Statistical Annex on Selected Indicators to Monitor the ... · Tajikistan 532 707 868 904 936 976...

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Statistical Annex on Selected Indicators to Monitor the Vienna

Programme of Action

to accompany the 2020 Report of the Secretary-General on the

Implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked

Developing Countries for the Decade 2014-2024 (A/75/285)

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Explanatory notes for data and tables:

1. Where shown, averages for the landlocked developing countries and transit developing

countries are weighted by absolute numbers of population or economic variable used in the

denominator. For SDG indicators data and data from UNCTADstat, totals and averages for

the landlocked developing countries shown are as reported in these databases.

2. Years separated by a hyphen (such as 2003-2013) indicate data based on averages in the

period shown, unless otherwise indicated in the notes to the table.

3. Figures may not add to totals, owing to rounding.

4. Some data shown has been updated since the preparation of the 2020 Report of the Secretary-

General on the Implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked

Developing Countries for the Decade 2014-2024.

List of Countries by Group

Landlocked Developing Countries (32)

Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Botswana, Burkina

Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Ethiopia,

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (‘Lao PDR’), Lesotho, Malawi,

Mali, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, North Macedonia, Paraguay, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda,

South Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Transit Developing Countries (34)

Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, China,

Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea, Djibouti, India, Iran,

Kenya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Senegal, Somalia, South

Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uruguay, Viet Nam

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Annex 0. Broad VPoA Indicators

Table 0.1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

GDP (constant 2010 US $ Billions)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 9.0 13.1 20.4 21.0 20.6 21.3 22.9 22.5

Armenia 5.6 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.6 10.6 11.4 12.0

Azerbaijan 16.1 41.9 51.1 52.5 53.1 51.4 51.3 52.0

Bhutan 0.9 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5

Bolivia 18.6 23.5 29.8 31.5 33.0 34.4 35.9 37.4

Botswana 8.5 11.4 14.1 14.7 14.4 15.0 15.5 16.2

Burkina Faso 6.1 8.1 10.9 11.4 11.8 12.5 13.3 14.2

Burundi 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0

Central African Republic 1.9 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Chad 4.6 7.7 10.8 11.2 11.7 11.4 11.1 11.4

Eswatini 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3

Ethiopia 17.9 31.1 51.8 57.1 63.1 67.8 74.3 79.4

Kazakhstan 89.1 133.3 174.9 182.3 184.4 186.4 194.0 201.9

Kyrgyzstan 4.0 5.1 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6

Lao PDR 5.9 8.5 12.5 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.5 17.5

Lesotho 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6

Malawi 3.4 4.6 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.9 7.2

Mali 5.1 7.1 11.3 12.2 13.1 14.2 15.2 16.2

Mongolia 4.5 6.9 10.6 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.6 13.5

Nepal 12.5 15.4 19.0 20.1 20.8 20.9 22.6 24.2

Niger 5.2 6.6 8.6 9.3 9.7 10.2 10.7 11.5

North Macedonia 6.7 8.7 9.4 9.7 10.1 10.4 10.5 10.8

Paraguay 21.5 26.8 33.5 35.1 36.2 37.7 39.6 41.2

Republic of Moldova 4.8 6.4 7.4 7.8 7.7 8.1 8.5 8.7

Rwanda 3.3 5.0 7.1 7.6 8.3 8.8 9.3 10.1

South Sudan 0.0 15.7 10.5 12.8 13.2 13.3 13.2 13.6

Tajikistan 3.6 5.3 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.4 9.0 9.6

Turkmenistan 11.2 18.9 30.7 33.9 36.1 38.3 40.8 43.3

Uganda 11.5 17.2 22.7 23.7 25.1 25.7 27.0 29.4

Uzbekistan 33.0 48.7 71.1 76.2 81.8 86.8 90.7 95.4

Zambia 9.3 13.5 19.4 20.3 20.9 21.6 22.4 23.3

Zimbabwe 9.0 7.4 19.2 19.6 20.0 20.1 21.1 22.1

Average, LLDCs 10.6 16.2 21.8 23.1 23.9 24.7 25.9 27.1

Average, Transit countries 247.8 371.1 512.7 541.3 569.1 597.9 631.9 664.1

World 245.3 292.6 330.4 340.3 350.7 360.1 372.0 383.6

Source: United Nations Statistics Division

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Table 0.2. Economic Growth and Poverty

Real GDP Growth (based on 2010 constant US$)

Population below

international

poverty line of

$1.90 a day (%)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Latest

value Year

Afghanistan 3.8 -0.7 2.4 6.4 0.2 2.4 .. ..

Armenia 3.6 3.2 0.2 7.5 5.2 7.6 2.1 2018

Azerbaijan 2.8 1.1 -3.1 -0.3 1.4 2.2 0 2005

Bhutan 5.7 6.6 8.0 4.6 3.0 5.2 1.5 2017

Bolivia 5.5 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.0 4.5 2018

Botswana 4.1 -1.7 4.3 2.9 4.5 3.5 16.1 2015

Burkina Faso 4.3 3.9 6.0 6.2 6.8 5.9 43.7 2014

Burundi 4.2 -0.4 3.2 4.2 0.1 1.2 71.8 2013

Central African Republic 0.1 4.3 4.8 4.5 3.9 3.8 66.3 2008

Chad 3.8 3.8 -2.6 -1.9 1.5 2.9 38.4 2011

Eswatini 0.9 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.4 0.7 28.4 2016

Ethiopia 10.3 9.0 8.5 8.1 8.0 8.5 30.8 2015

Kazakhstan 4.2 1.2 1.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 0 2017

Kyrgyzstan 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.7 3.5 4.5 0.9 2018

Lao PDR 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.2 5.0 22.7 2012

Lesotho 3.1 1.6 3.6 -0.9 1.2 1.0 26.9 2017

Malawi 6.2 3.3 2.7 5.2 4.0 4.3 70.3 2016

Mali 7.8 7.6 8.8 6.8 6.7 5.1 49.7 2009

Mongolia 8.1 2.5 1.4 5.4 7.0 4.9 0.5 2018

Nepal 4.7 2.0 4.1 7.5 7.0 6.5 15 2010

Niger 7.5 4.3 5.7 5.0 7.0 5.7 44.5 2014

North Macedonia 3.6 3.8 2.9 0.2 2.7 3.6 4.4 2017

Paraguay 4.9 3.1 4.3 5.0 3.7 0.0 1.6 2018

Republic of Moldova 5.0 -0.3 4.4 4.7 2.8 4.6 0 2018

Rwanda 7.6 8.9 6.0 6.1 8.6 9.0 55.5 2016

South Sudan 21.7 3.4 0.3 -0.7 -1.1 5.8 42.7 2009

Tajikistan 6.7 6.0 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.5 4.8 2015

Turkmenistan 10.3 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.2 6.3 .. ..

