.613.603.775.294.253.503.303.913.293.644.80
Yij = ln AUC for the ith animal that received formulation i
Notations
formulation 1 = Test, formulation 2 = Ref
i = 1..2 ; j = 1..10Yij = µ + Fi + ij
y11=4.37µ = population meanFi = effect of the ith formulationij = indep random effects assumed to be drawn from N(0,²)
31
Effects coding used for categorical variables in model. Categorical values encountered during processing are:FORMUL$ (2 levels) Ref, Test Dep Var: LN_AUC N: 20 Multiple R: 0.095661810 Squared multiple R: 0.009151182
Analysis of VarianceSource Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio P FORMUL$ 0.062709687 1 0.062709687 0.166242589 0.688281535 Error 6.789922946 18 0.377217941
Least squares means LS Mean SE N FORMUL$ =Ref 3.936724342 0.194220993 10
FORMUL$ =Test 3.824733550 0.194220993 10
Another way to proceed : ANOVAmay 4-5 2004
TX
RX2̂
Does not give any information about bioeq
32
Analysis of cross-over designsmay 4-5 2004
• Step 1 : Write the model to analyse the cross-over
• Step 3 : Check the absence of a carry-over effect
Transformation ?
Difficult to analyse by hand, especially when the experimental design is unbalanced. Need of a model to analyse data.
• Step 2 : Check (at least graphically) homoscedasticity
• Step 4 : Estimate the mean for each formulation, estimate the within (intra) subjects variance.
33
A model for the 22 crossover design
may 4-5 2004
Seq
uenc
e 1
Tes
t + R
efS
eque
nce
2R
ef +
Tes
t
PER 1 PER 278.8 125.367.5 94.648.6 66.314.6 26.959.9 82.695.9 91.851.5 72.442.0 74.323.5 41.737.0 58.236.7 24.943.6 42.5198.5 99.870.4 49.733.1 12.627.1 9.150.1 22.026.9 9.038.3 10.6120.9 67.3
AUClkjijljikjiljikji SANPSFAUC ,,,),(),,(,,
AUCij,k(i,j),l = AUC for the lth animal of the seq. j when it received formulation i at period k(i,j)
Notations
formulation 1 = Test, formulation 2 = Ref
i = 1..2 ; j = 1..,2 ; k(1,1) = 1 ; k(1,2) = 2 ; k(2,1) = 2 ; k(2,2) = 1 ; l=1..10
34
A model for the 22 crossover design
may 4-5 2004
lkjijljikjiljikji SANPSFAUC ,,,),(),,(,,
Y1,1,1,1=78.8
µ = population meanFi = effect of the ith formulation
Sj = effect of the jth sequence
Pk(i,j) = effect of the kth period
Anl|Sj = random effect of the lth animal of sequence j,
they are assumed independent distrib according a N(0,²)i,j,k,l = indep random effects assumed to be drawn from N(0,²)
35
Homoscedasticity ?may 4-5 2004
02040
6080
100120
140160
av
era
ge
AU
C/a
nim
al
Seq. 1 Seq. 2
Anl|Sj = assumed independent distrib according a N(0,²)In particular : Var(An|S1)=Var(An|S2)
Average AUC102.081.057.420.871.393.962.058.232.647.630.843.0149.260.022.918.136.018.024.494.1
Seq
uenc
e 1
Seq
uenc
e 2
Comparison of interindividual variances P = 0.038Usually this test is not powerful
36
Homoscedasticity ?may 4-5 2004
lkji ,,,̂
0 50 100 150 200ESTIMATE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
RE
SID
UA
L
jljikji SNAPSF ˆˆˆˆˆ ),(
i,j,k,l = indep random effects assumed to be drawn from N(0,²)
37
After a ln tranformation...may 4-5 2004
Seq
uenc
e 1
Tes
t + R
efS
eque
nce
2R
ef +
Tes
t
ln AUC PER 1 PER 24.37 4.834.21 4.553.88 4.192.68 3.294.09 4.414.56 4.523.94 4.283.74 4.313.16 3.733.61 4.063.60 3.213.77 3.755.29 4.604.25 3.913.50 2.543.30 2.203.91 3.093.29 2.203.64 2.364.80 4.21
lkjijljikjiljikji SANPSFAUC ,,,),(),,(,,ln
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
aver
age
ln A
UC
/ani
mal
Comparison of interindividual variances P = 0.137
