Statistics For Managers 5th Edition
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Transcript of Statistics For Managers 5th Edition
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Chap 3-1
Statistics For Managers5th Edition
Chapter 3Numerical Descriptive
Measures
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Chap 3-2
Chapter Topics
Measures of central tendency Mean, median, mode, weighted mean,
geometric mean, quartiles
Measure of variation Range, interquartile range, average
deviation, variance and standard deviation, coefficient of variation, standard units, Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio
Shape
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Chap 3-3
Summary Measures
Central Tendency
MeanMedian
Mode
Quartile
Geometric Mean
Summary Measures
Variation
Variance
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
Range
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Chap 3-4
Measures of Central Tendency
Central Tendency
Average Median Mode
Geometric Mean1
1
n
ii
N
ii
XX
n
X
N
1/
12
n
Gn XXXX
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Chap 3-5
Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
Mean (arithmetic mean) of data values Sample mean
Population mean
1 1 2
n
ii n
XX X X
Xn n
1 1 2
N
ii N
XX X X
N N
Sample Size
Population Size
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Chap 3-6
Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
The most common measure of central tendency
Most commonly used average
(continued)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
Mean = 5 Mean = 6
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Chap 3-7
Mean of Grouped Data
=20660 = 33X
M • F)n=
M • F
45150175180110660
(F) (M)Class Frequency Mid-Point
10 but under 20 3 1520 but under 30 6 2530 but under 40 5 3540 but under 50 4 4550 but under 60 2 55
20
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Chap 3-8
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Arithmetic Mean
Familiar and Easy to Understand Easy to Calculate Always Exists Is Unique Lends Itself to Further Calculation
Affected by Extreme Values
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Chap 3-9
Median Robust measure of central tendency
In an ordered array, the median is the “middle” number If n or N is odd, the median is the middle
number If n or N is even, the median is the average of
the two middle numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
Median = 5 Median = 5
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Chap 3-10
Median of Group Data
Step 2: Assign a Value to the Median Term
MD = L+(MT - FP)
FMD
•(i)= 30+5
(10 - 9)•10 = 32
Median Class
Step 1: Locate Median Term MT = n2 = 20
2 = 10
3
6
5
4
(F)Class Frequency
10 but under 20
20 but under 30
30 but under 40
40 but under 50
50 but under 60 2
20
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Chap 3-11
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Median
Easy to Understand Easy to Calculate Always Exists Is Unique Not Affected by Extreme Values
Only Indicates Middle Value
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Chap 3-12
Mode A measure of central tendency Value that occurs most often Not affected by extreme values Used for either numerical or categorical
data There may may be no mode There may be several modes
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Mode = 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No Mode
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Chap 3-13
Weighted Mean
Used when observations differ in relative importance
Xw = X1W1 + X2W2 + …….. + XnWn
W1 + W2 + …….. + Wn
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Chap 3-14
Weighted Mean
If you bought 100 shares of a stock at $20 per
share, 400 shares at $30 per share, and 500
shares at $40 per share, what would youraverage cost per share be?
Xw = 100(20) + 400(30)+500(40) =$34
100 + 400 +500
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Chap 3-15
Geometric Mean
Useful in the measure of rate of change of a variable over time
Geometric mean rate of return Measures the status of an investment over
time
1/
1 2
n
G nX X X X
1/
1 21 1 1 1n
G nR R R R
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Chap 3-16
ExampleAn investment of $100,000 declined to $50,000 at
the end of year one and rebounded to $100,000 at end of year two:
1 2 3$100,000 $50,000 $100,000X X X
1/ 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
Average rate of return:
( 50%) (100%)25%
2Geometric rate of return:
1 50% 1 100% 1
0.50 2 1 1 1 0%
G
X
R
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Chap 3-17
Quartiles Split Ordered Data into 4 Quarters
Position of i-th Quartile
and Are Measures of Noncentral Location = Median, A Measure of Central Tendency
25% 25% 25% 25%
1Q 2Q 3Q
Data in Ordered Array: 11 12 13 16 16 17 18 21 22
1 1
1 9 1 12 13Position of 2.5 12.5
4 2Q Q
1Q 3Q
2Q
1
4i
i nQ
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Chap 3-18
Measures of Variation
Variation
Variance Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variation
PopulationVariance
Sample
Variance
PopulationStandardDeviationSample
Standard
Deviation
Range
Interquartile Range
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Chap 3-19
Range
Measure of variation Difference between the largest and the