Uganda 4.5 5.7 2.6 4.9 8.9 5.5 41.7 2016

Uzbekistan 7.2 7.4 6.1 4.5 5.1 5.5 62.1 2003

Zambia 4.7 2.9 3.8 3.5 4.1 1.5 57.5 2015

Zimbabwe 2.4 1.8 0.8 4.7 4.8 -5.6 33.9 2017

Average, LLDCs 5.7 3.7 3.4 4.6 4.8 4.4 28.7 2018

Average, transit

countries 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.7 5.1 .. .. ..

World 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.1 2.6 10.0 2015

Source: United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations SDG Indicators database, United Nations Department

for Economic and Social Affairs and World Bank World Development Indicators

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Table 0.3. Relative Economic Performance

GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 343 412 588 584 574 571 572 568 571

Armenia 2,018 3,628 3,705 3,819 3,924 3,917 4,199 4,407 4,732

Azerbaijan 2,149 5,267 5,982 6,073 6,064 5,813 5,765 5,801 5,880

Bhutan 1,367 1,929 2,526 2,640 2,781 2,971 3,072 3,128 ..

Bolivia 1,620 1,878 2,201 2,286 2,361 2,426 2,491 2,560 2,580

Botswana 5,493 6,658 7,646 7,864 7,614 7,797 7,859 8,033 8,093

Burkina Faso 538 616 711 720 727 748 771 801 822

Burundi 223 229 243 245 228 220 214 211 208

Central African Republic 406 441 335 334 347 360 371 379 384

Chad 573 806 929 961 957 869 818 812 814

Eswatini 3,358 4,010 4,571 4,578 4,646 4,663 4,712 4,774 4,819

Ethiopia 195 295 419 449 483 514 548 571 602

Kazakhstan 6,108 8,698 10,368 10,646 10,617 10,583 10,868 11,166 11,518

Kyrgyzstan 716 880 984 1,004 1,021 1,044 1,072 1,091 1,116

Lao PDR 763 1,010 1,374 1,456 1,539 1,622 1,707 1,786 1,841

Lesotho 890 1,109 1,311 1,339 1,364 1,422 1,392 1,375 1,384

Malawi 373 438 494 508 508 506 513 515 524

Mali 658 686 680 708 730 749 766 778 793

Mongolia 1,793 2,601 3,670 3,880 3,895 3,866 3,997 4,211 4,350

Nepal 474 548 671 711 732 730 779 818 859

Niger 441 463 503 516 518 527 532 548 558

North Macedonia 3,437 4,418 4,751 4,920 5,105 5,247 5,301 5,442 5,634

Paraguay 3,490 4,037 4,699 4,861 4,944 5,090 5,273 5,380 5,310

Republic of Moldova 1,777 2,416 2,799 2,940 2,954 3,120 3,322 3,527 3,716

Rwanda 410 566 698 723 768 793 803 849 905

South Sudan .. 1,508 820 832 731 .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 532 707 868 904 936 976 1,025 1,073 1,121

Turkmenistan 2,495 3,949 5,910 6,399 6,694 6,987 7,318 7,648 ..

Uganda 609 771 872 886 900 910 910 931 957

Uzbekistan 1,066 1,471 1,922 2,025 2,139 2,230 2,290 2,374 2,459

Zambia 1,033 1,309 1,620 1,644 1,641 1,653 1,661 1,678 1,658

Zimbabwe 1,102 726 1,226 1,233 1,234 1,224 1,263 1,306 1,183

Average, LLDCs 982 1,295 1,517 1,560 1,575 1,604 1,635 1,670 1,625

World 8,434 9,541 10,010 10,175 10,347 10,493 10,713 10,924 11,076

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators

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Table 0.4. Human Development Index