Seq. 1 Seq. 22 3 4 5 6
ESTIMATE
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
RE
SID
UA
LHomoscedasticity seems reasonable
38
ANOVA tablemay 4-5 2004
Effects coding used for categorical variables in model.Categorical values encountered during processing are:FORMUL$ (2 levels) Ref, TestPERIOD (2 levels) 1, 2SEQUENCE (2 levels) 1, 2ANIMAL (20 levels) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Dep Var: LN_AUC N: 40 Multiple R: 0.978999514 Squared multiple R: 0.958440048Analysis of Variance
Source Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio P FORMUL$ 3.077972446 1 3.077972446 6.06297E+01 0.000000526PERIOD 0.293816162 1 0.293816162 5.787574765 0.027801823SEQUENCE 1.987295663 1 1.987295663 3.91456E+01 0.000008686ANIMAL(SEQUENCE) 1.34946E+01 18 0.749700010 1.47676E+01 0.000000479 Error 0.863034164 18 0.050766716
Least squares means LS Mean SE N FORMUL$ =Ref 4.077673811 0.050381899 20 FORMUL$ =Test 3.507676363 0.053107185 20
Does not give any information about bioeq
39
Period effectmay 4-5 2004
• Does not invalidate a crossover design
• Does affect in the same way the 2 formulations
• Origin : environment, equal carry-over
Period effect significant
40
ANOVA tablemay 4-5 2004
Effects coding used for categorical variables in model.Categorical values encountered during processing are:FORMUL$ (2 levels) Ref, TestPERIOD (2 levels) 1, 2SEQUENCE (2 levels) 1, 2ANIMAL (20 levels) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Dep Var: LN_AUC N: 40 Multiple R: 0.978999514 Squared multiple R: 0.958440048Analysis of Variance
Source Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio P FORMUL$ 3.077972446 1 3.077972446 6.06297E+01 0.000000526PERIOD 0.293816162 1 0.293816162 5.787574765 0.027801823SEQUENCE 1.987295663 1 1.987295663 3.91456E+01 0.000008686ANIMAL(SEQUENCE) 1.34946E+01 18 0.749700010 1.47676E+01 0.000000479 Error 0.863034164 18 0.050766716
Least squares means LS Mean SE N FORMUL$ =Ref 4.077673811 0.050381899 20 FORMUL$ =Test 3.507676363 0.053107185 20
Does not give any information about bioeq
41
Sequence effect : carryover effectmay 4-5 2004
Differential carryover effect significant ?
lkjijljikjiljikji SANPSFAUC ,,,),(),,(,,ln
• For all statistical softwares, the only random variables of a model are the residuals • The ANOVA table is built assuming that all other effects are fixed
However
We are working on a sample of animals
Independent random variables
42
Testing the carryover effectmay 4-5 2004
Analysis of VarianceSource Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio P FORMUL$ 3.077972446 1 3.077972446 6.06297E+01 0.000000526PERIOD 0.293816162 1 0.293816162 5.787574765 0.027801823SEQUENCE 1.987295663 1 1.987295663 3.91456E+01 0.000008686ANIMAL(SEQUENCE) 1.34946E+01 18 0.749700010 1.47676E+01 0.000000479 Error 0.863034164 18 0.050766716
The test for the carryover (sequence) effect has to be corrected
Test for effect called: SEQUENCETest of Hypothesis Source SS df MS F P Hypothesis 1.987295663 1 1.987295663 2.650787831 0.120875160 Error 1.34946E+01 18 0.749700010
The good P value
43
Testing the carryover effectmay 4-5 2004
• The test for a carryover effect should be declared
significant when P<0.1
• In the previous example P=0.12 : the carryover
effect is not significant
44
How to interpret the (differential) carryover effect ?
may 4-5 2004
• A carryover effect is the effect of the drug
administrated at a previous period (pollution).