smallest observations:
Ignores the way in which data are distributed
Largest SmallestRange X X
7 8 9 10 11 12
Range = 12 - 7 = 5
7 8 9 10 11 12
Range = 12 - 7 = 5
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Chap 3-20
Measure of variation Also known as midspread
Spread in the middle 50% Difference between the first and third
quartiles
Not affected by extreme values
3 1Interquartile Range 17.5 12.5 5Q Q
Interquartile Range
Data in Ordered Array: 11 12 13 16 16 17 17 18 21
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Chap 3-21
Average Deviation
X = Xn
=25
5= 5
X
1
3
6
9
6
25
- 4
- 2
+ 1
+ 4
+ 1
0
(X-X)
4
2
1
4
1
12
X-X
=AD 12
5= 2.4
n
X-X=
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Chap 3-22
Standard Deviation Most important measure of variation Shows variation about the mean Has the same units as the original data
Sample standard deviation:
Population standard deviation:
2
1
1
n
ii
X XS
n
2
1
N
ii
X
N
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Chap 3-23
Calculation Example:Sample Standard
Deviation
Sample Data (Xi) : 10 12 14 15 17 18 18 24
n = 8 Mean = X = 16
4.30957
130
18
16)(2416)(1416)(1216)(10
1n
)X(24)X(14)X(12)X(10S
2222
2222
A measure of the “average” scatter around the mean
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Chap 3-24
Standard Deviation of Grouped Data
10 but under 20 3 15
20 but under 30 6 25
30 but under 40 5 35
40 but under 50 4 45
50 but under 60 2 55
20
Classes F M
-18
-8
+2
+12
+22
(M - X)
s =
1n
[ M X2• F]
=292019
= 12.39
2
324
64
4
144
484
(M - X)972
384
20
576
968
2920
2•F(M - X)
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Chap 3-25
Comparing Standard Deviations
Mean = 15.5 s = 3.338 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Data B
Data A
Mean = 15.5 s = .9258
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Mean = 15.5 s = 4.57
Data C
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Chap 3-26
2
2 1
N
ii
X
N
Important measure of variation Shows variation about the mean
Sample variance:
Population variance:
2
2 1
1
n
ii
X XS
n
Variance
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Chap 3-27
Coefficient of VariationUsed to Compare Relative Variation in Two or More Data
Sets
Measures relative variation Always in percentage (%) Shows variation relative to mean Is used to compare two or more sets of
data measured in different units 100%
SCV
X
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Chap 3-28
Comparing Coefficient of Variation
Stock A: Average price last year = $50 Standard deviation = $5
Stock B: Average price last year = $100 Standard deviation = $5
Coefficient of variation: Stock A:
Stock B:
$5100% 100% 10%
$50
SCV
X
$5100% 100% 5%
$100
SCV
X
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Chap 3-29
The industry in which sales rep Bill works has average annual sales of $2,500,000 with a standard deviation of $500,000. The industry in which sales rep Paula works has average annual sales of $4,800,000 with a standard deviation of $600,000. Last year Rep Bill’s sales were $4,000,000 and Rep Paula’s sales were $6,000,000. Which of the representatives would you hire if you had one sales position to fill?
Using z scores to evaluate performance(Example)
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Chap 3-30
Standard UnitsUsed to Compare Relative Positions of Individual
Observations in Two or More Data Sets
Sales person Bill
B= $2,500,000
= $500,000
XB= $4,000,000
Sales person Paula
P=$4,800,000
P= $600,000
XP= $6,000,000
ZB
XB - B
B= =
4,000,000 – 2,500,000500,000 =
+3
ZP =
XP - P
P
6,000,000 – 4,800,000600,000 =
+2=
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Chap 3-31
SHARPE RATIO
Sharpe ratio = (Prr – RFrr)/Srr Where:
Prr = Annualized average return on the portfolio
RFrr = Annualized average return on risk free proxy
Srr = Annualized standard deviation of average returns
Sharpe R = (10.5 – 2.5)/ 3.5 = 2.29Generally, the higher the better.
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Chap 3-32
SORTINO RATIO
Sortino Ratio = (Prr – RFrr)/Srr(downside)
Where: Prr = Annualized rate of return on portfolio RFrr= Annualized risk free annualized rate of
return on portfolio Srr(downside) = downside semi-
standard deviation Sortino = (10.5-2.5)/ 2.5 = 3.20 Doesn’t penalize for positive upside
returns which the Sharpe ratio does
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Chap 3-33
Shape of a Distribution
Describes how data is distributed Measures of shape
Symmetric or skewed
Mean = Median =Mode Mean < Median < Mode Mode < Median < Mean
Right-SkewedLeft-Skewed Symmetric
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Chap 3-34
Ethical Considerations
Numerical descriptive measures:
Should document both good and bad results
Should be presented in a fair, objective and neutral manner
Should not use inappropriate summary measures to distort facts
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Chap 3-35
Chapter Summary
Described measures of central tendency Mean, median, mode, geometric mean
Discussed quartile Described measure of variation
Range, interquartile range, average deviation, variance, and standard deviation, coefficient of variation, standard units, Sharp ratio, Sortino ratio
Illustrated shape of distribution Symmetric, skewed