Human Development Index

HDI

rank

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018

Afghanistan 0.387 0.387 0.485 0.488 0.490 0.491 0.493 0.496 170

Armenia 0.672 0.672 0.743 0.746 0.748 0.751 0.758 0.760 81

Azerbaijan 0.667 0.667 0.741 0.746 0.749 0.749 0.752 0.754 87

Bhutan .. .. 0.594 0.601 0.606 0.610 0.615 0.617 134

Bolivia 0.629 0.629 0.673 0.678 0.685 0.692 0.700 0.703 114

Botswana 0.583 0.583 0.699 0.709 0.714 0.719 0.724 0.728 94

Burkina Faso 0.303 0.303 0.401 0.405 0.413 0.420 0.429 0.434 182

Burundi 0.312 0.312 0.422 0.429 0.427 0.427 0.421 0.423 185

Central African

Republic 0.314 0.314 0.351 0.355 0.362 0.372 0.376 0.381 188

Chad 0.310 0.310 0.399 0.406 0.403 0.398 0.401 0.401 187

Eswatini 0.440 0.440 0.558 0.573 0.585 0.596 0.603 0.608 138

Ethiopia 0.310 0.310 0.439 0.446 0.453 0.460 0.467 0.470 173

Kazakhstan 0.725 0.725 0.791 0.798 0.806 0.808 0.813 0.817 50

Kyrgyzstan 0.611 0.611 0.658 0.663 0.666 0.669 0.671 0.674 122

Lao PDR 0.488 0.488 0.579 0.586 0.594 0.598 0.602 0.604 140

Lesotho 0.438 0.438 0.486 0.493 0.499 0.507 0.514 0.518 164

Malawi 0.367 0.367 0.463 0.472 0.475 0.478 0.482 0.485 172

Mali 0.343 0.343 0.408 0.414 0.412 0.420 0.426 0.427 184

Mongolia 0.622 0.622 0.728 0.733 0.736 0.730 0.729 0.735 92

Nepal 0.461 0.461 0.555 0.562 0.568 0.572 0.574 0.579 147

Niger 0.268 0.268 0.345 0.353 0.360 0.365 0.373 0.377 189

North Macedonia 0.686 0.686 0.743 0.747 0.753 0.757 0.758 0.759 82

Paraguay 0.657 0.657 0.709 0.712 0.718 0.718 0.722 0.724 98

Republic of

Moldova 0.641 0.641 0.702 0.705 0.703 0.705 0.709 0.711 107

Rwanda 0.374 0.374 0.506 0.513 0.515 0.525 0.529 0.536 157

South Sudan .. .. 0.439 0.435 0.428 0.418 0.414 0.413 186

Tajikistan 0.571 0.571 0.643 0.642 0.642 0.647 0.651 0.656 125

Turkmenistan .. .. 0.691 0.696 0.701 0.706 0.708 0.710 108

Uganda 0.427 0.427 0.503 0.509 0.515 0.520 0.522 0.528 159

Uzbekistan 0.615 0.615 0.688 0.693 0.696 0.701 0.707 0.710 108

Zambia 0.455 0.455 0.559 0.565 0.570 0.580 0.589 0.591 143

Zimbabwe 0.430 0.430 0.527 0.537 0.544 0.549 0.553 0.563 150

Simple average,

LLDCs 0.486 0.486 0.570 0.575 0.579 0.583 0.587 0.590 ..

World 0.657 0.657 0.713 0.718 0.722 0.727 0.729 0.731 ..

Source: UNDP Human Development Reports data

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Table 0.5. Employment Characteristics

Employment-to-population ratio Unemployment (% of total labor force)

(modelled ILO estimates) (modelled ILO estimates)

2003 2013 2016 2017 2018 2019 2003 2013 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 42.5 42.5 43.0 43.2 43.4 43.5 11.6 11.5 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.1

Armenia 47.0 49.0 46.1 45.8 45.9 46.2 10.8 16.2 17.6 17.7 17.5 17.0

Azerbaijan 57.0 61.3 62.9 63.3 63.6 62.8 9.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.5

Bhutan 68.7 62.4 64.5 64.7 64.9 65.2 1.8 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3

Bolivia 69.8 67.6 65.3 66.5 69.4 69.3 2.9 2.4 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.5

Botswana 46.4 58.1 58.3 58.4 58.4 57.9 23.8 17.9 17.7 17.5 17.4 18.2

Burkina Faso 73.5 63.6 62.4 62.5 62.5 62.3 2.8 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.3

Burundi 80.0 77.1 77.7 77.9 78.0 78.0 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

Central African

Republic 69.5 70.2 69.8 69.6 69.3 69.3 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7

Chad 71.4 70.0 69.6 69.6 69.4 69.4 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9

Eswatini 37.4 38.3 39.9 40.3 40.6 40.9 26.5 25.0 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.1

Ethiopia 79.1 78.9 78.2 78.0 77.8 77.9 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

Kazakhstan 63.7 66.9 66.6 65.9 65.7 65.6 8.8 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.6

Kyrgyzstan 57.6 57.3 57.1 56.1 56.4 56.0 9.9 8.3 7.2 6.9 6.0 6.3

Lao PDR 78.1 77.8 77.9 77.9 77.9 78.0 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

Lesotho 48.2 51.0 51.3 51.5 51.6 52.0 32.8 24.6 24.3 24.1 24.0 23.4

Malawi 72.9 73.0 72.6 72.5 72.3 72.4 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.7

Mali 64.5 66.1 65.6 65.7 65.8 65.7 7.9 7.3 7.6 7.3 7.1 7.2

Mongolia 55.5 57.3 55.0 56.1 56.1 56.1 6.8 4.2 7.2 6.4 6.3 6.0

Nepal 83.6 81.8 82.2 82.4 82.6 82.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

Niger 77.6 74.8 72.1 72.0 71.9 71.7 2.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

North Macedonia 34.1 39.6 41.9 42.8 43.8 45.3 36.7 29.0 23.7 22.4 20.7 17.8

Paraguay 63.9 68.2 66.7 67.3 68.8 68.6 6.8 4.4 5.3 4.6 4.5 4.8

Republic of

Moldova 46.0 39.3 41.0 40.6 42.1 40.7 7.9 5.1 4.2 4.1 3.0 5.5

Rwanda 84.4 83.2 82.9 82.9 82.8 82.8 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

South Sudan 64.6 63.7 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.2

Tajikistan 36.4 37.6 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 13.9 11.7 11.4 11.3 11.1 11.0

Turkmenistan 56.9 61.6 62.1 62.2 62.1 62.0 9.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9

Uganda 67.9 69.7 69.4 69.2 69.1 69.0 3.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8

Uzbekistan 56.8 61.1 61.5 61.2 61.3 61.2 8.9 4.9 5.2 5.8 5.7 5.9

Zambia 67.7 68.9 66.9 66.2 66.1 66.1 14.8 8.6 10.9 11.6 11.5 11.4

Zimbabwe 77.8 78.3 78.7 78.8 78.8 79.0 4.7 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0

Average, LLDCs 68.2 68.5 68.1 68.1 68.2 68.1 5.9 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.5

World 60.0 58.2 57.7 57.6 57.6 57.4 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.4

Source: ILOStat, United Nations SDG Indicators database, World Bank World Development Indicators

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Table 0.6. Women in National Parliaments

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Afghanistan .. 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.7 .. 27.0

Armenia 3.1 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 9.9 18.1 24.2 23.5

Azerbaijan 10.5 16.0 15.6 15.6 16.9 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8