• In a 22 crossover, it is differential when it is not
the same for the sequence TR and RT.
• A non differential carryover effect translates into a
period effect
• It is confounded with the groups of animalsconsequently a poor randomisation can be wrongly interpreted as a carryover effect
45
What to do if the carryover effect is significant ?
may 4-5 2004
• The kinetic parameters obtained in period 2 are
unequally polluted by the treatment administrated at
period 1.
• In a 22 crossover, it is not possible to estimate the
pollution
• When the carryover effect is significant the data of
period 2 should be discarded.
In such a case, the design becomes a parallel group
design.
46
How to avoid a carryover effect ?may 4-5 2004
• Its origin is a too short washout period
• The washout period should be taken long enough
to ensure that no drug is present at the next period
of the experiment
47
ANOVA tablemay 4-5 2004
Effects coding used for categorical variables in model.Categorical values encountered during processing are:FORMUL$ (2 levels) Ref, TestPERIOD (2 levels) 1, 2SEQUENCE (2 levels) 1, 2ANIMAL (20 levels) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Dep Var: LN_AUC N: 40 Multiple R: 0.978999514 Squared multiple R: 0.958440048Analysis of Variance
Source Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio P FORMUL$ 3.077972446 1 3.077972446 6.06297E+01 0.000000526PERIOD 0.293816162 1 0.293816162 5.787574765 0.027801823SEQUENCE 1.987295663 1 1.987295663 3.91456E+01 0.000008686ANIMAL(SEQUENCE) 1.34946E+01 18 0.749700010 1.47676E+01 0.000000479 Error 0.863034164 18 0.050766716
Least squares means LS Mean SE N FORMUL$ =Ref 4.077673811 0.050381899 20 FORMUL$ =Test 3.507676363 0.053107185 20
P0.120875160
Does not give any information about bioeq
Inter animalsvariability
2̂
TX
RX
48
Balance sheetmay 4-5 2004
• The fundamental assumptions hold
• There is no carryover (crossover design)
• Estimate the mean for each formulation, estimate the
between (parallel) or within (crossover) subjects variance.
2̂TX RX
49
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
50
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
51
Additive bioequivalence test of hypotheses
may 4-5 2004
H 0 : T - R < or T - R >
H 1 : T - R
T and R population mean for test and reference formulation
respectively
Additive hypotheses for the bioequivalence test
bioequivalence
bioinequivalence
[1 ; 2] Absolute equivalence interval
52
Multiplicative bioequivalence test of hypotheses
21 or R
T
R
T
may 4-5 2004
H 0 :
H 1 :
T and R population median for test and reference
formulation respectively
Multiplicative hypotheses for the bioequivalence test
bioequivalence
bioinequivalence
[1 ; 2] Relative equivalence interval where 0< 1 <1< 2 (eg [0.8 ; 1.25])
21 R
T
53
Multiplicative bioequivalence test of hypotheses
211
210
:
or :
R
T
R
T
R
T
H
H
may 4-5 2004
Multiplicative hypotheses for the bioequivalence test
211
210
ln lnlnln:
lnlnlnor lnlnln:
RT
RTRT
H
H
bioequivalence
bioinequivalence
become additive after a ln transformation
54
The two one-sided tests (Schuirman)may 4-5 2004
Additive hypotheses for the bioequivalence test
bioequivalence
H 0 : T - R < or T - R >
H 1 : T - R
H 0 : T - R <
H 1 : T - R
H 0 : T - R >
H 1 : T - R
First one-sided test second one-sided test
Bioequivalence when the 2 tests reject H0
55
Decision rules for the two one-sided tests procedure
may 4-5 2004
1
2
1
11ˆ
df
RT
RT t
nnA
XX
First one-sided test