Bhutan 9.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 14.9 14.9

Bolivia 18.5 25.4 25.4 53.1 53.1 53.1 53.1 53.1 53.1

Botswana 17.0 7.9 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 10.8

Burkina Faso 11.7 15.8 18.9 13.3 9.5 11.0 11.0 13.4 13.4

Burundi 18.4 30.5 30.5 30.5 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.4

Central African Republic 7.3 12.5 .. .. .. 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6

Chad 5.8 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9 12.8 12.8 14.9 15.4

Eswatini 3.1 13.6 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.3 9.6

Ethiopia 7.7 27.8 27.8 27.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8

Kazakhstan 10.4 24.3 25.2 26.2 26.2 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.1

Kyrgyzstan 10.0 23.3 23.3 23.3 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2

Lao PDR 22.9 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5

Lesotho 11.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 25.0 25.0 22.1 23.3 23.3

Malawi 9.3 22.3 22.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 22.9

Mali 10.2 10.2 9.5 9.5 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.5

Mongolia 10.5 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.5 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.3

Nepal .. 33.2 29.9 29.5 29.6 29.6 32.7 32.7 32.7

Niger 1.2 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0

North Macedonia 18.3 32.5 34.2 33.3 33.3 31.7 37.5 38.3 40.0

Paraguay 2.5 12.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.8 13.8 15.0 16.3

Republic of Moldova 12.9 19.8 18.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 24.8

Rwanda 25.7 56.3 63.8 63.8 63.8 61.3 61.3 61.3 61.3

South Sudan .. 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5

Tajikistan 12.7 19.1 15.9 17.0 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1

Turkmenistan 26.0 16.8 26.4 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.0 25.0

Uganda 24.7 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 34.3 34.3 34.9 34.9

Uzbekistan 7.2 22.0 22.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 32.0

Zambia 12.0 11.5 10.8 12.7 12.7 18.0 18.0 18.0 16.8

Zimbabwe 10.0 15.0 31.5 31.5 31.5 32.6 33.2 31.9 31.9

Average, LLDCs 11.8 23.7 24.6 24.9 26.0 25.9 25.0 26.5 27.3

World 15.1 20.8 22.1 22.3 22.7 23.4 23.4 24.3 24.9

Source: United Nations SDG Indicators database

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Table 0.7. Forest Area

Forest area as a proportion of total land area (%)

2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Afghanistan 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

Armenia 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.5 11.5

Azerbaijan 11.9 12.5 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.6 13.7

Bhutan 68.4 71.0 71.2 71.3 71.3 71.4 71.4 71.5

Bolivia 50.9 49.0 48.0 47.8 47.5 47.3 47.1 46.9

Botswana 31.1 29.0 28.0 27.8 27.5 27.3 27.1 26.9

Burkina Faso 26.4 24.5 23.6 23.5 23.3 23.1 22.9 22.7

Burundi 7.6 7.6 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9


Chad 5.0 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4

Eswatini 27.5 28.2 28.6 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 28.9

Ethiopia 18.5 17.8 17.4 17.4 17.3 17.2 17.1 17.1

Kazakhstan 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3

Kyrgyzstan 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

Lao PDR 75.5 73.4 72.7 72.5 72.4 72.2 72.1 71.9

Lesotho 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Malawi 32.7 28.2 26.0 25.6 25.1 24.7 24.2 23.8

Mali 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9

Mongolia 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1

Nepal 40.3 41.6 41.6 41.6 41.6 41.6 41.6 41.6

Niger 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

North Macedonia 38.0 38.1 39.4 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.7

Paraguay 57.9 49.3 44.0 43.6 42.6 41.9 41.2 40.5


Rwanda 11.6 10.7 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.2

South Sudan 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3

Tajikistan 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1

Turkmenistan 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8

Uganda 15.8 13.7 12.7 12.5 12.3 12.1 11.9 11.7

Uzbekistan 7.0 7.9 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7

Zambia 63.3 62.8 61.5 61.3 61.0 60.8 60.5 60.3

Zimbabwe 47.5 46.3 45.7 45.6 45.5 45.3 45.2 45.1

Average, LLDCs 18.2 17.5 17.2 17.1 17.0 16.9 16.9 16.8

World 31.9 31.5 31.4 31.3 31.3 31.2 31.2 31.2


10

Annex 1: Indicators for Priority 1 – Fundamental Transit Policy Issues

Table 1.1. Logistics Performance Index and Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Index

CPIA transparency, accountability,

and corruption in the public sector

rating (1=low to 6=high)

Logistics Performance Index: Overall (1=low

to 5=high)

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Afghanistan 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.24 2.30 2.07 2.14 1.95

Armenia 3.0 3.5 .. .. .. 2.52 2.56 2.67 2.21 2.61

Azerbaijan 2.5 .. .. .. .. 2.64 2.48 2.45 .. ..

Bhutan 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 2.38 2.52 2.29 2.32 2.17

Bolivia 3.5 3.5 3.5 .. .. 2.51 2.61 2.48 2.25 2.36

Botswana .. .. .. .. .. 2.32 2.84 2.49 3.05 ..

Burkina Faso 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.23 2.32 2.64 2.73 2.62

Burundi 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 .. 1.61 2.57 2.51 2.06

Central African Republic 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 .. .. 2.36 .. 2.15

Chad 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.49 2.03 2.53 2.16 2.42

Eswatini .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Ethiopia 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.41 2.24 2.59 2.38 ..

Kazakhstan .. .. .. .. .. 2.83 2.69 2.70 2.75 2.81

Kyrgyzstan 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.62 2.35 2.21 2.16 2.55

Lao PDR 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.46 2.50 2.39 2.07 2.70

Lesotho 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 ... 2.24 2.37 2.03 2.28

Malawi 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 ... 2.81 2.81 .. 2.59

Mali 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.27 ... 2.50 2.50 2.59

Mongolia 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.25 2.25 2.36 2.51 2.37

Nepal 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.20 2.04 2.59 2.38 2.51

Niger 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.54 2.69 2.39 2.56 2.07

North Macedonia .. .. .. .. .. 2.77 2.56 2.50 2.51 2.70

Paraguay .. .. .. .. .. 2.75 2.48 2.78 2.56 2.78

Republic of Moldova 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.57 2.33 2.65 2.61 2.46

Rwanda 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.04 2.27 2.76 2.99 2.97

South Sudan .. 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.35 2.28 2.53 2.06 2.34

Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. 2.49 .. 2.30 2.21 2.41

Uganda 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.82 .. .. 3.04 2.58

Uzbekistan 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.79 2.46 2.39 2.40 2.58

Zambia 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.28 .. 2.46 2.43 2.53

Zimbabwe 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 .. 2.55 2.34 2.08 2.12

Simple average, LLDCs 2.72 2.84 2.79 2.72 2.70 2.47 2.40 2.49 2.43 2.45

Simple average, Transit

countries 2.70 2.75 2.76 2.72 2.72 2.65 2.73 2.69 2.77 2.72

World 2.85 2.91 2.91 2.86 2.84 2.87 2.87 2.89 2.88 2.87


11

Table 1.2. Status of Ratification of Key International Conventions on Trade and Transport

Facilitation

Number of ratifications

Convention

LLDCs Transit Countries Total

2017* 2020** 2017 2020 2017 2020

World Trade Organization

Agreement (1994) 26 26 30 30 164 164

World Trade Organization

Trade Facilitation

Agreement (2013)

19 26 20 29 121 152

Revised Kyoto Convention

(2006) 18 20 23 24 110 121

United Nations Convention

on the Law of the Sea

(1982)

20 20 29 29 168 168

International Convention on

the Harmonization of

Frontier Controls of Goods

(1982)

12 12 3 3 58 58

Customs Convention on the

International Transport of

Goods under Cover of the

TIR Carnets (1975)

11 11 7 8 71 76

Customs Convention on

Containers (1972) 7 7 2 2 40 40

Convention on Road Signs

and Signals (1968) 10 11 9 10 65 68

Vienna convention on Road

Traffic (1968) 13 13 11 14 75 84

Convention on the Contract

for the International

Carriage of Goods by Road

(1956)

10 10 1 2 55 56

Customs convention on the

Temporary Importation of

Commercial Road Vehicles

(1956)

6 6 2 2 42 42

Geneva Convention on

Road Traffic (1949) 13 13 18 18 96 101

Source: United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, World Customs Organization, World Trade Organization

* As of 7 August 2017

**As of 30 July 2020

12

Table 1.3. Container Port Throughput for Transit Developing Countries

Container Port Traffic (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units, thousands)

2003 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

WORLD 296,996 561,075 657,814 688,744 698,027 711,547 758,559 792,659

China 61,898 142,970 175,936 186,679 195,277 199,552 216,684 225,829

India 3,917 8,923 10,626 11,323 11,882 12,086 15,426 16,383

Vietnam 1,905 5,968 8,967 10,189 11,479 11,853 15,326 16,374

Thailand 4,233 7,553 8,891 9,420 9,522 9,940 10,732 11,185

Turkey 2,377 6,604 9,429 9,341 8,832 8,581 9,301 9,943

Russian Federation 960 3,622 5,496 5,161 3,853 3,907 4,515 6,335

Pakistan 788 2,149 2,262 2,535 2,756 2,756 3,275 3,275

Bangladesh 625 1,350 1,489 1,643 2,045 2,377 2,587 2,827

Iran, Islamic Rep. 1,090 3,046 2,129 2,270 2,165 2,555 3,093 2,379

Myanmar .. 335 567 717 827 1,026 1,120 1,288

Cambodia .. 224 230 342 392 400 645 742

Total, Asia 77,793 182,744 226,021 239,620 249,030 255,032 282,703 296,560

% of World 26.2 32.6 34.4 34.8 35.7 35.8 37.3 37.4

South Africa 2,379 3,959 4,695 4,568 4,662 4,454 4,564 4,892

Algeria .. 1,114 1,142 1,248 1,243 1,256 1,451 1,466

Kenya .. 696 894 1,012 1,076 1,076 1,190 1,300

Nigeria 588 1,232 1,580 1,700 1,400 1,437 1,210 1,210

Togo .. 340 312 381 906 822 1,194 1,194

Tanzania .. 696 894 1,012 1,076 1,012 1,091 1,190

Ghana .. 643 900 890 900 900 1,009 1,009

Cote d'Ivoire 613 530 634 600 625 705 908 907

Djibouti .. 600 660 736 910 987 928 847

Angola .. 668 1,008 1,155 833 621 796 778

Senegal .. 349 384 384 530 540 571 571

Mozambique .. 291 387 450 450 450 400 454

Cameroon .. 290 340 340 380 340 390 406

Namibia .. 256 305 255 255 255 351 360

Benin .. 317 348 348 348 348 333 333

Guinea .. 120 135 135 135 135 172 172

Congo, Dem. Rep. .. 55 45 73 45 45 55 49

Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Total, Africa 3,580 12,156 14,662 15,288 15,775 15,383 16,613 17,138

% of World 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2

Brazil 4,230 7,465 9,970 10,321 10,300 9,926 9,649 10,312

Chile 1,250 3,040 3,708 3,786 3,739 3,920 4,571 4,663

Peru 627 1,209 2,038 2,210 2,147 2,320 2,538 2,668

Argentina 1,025 1,992 2,129 1,703 1,700 1,655 1,766 1,801

Uruguay .. 675 827 776 811 888 939 798

Total, Latin America 7,133 14,381 18,672 18,796 18,697 18,708 19,464 20,242

% of World 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6


13

Annex 2: Indicators for Priority 2 – Infrastructure Development and Maintenance

Table 2.1. Passenger and freight volumes by mode of transport

Freight volume Passenger Volume

(millions of tonne kilometres) (millions of passenger kilometres)