H 0 : T - R <
H 1 : T - R
Reject H0 if
Where is the consumer risk (risk to wrongly conclude to bioequivalence)df is the degree of freedom of the variance and are estimates of µR and µT respectively
2̂TXRX
1dft 1
dft
A = 1 for parallel 0.5 for 22 crossover
56
Decision rules for the two one-sided tests procedure
may 4-5 2004
Reject H0 if
1
2
2
11ˆ
)(df
RT
RT t
nnA
XXH 0 : T - R >
H 1 : T - R
Second one-sided testWhere is the consumer risk (risk to wrongly conclude to bioequivalence)df is the degree of freedom of the variance and are estimates of µR and µT respectively
2̂TXRX
1dft 1
dft
A = 1 for parallel 0.5 for 22 crossover
57
Same procedure with confidence intervals
may 4-5 2004
Build a 1-2 (90% for a consumer risk = 5%)
confidence interval for T - R
RTdfRT
RTdfRT nn
AtXXnn
AtXX11
ˆ;11
ˆ 2121
Conclude to bioequivalence (with a risk ) if this interval is totally included in the equivalence interval [1 ; 2]
A = 1 for parallel 0.5 for 22 crossover
58
Same procedure with confidence intervals
may 4-5 2004
Build a 1- (95% for the drug company risk = 5%)
confidence interval for T - R
RTdfRT
RTdfRT nn
AtXXnn
AtXX11
ˆ;11
ˆ 22/122/1
Conclude to bioinequivalence (with a risk ) if this interval has no common point with the equivalence interval [1 ; 2]
A = 1 for parallel 0.5 for 22 crossover
59
Confidence intervals : summarymay 4-5 2004
1 2
Equivalence interval
90% CI Bioequivalence (=5%)
1- CI Bioinequivalence ()
1- CIBioinequivalence ()
No conclusion No conclusion
60
An example
.251ln lnln8.0ln:
25.1lnlnlnor 8.0lnlnln:
1
0
RT
RTRT
H
H
.251 8.0:
25.1or 8.0:
1
0
R
T
R
T
R
T
H
H
may 4-5 2004
Seq
uenc
e 1
Seq
uenc
e 2
ln AUC PER 1 PER 24.37 4.834.21 4.553.88 4.192.68 3.294.09 4.414.56 4.523.94 4.283.74 4.313.16 3.733.61 4.063.60 3.213.77 3.755.29 4.604.25 3.913.50 2.543.30 2.203.91 3.093.29 2.203.64 2.364.80 4.21
lkjijljikjiljikji SANPSFAUC ,,,),(),,(,,ln
Homoscedasticity seems reasonableNo (differential) carryover effect
0.0508ˆ 2 3.51TX 08.4RX
nT=10 ; nR=10 ; df = nT+nR -2 = 18 734.195.018 t
61
An examplemay 4-5 2004
TX RXand respectively estimate ln µT and ln µR
90 % confidence interval for ln µT - ln µR
44.0;69.010
1
10
10508.05.0734.108.451.3;
10
1
10
10508.05.0734.108.451.3
11ˆ5.0;
11ˆ5.0 2121
RTdfRT
RTdfRT nn
tXXnn
tXX
90 % confidence interval for ln µT - ln µR = [-0.69 ; -0.44] is not totally included within the (ln transformed) equivalence interval =
[ln 0.8 ; ln 1.25] = [-0.223 ; +0.223],Cannot conclude to bioequivalence
62
An examplemay 4-5 2004
90 % confidence interval for = [exp(-0.69) ;exp(-0.44)]
=[0.50 ; 0.64] is not totally included within the equivalence
interval = [0.8 ; 1.25]
Cannot conclude to bioequivalence
Conclude to bioinequivalence (risk<10%)
Actually, the 90 % confidence interval has no common point
with the equivalence interval
R
T
63
What is implicitly assumedmay 4-5 2004
The model can be written in an additive way via the ln transformation
211
210
:
or :
R
T
R
T
R
T
H
H
Assume that the question is formulated in a multiplicative way
bioequivalence
bioinequivalence
It is implicitly assumed that the PK parameters (eg AUC) has to be ln transformed to meet the 3 fundamental assumptions
211
210
ln lnlnln:
lnlnlnor lnlnln:
RT
RTRT
H
H
This question translates in an additive way via the ln transformation
64
What is implicitly assumed
R
T
RT lnln
may 4-5 2004
What to do when the PK parameter (eg AUC) does meet the 3 fundamental assumptions without ln transformation ?
TX RXand respectively estimate µT and µR
butR
T
X
Xdoes not estimate
RT XX lnln does not estimate
Another method is needed to build the 90 % confidence interval of
R
T
65
Confidence interval for µT/µR
2̂
95.0dft
may 4-5 2004
TX RXand respectively estimate µT and µR
estimate the between (parallel) or within (crossover) subjects variance
Critical value of a student distribution with df degrees of freedom
df degree of freedom for
Solve the second degree equation
0ˆ
2ˆ 2
95.022
95.022
TdfTTR
RdfR n
AtXXXx
n
AtXx
A = 1 for parallel 0.5 for 22 crossover
66
Second degree equation
RdfR
TdfT
RdfRTRTR
RdfR
TdfT
RdfRTRTR
TdfTTR
RdfR
nA
tX
nA
tXn
AtXXXXX
x
nA
tX
nA
tXn
AtXXXXX
x
n
AtXXXx
n
AtXx
295.02
295.02
295.0222
2
295.02
295.02
295.0222
1
295.02
295.022
ˆ
ˆˆ
ˆ
ˆˆ
0ˆ
2ˆ
may 4-5 2004
The two solutions x1, x2 give the 90% confidence interval [x1 ; x2 ]
67
Example : parallel groups design
78.867.548.614.659.995.951.542.023.537.036.743.6
114.470.433.127.150.158.585.495.4
may 4-5 2004AUC
Tes
tR
ef
60.610ˆ 2 T
55.851ˆ 2 R
Variances comparison : P = 0.62
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
AU
C
Test Ref
06.73118
55.851960.6109ˆ 2
51.93TX 46.61RX
68
Example
734.195.018 t
may 4-5 2004
090.256961.638309.3651
0ˆ
2ˆ
2
295.02
295.022
xx
ntXXXx
ntXx
TdfTTR
RdfR
nR =10 ; nT = 10
x1 =0.63 ; x2 = 1.12
The 90% confidence interval of µT/µR is [0.63 ; 1.12]
This interval is not totally included in the equivalence interval [0.8 ; 1.25]
Cannot conclude to bioequivalence (lack of power ?)
69
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
70
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
71
Sample size in bioequivalence trials
may 4-5 2004
The sample size is only an issue for the drug company
Small sample size
unable to prove bioequivalence
Sample size calculation useful to design the experiment
72
• The hypotheses to be tested
• The equivalence interval : [1, 2]
• The experimental design : parallel or crossover
• The consumer risk ( = 5%) risk to wrongly conclude to bioeq• The drug company risk ( = 20% ?) risk to wrongly conclude to
bioineq or of no conclusion• A ln transformation will be required ?• An estimate of (inter individual for parallel, intra for crossover)• An idea about the true value of µT/µR (or µT-µR)
What one need to know to determine the sample size ?