Air

Inland

waterway

transport

Rail Road Air Rail Road

2018 2018

Afghanistan 29.6 2.9 0 8,309 2,091.4 2.1 29,839

Armenia .. 0.0 386 1,863 .. 44.7 14,617

Azerbaijan 44.1 0.0 11,605 11,500 4,033.4 1,060.0 63,818

Bhutan 0.7 0.0 0 1,305 408.4 5,749.3 696

Bolivia 13.7 677.6 2,763 11,046 3,130.6 0.3 24,549

Botswana 0.1 0.0 36 2,378 106.0 26.0 15,167

Burkina Faso 0.1 0.0 368 4,666 121.9 6.4 15,057

Burundi .. 0.0 0 622 .. 18.3 3,570

Central African Republic .. 5.5 0 1,138 .. 4.6 1,637

Chad .. 620.4 0 5,941 .. 16.2 7,317

Eswatini .. 0.0 96 1 .. 0.0 8,095

Ethiopia 2,089.3 15.1 789 27,235 42,558.9 398.0 33,970

Kazakhstan 50.2 2,904.1 275,830 189,799 16,329.2 618.3 63,960

Kyrgyzstan 0.0 0.0 164 5,026 1,431.5 55.2 13,554

Lao PDR 1.5 7,135.1 0 21,362 876.4 15,487.4 8,560

Lesotho .. 0.0 0 21 .. 0.0 3,295

Malawi 0.0 0.0 0 163 2.4 0.0 11,234

Mali .. 592.3 341 2,138 .. 13.2 11,144

Mongolia 7.8 0.0 22,667 15,191 1,404.6 17,926.9 7,429

Nepal 4.7 0.0 0 6,848 2,269.4 3,635.4 17,312

Niger .. 11.0 0 1,342 .. 10.1 6,272

North Macedonia .. 0.0 305 10,639 .. 64.0 11,698

Paraguay 2.0 924.5 0 28,442 814.9 0.0 27,104

Republic of Moldova 0.6 0.3 1,013 5,290 1,748.4 94.5 3,375

Rwanda 0.0 0.0 0 1,940 1,764.7 41.9 10,227

South Sudan .. 0.0 27 971 .. 1.4 6,286

Tajikistan 2.3 0.0 79 2,958 1,338.3 0.5 14,308

Turkmenistan 16.9 0.0 13,460 6,316 3,254.5 1.1 32,099

Uganda 0.0 1,215.4 1,316 6,738 4.1 62.1 24,681

Uzbekistan 89.4 10.0 23,500 35,068 8,408.1 713.2 87,846

Zambia 75.1 13.3 1,053 5,235 2.4 0.0 17,857

Zimbabwe 0.7 523.5 5,275 3,369 171.5 0.0 8,353

Total, LLDCs 2,429 14,651 361,073 424,860 92,271 46,051 604,922

World 230,967 4,303,975 17,275,052 36,985,779 8,257,635 9,876,627 57,305,098


14

Table 2.2. Rail lines

Rail lines, total route (km)

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Armenia 711 .. .. .. .. 686 ..

Azerbaijan 2,122 2,068 2,066 2,068 2,074 2,132 2,133

Bhutan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bolivia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Botswana .. .. .. 886 886 .. ..

Burkina Faso 622 518 518 518 518 518 518

Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini 300 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Ethiopia .. .. .. .. 754 754 ..

Kazakhstan 13,770 14,767 14,767 14,767 15,529 16,040 16,061

Kyrgyzstan 417 417 424 424 424 424 ..

Lao PDR .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Mongolia 1,810 1,810 1,823 1,810 1,810 1,810 ..

Nepal .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

North Macedonia 699 699 699 683 683 683 683

Paraguay .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Republic of Moldova 1,111 1,157 1,156 1,151 1,151 1,151 ..

Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 617 587 597 597 620 620 ..

Turkmenistan 2,523 3,115 3,115 3,115 3,115 7,680 ..

Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uzbekistan 4,126 4,186 4,202 4,238 4,304 4,642 ..

Zambia .. .. .. .. .. 1,248 1,248

Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Total, LLDCs 28,828 29,324 29,367 30,257 31,868 38,388 ..

Total, Transit Countries 197,419 189,252 196,414 199,845 214,922 216,093 ..


15

Table 2.3. Air Transport

Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan .. .. 21696 25,920 23,532 22,770 24,207 24,433

Armenia 3842 6,681 852 0 .. .. .. ..

Azerbaijan 9195 12,008 15,886 21,910 23,781 24,009 20,699 19,960

Bhutan 1890 2,772 5,820 8,772 4,640 6,065 4,215 5,187

Bolivia 28,901 21,088 33,467 51,017 42,682 45,722 54,102 56,592

Botswana 7,214 6,105 9,396 8,304 7,741 7,933 7,002 6,774

Burkina Faso 1,285 1,413 3,780 3,672 3,875 3,861 3,863 4,270

Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Central African

Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Chad .. .. 72 72 .. .. .. ..

Eswatini .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Ethiopia 27,204 39,804 68,131 71,166 83,940 94,330 99,263 110,971

Kazakhstan 19560 19,229 66,108 71,220 72,486 73,188 83,048 83,287

Kyrgyzstan 4810 3,567 12,189 17,388 20,962 23,120 27,055 16,344

Lao PDR 7,068 10,007 16,944 12,732 9,772 9,986 9,731 10,173

Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Malawi 4940 4,416 1,644 1644 1687 1818 2327 2327

Mali .. .. 360 0 .. .. .. ..

Mongolia 7358 5,592 4,212 5,706 5,219 6,009 5,277 7,777

Nepal 4912 6,952 30,612 19,560 19,395 24,063 58,880 71,908

Niger .. .. 1,044 407 469 471 471 ..