21 RT
21 R
T
may 4-5 2004
additive
multiplicative
2
73
• The hypotheses to be tested
• The equivalence interval : [, 1.25]
• The experimental design : crossover (22) with the same number of animals per sequence N
• The consumer risk ( = 5%)• The drug company risk ( = 20%)
• A ln transformation is required• An estimate of (intra for the log transformed data)• An idea about the true value of µT/µR
The most common situation
25.18.0 R
T
may 4-5 2004
multiplicative
2
74
The most common situationmay 4-5 2004
• An estimate of : intra for the log transformed data
• An idea about the true value of µT/µR
It remains to know2
1)(2
eXCV
We have already seen that if ),(~ln 2mNX
then
Different scenarios for CV and µT/µR can be simulated
75
Sample sizemay 4-5 2004
µT/µR
CV % 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.205.0% 12 6 4 4 4 6 8 227.5% 22 8 6 6 6 8 12 4410.0% 36 12 8 6 8 10 20 7612.5% 54 16 10 8 10 14 30 11815.0% 78 22 12 10 12 20 42 168
Number of animal per sequence for a 22 crossover, log transformation, equivalence interval : [0.8, 1.25], =5%, = 20%
76
More generallymay 4-5 2004
• The hypotheses to be tested
• The equivalence interval : [1, 2]
• The experimental design : crossover
• The consumer risk () risk to wrongly conclude to bioeq• The drug company risk () risk to wrongly conclude to
bioineq or of no conclusion• A ln transformation is required• An estimate of CV %• An idea about the true value of µT/µR
21 R
T
77
More generallymay 4-5 2004
Iterative procedure; N = number of animals per sequence
• if µT/µR=1 2
21
2122
122 ln;lnmax
CV
ttN NN
• if 1<µT/µR<2
2
2
2122
122 /lnln
RTNN
CVttN
• if 1<µT/µR<
2
1
2122
122 /lnln
RTNN
CVttN
D. Hauschke & coll. Sample size determination for bioequivalence assessment using a multiplicative model. J. Pharmacokin. Biopharm. 20:557-561 (1992)
K.F. Phillips. Power of the two one-sided tests procedure in bioequivalence. J. Pharmacokin. Biopharm. 18:137-144 (1990)
For additive hypotheses
78
Statistics in bioequivalencemay 4-5 2004
Parametric or non-parametric ?
Transformation of parameters
Experimental design : parallel and crossover
Confidence intervals and bioequivalence
Sample size in bioequivalence trialsSynthesis e
xercise
79
Exercisemay 4-5 2004
You have to design a bioequivalence trial for a generic of a reference formulation.This trial should allow to check if 25.1 8.0
R
G
where µG and µR are the median for the generic and the referenceformulation respectively.From the Freedom of Information, one knows that the intra individualCV of AUC for the reference formulation is about 7%.The half life of the reference formulation is about 6 hours.
What kind of experimental design do you choose ?How many animals do you include in the trial ?
80
Exercisemay 4-5 2004
The consumer risk is set to 5%. You chose a power 1-=80%.
You have planned a 22 crossover design with a washout period of
about 48 hours.
You expect the ratio µG/µR to be within the range [0.9;1.15].
If the difference in the population is larger, the two formulations
will not be declared bioequivalent.
N=nR=nG= 12 animals have been allocated randomly within the two
sequences.
81
Sample sizemay 4-5 2004
µT/µR
CV % 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.205.0% 12 6 4 4 4 6 8 227.5% 22 8 6 6 6 8 12 4410.0% 36 12 8 6 8 10 20 7612.5% 54 16 10 8 10 14 30 11815.0% 78 22 12 10 12 20 42 168
Number of animal per sequence for a 22 crossover, log transformation, equivalence interval : [0.8, 1.25], =5%, = 20%
82
Resultsmay 4-5 2004
Seq
uenc
e 1
Ref
.+ G
en.
Seq
uenc
e 2
Gen
. + R
ef.
What to do next ?107.1 134.6144.5 189.0113.8 186.487.2 130.2
155.1 213.4115.2 153.0188.5 266.5127.3 163.8132.4 173.9216.2 302.2108.3 147.3155.2 219.3107.8 191.194.1 170.2
108.7 170.8137.0 221.3120.7 203.6102.3 168.289.8 175.292.8 150.2
103.2 159.8119.6 201.5138.1 215.9135.5 251.9
AUC
Homoscedasticity : inter individuals ?
12.1984ˆ 21
46.629ˆ 22 Seq. 1 Seq. 2
Mean/animal120.9166.7150.1108.7184.2134.1227.5145.6153.2259.2127.8187.3149.4132.1139.8179.1162.1135.3132.5121.5131.5160.6177.0193.7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
AU
C
P (Fisher)=0.038
Heteroscedasticity : inter individuals
83
After a ln transformationmay 4-5 2004
Seq
uenc
e 1
Ref
.+ G
en.