North Macedonia 2263 2813 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Paraguay 8,557 10,522 6,408 5,496 4,116 3,864 3,454 4,215

Republic of

Moldova 4333 4933 7500 8400 8739 9625 14116 13590

Rwanda .. .. 11532 12,096 3,205 4,314 18,134 18,439

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 7210 8,191 6,263 7,985 6,884 6,472 4,135 4,021

Turkmenistan 24460 15,665 12,871 6,068 8,548 12,890 16,843 18,184

Uganda 263 349 8616 6,864 2,332 3,828 1,953 4,832

Uzbekistan 22325 22,406 23,962 23,149 22,579 21,486 21,730 21,514

Zambia 5,214 4,361 7,997 8,050 11,130 8,094 9,020 734

Zimbabwe 3,950 5,917 27,684 3,730 4,145 4,231 3,444 3,444

Total, LLDCs 206,754 214,791 405,046 401,328 391,859 418,149 492,969 508,977

World 21,282,617 25,498,093 31,464,399 32,339,782 33,362,839 34,687,965 35,703,836 36,999,575


16

Table 2.4. Total official international support to infrastructure

Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official

flows) for infrastructure (millions of constant 2018 US$)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 127.0 1,006.8 895.0 559.2 553.5 463.5 529.2 469.8

Armenia 66.1 110.9 162.9 196.2 379.3 306.8 303.4 242.1

Azerbaijan 30.3 112.4 370.7 485.7 338.5 756.4 1,208.9 794.3

Bhutan 15.5 9.8 40.5 66.9 53.4 31.8 40.7 45.4

Bolivia 72.5 40.8 102.9 234.8 177.0 123.2 284.7 290.0

Botswana 8.5 1.4 12.3 16.9 0.0 32.9 8.9 31.0

Burkina Faso 64.3 80.1 159.2 240.3 189.2 110.9 204.4 244.4

Burundi 4.7 51.2 87.1 99.0 44.7 41.7 67.0 33.2


Chad 63.5 56.0 31.4 22.7 63.6 62.2 12.1 27.3

Eswatini 5.3 0.1 14.4 13.1 13.2 31.6 16.9 29.3

Ethiopia 206.1 442.2 512.6 432.7 427.1 495.5 612.5 1,075.2

Kazakhstan 150.2 302.8 905.9 1,208.4 619.4 1,465.6 409.1 299.5

Kyrgyzstan 20.2 24.6 121.8 137.0 153.0 110.1 127.8 122.2

Lao PDR 92.4 61.6 71.7 68.9 153.5 100.0 155.4 154.4

Lesotho 29.8 19.3 16.7 5.3 9.4 2.0 4.5 10.4

Malawi 59.4 37.2 88.8 77.8 114.4 119.6 251.9 263.4

Mali 79.1 110.2 101.9 106.9 130.7 94.0 170.0 147.2

Mongolia 84.1 56.5 266.5 200.7 189.8 248.1 415.3 281.7

Nepal 134.2 121.9 228.0 207.3 301.0 182.7 338.5 334.5

Niger 29.9 57.3 91.5 74.3 52.4 88.1 134.1 163.1

North Macedonia 57.2 41.9 176.9 318.0 218.3 128.7 46.9 60.3

Paraguay 9.8 24.0 68.0 146.0 137.9 183.5 217.3 295.4


Rwanda 30.1 90.5 153.3 133.4 148.1 225.6 371.4 436.9

South Sudan .. .. 47.1 30.5 63.4 33.7 51.3 31.7

Tajikistan 17.3 14.7 151.9 146.7 205.7 193.7 156.4 220.6

Turkmenistan 1.9 1.7 36.9 22.6 13.2 31.3 11.3 4.5

Uganda 73.0 316.2 361.4 303.6 325.9 199.3 235.9 408.1

Uzbekistan 25.7 63.7 209.7 296.2 564.5 407.8 600.6 877.3

Zambia 96.7 95.8 148.6 187.0 250.9 304.6 127.2 134.3

Zimbabwe 3.2 0.5 24.5 27.8 6.6 12.1 13.4 34.3

Total, LLDCs 1,691 3,380 5,804 6,235 6,012 6,707 7,216 7,758

Developing Regions 13,128 25,284 47,046 53,021 60,950 59,774 61,756 61,414

Source: United Nations SDG indicators database

17

Table 2.5. Energy indicators

Access to electricity (% of population)

Power outages

in firms in a

typical month

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Latest

data Year

Afghanistan .. 42.4 68.9 89.5 71.5 97.7 97.7 98.7 11.5 2014

Armenia 99.2 99.4 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.3 2013

Azerbaijan 99.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.6 2013

Bhutan 41.1 67.4 87.3 91.4 95.5 99.6 97.7 100.0 0.4 2015

Bolivia 72.3 84.7 89.5 90.0 91.5 91.8 91.8 95.6 0.6 2017

Botswana 33.4 43.1 53.7 55.9 58.1 60.4 62.6 64.9 4.1 2010

Burkina Faso 11.4 12.5 15.6 19.2 16.3 16.9 17.5 14.4 9.8 2009

Burundi 4.0 4.8 6.9 7.0 8.6 9.6 9.3 11.0 16.6 2014

Central African

Republic 7.2 9.7 18.6 21.2 24.1 27.1 29.8 32.4 29 2011

Chad 4.0 5.8 8.0 8.6 7.7 10.4 10.9 11.8 4.5 2018

Eswatini 28.7 42.8 58.7 65.0 65.8 69.6 73.5 76.5 3.7 2016

Ethiopia 27.3 31.5 36.0 27.2 29.0 42.9 44.3 45.0 8.2 2015

Kazakhstan 99.3 99.4 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.5 2019

Kyrgyzstan 99.7 99.4 99.5 99.8 99.8 99.9 100.0 100.0 0.9 2019

Lao PDR 48.0 66.0 79.5 83.0 89.7 90.8 93.6 97.9 0.2 2018

Lesotho 5.6 15.9 26.6 27.8 31.8 35.3 33.7 47.0 2.2 2016

Malawi 6.2 7.9 9.0 11.9 10.8 11.0 12.7 18.0 6.7 2014

Mali 15.0 24.1 33.7 35.7 37.6 41.2 43.1 50.9 4.2 2016

Mongolia 76.3 79.1 81.2 85.9 88.0 91.1 93.8 98.1 0.5 2019

Nepal 39.0 57.6 78.2 84.9 85.2 90.7 92.4 93.9 8.7 2013

Niger 9.5 11.7 15.1 15.7 16.6 17.5 18.2 17.6 22 2017

North Macedonia .. 99.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.1 2019

Paraguay 92.6 96.7 99.0 99.0 99.3 98.4 99.3 100.0 1.7 2017

Republic of Moldova 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.6 2019

Rwanda 7.9 6.0 15.2 19.8 22.8 29.4 34.1 34.7 2.4 2019

South Sudan .. .. 11.8 15.0 18.4 21.9 25.1 28.2 1.5 2014

Tajikistan 100.0 98.5 98.7 98.8 98.0 99.2 99.3 99.3 1.3 2019

Turkmenistan 99.7 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. ..