Seq
uenc
e 2
Gen
. + R
ef.
ln AUC
Homoscedasticity : inter individuals ?
0660.0ˆ 21
0221.0ˆ 22 Seq. 1 Seq. 2
Mean/animal
P (Fisher)=0.083
Homoscedasticity : inter individuals
P1 P24.67 4.904.97 5.244.73 5.234.47 4.875.04 5.364.75 5.035.24 5.594.85 5.104.89 5.165.38 5.714.69 4.995.04 5.394.68 5.254.54 5.144.69 5.144.92 5.404.79 5.324.63 5.134.50 5.174.53 5.014.64 5.074.78 5.314.93 5.374.91 5.53
4.795.114.984.675.204.895.414.975.025.544.845.224.974.844.915.165.054.884.834.774.865.055.155.22
33.5
44.5
55.5
66.5
7
me
an
ln A
UC
/an
ima
l
84
ANOVAmay 4-5 2004
lkjijljikjiljikji SANPSFAUC ,,,),(),,(,,ln
What to do now ? Homoscedasticity : intra individuals ?
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0ESTIMATE
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
RE
SID
UA
L Homoscedasticity
85
ANOVA Tablemay 4-5 2004
Effects coding used for categorical variables in model. Categorical values encountered during processing are:PERIOD (2 levels) 1, 2SEQUENCE (2 levels) 1, 2FORMUL$ (2 levels) Gene, RefANIMAL (24 levels) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Dep Var: LN_AUC N: 48 Multiple R: 0.993193 Squared multiple R: 0.986432 Analysis of Variance
Source Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio PPERIOD 2.1441351 1 2.144135 800.613948 0.000000SEQUENCE 0.076541 1 0.076541 28.580350 0.000023FORMUL$ 0.124074 1 0.124074 46.328848 0.000001ANIMAL(SEQUENCE) 1.938929 22 0.088133 32.908674 0.000000Error 0.058918 22 0.002678 Least squares means
LS Mean SE NFORMUL$ Gene 4.962943 0.010564 24FORMUL$ Ref 5.064627 0.010564 24
86
Need to correct the test for the carryover effect
may 4-5 2004
Test for effect called: SEQUENCE Test of Hypothesis
Source SS df MS F PHypothesis 0.076541 1 0.076541 0.868475 0.361493Error 1.938929 22 0.088133
No significant (differential) effect carryover
87
Effects coding used for categorical variables in model. Categorical values encountered during processing are:PERIOD (2 levels) 1, 2SEQUENCE (2 levels) 1, 2FORMUL$ (2 levels) Gene, RefANIMAL (24 levels) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Dep Var: LN_AUC N: 48 Multiple R: 0.993193 Squared multiple R: 0.986432 Analysis of Variance
Source Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio PPERIOD 2.1441351 1 2.144135 800.613948 0.000000SEQUENCE 0.076541 1 0.076541 28.580350 0.000023FORMUL$ 0.124074 1 0.124074 46.328848 0.000001ANIMAL(SEQUENCE) 1.938929 22 0.088133 32.908674 0.000000Error 0.058918 22 0.002678 Least squares means
LS Mean SE NFORMUL$ Gene 4.962943 0.010564 24FORMUL$ Ref 5.064627 0.010564 24
Confidence intervalmay 4-5 2004
2̂
RX
GX
88
Confidence intervalmay 4-5 2004
002678.0ˆ 2 064627.5RX962943.4GX
Build a 90% (for a consumer risk = 5%)
confidence interval for ln G – ln R
RGdfRG
RGdfRG nn
tXXnn
tXX11
ˆ5.0;11
ˆ5.0 2121
nG=12 ; nR=10 ; df = nT+nR -2 = 22 717.195.022 t
90% confidence interval for ln µG – ln µR = [ - 0.12565 ; - 0.07435]
89
Conclusionmay 4-5 2004
The 90% confidence interval for µG/µR = [exp( - 0.12565) ;exp(- 0.07435)]= [0.88 ; 0.93] [0.8 ; 1.25]
is totally included within the equivalence interval.
The generic and reference formulations are bioequivalent