Uganda 10.5 14.9 13.9 20.4 18.5 26.7 31.8 42.7 6.3 2013

Uzbekistan 99.8 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.9 2019

Zambia 18.5 24.4 28.0 27.9 31.1 35.3 40.3 39.8 13.3 2019

Zimbabwe 35.0 36.4 38.3 32.3 33.7 39.9 40.5 41.0 4.5 2016

Average, LLDCs 38.8 43.5 48.8 49.5 49.1 55.5 56.3 58.7 .. ..

World 79.8 82.2 85.1 85.6 86.7 88.0 88.8 89.6 5.7 2019

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators and United Nations SDG indicators database

18

Table 2.6. Clean cooking

Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology (%)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 13.0 18.0 25.0 27.0 29.0 31.0 34.0 37.0

Armenia 88.0 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95

Azerbaijan 80.0 91.0 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95

Bhutan 39.0 58.0 71.0 73.0 74.0 75.0 77.0 77.0

Bolivia 65.0 73.0 81.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 83.0 84.0

Botswana 50.0 55.0 56.0 55.0 55.0 54.0 54.0 53.0

Burkina Faso <5 5.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 10.0

Burundi <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Central African Republic <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Chad <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Eswatini 28.0 36.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0

Ethiopia <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5.0

Kazakhstan 87.0 92.0 95.0 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95

Kyrgyzstan 58.0 68.0 75.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 77.0

Lao PDR <5 <5 <5 5.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.0

Lesotho 21.0 29.0 35.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0

Malawi <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Mali <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Mongolia 24.0 31.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0

Nepal 10.0 18.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 29.0

Niger <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

North Macedonia 61.0 65.0 65.0 66.0 66.0 65.0 65.0 65.0

Paraguay 48.0 54.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 66.0 67.0 68.0

Republic of Moldova 75.0 88.0 94.0 94.0 95.0 >95 >95 >95

Rwanda <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

South Sudan <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Tajikistan 50.0 65.0 74.0 76.0 77.0 78.0 80.0 81.0

Turkmenistan >95 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95 >95

Uganda <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Uzbekistan 84.0 86.0 86.0 86.0 86.0 85.0 85.0 85.0

Zambia 15.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 13.0

Zimbabwe 33.0 31.0 30.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0

Average, LLDCs 24.0 25.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 27.0 27.0 27.0

World 51.0 55.0 59.0 59.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0


19

Table 2.7. Energy Intensity

Energy intensity level of primary energy (megajoules per constant 2011

purchasing power parity GDP)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Afghanistan 1.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9

Armenia 6.5 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.2

Azerbaijan 10.4 4.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8

Bhutan 17.8 13.3 11.3 11.2 10.5 10.0 9.7

Bolivia 5.1 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.9

Botswana 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.3

Burkina Faso 4.9 6.7 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.7

Burundi 11.6 9.7 8.6 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.7

Central African Republic 6.9 5.9 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.7

Chad 5.9 4.0 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.3

Eswatini 5.9 5.6 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.1 4.1

Ethiopia 25.8 17.2 12.3 11.6 10.8 10.2 9.7

Kazakhstan 9.0 9.7 8.7 7.9 7.9 8.2 8.2

Kyrgyzstan 9.4 8.9 9.2 9.2 8.7 8.0 7.7

Lao PDR 4.1 4.0 3.4 3.4 4.4 5.1 5.4

Lesotho 12.4 11.2 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.6 8.0

Malawi 6.8 5.6 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1

Mali 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6

Mongolia 8.2 7.5 7.0 6.7 5.7 6.1 5.9

Nepal 9.2 8.2 7.8 7.7 7.4 8.0 7.8

Niger 6.9 6.6 7.5 7.1 6.9 6.5 6.6

North Macedonia 6.6 5.6 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.2

Paraguay 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.7

Republic of Moldova 11.3 8.4 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.3

Rwanda 6.7 6.4 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.4

South Sudan .. .. 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.5

Tajikistan 9.1 7.1 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.2

Turkmenistan 28.4 21.7 15.5 14.3 13.9 13.0 12.3

Uganda 12.4 10.5 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.5

Uzbekistan 30.7 19.9 11.7 11.1 9.2 7.6 7.2

Zambia 11.3 9.0 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.7 8.1

Zimbabwe 14.6 21.0 13.7 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.0

Average, LLDCs 11.5 9.4 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.0

World 6.4 5.9 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0


20

Table 2.8. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy

consumption)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Afghanistan 42.3 21.3 17.1 20.4 20.0 24.3 24.7

Armenia 9.8 6.4 6.8 7.7 11.6 13.3 12.5

Azerbaijan 2.9 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.3 1.9 1.9

Bhutan 91.9 91.8 86.5 86.6 86.5 84.7 83.4

Bolivia 26.6 21.1 17.6 16.7 17.6 15.7 13.4

Botswana 34.2 27.0 28.8 28.3 28.4 28.3 28.6

Burkina Faso 79.1 82.9 75.4 75.2 72.7 72.3 70.0

Burundi 95.8 95.2 91.1 91.4 91.2 90.0 88.2

Central African Republic 85.5 80.6 77.1 76.8 76.4 76.1 75.8

Chad 83.9 81.9 85.4 85.5 85.4 85.3 85.4

Eswatini 63.9 65.5 65.6 68.4 66.4 60.0 60.6

Ethiopia 94.2 94.0 92.4 91.2 91.5 90.4 89.8

Kazakhstan 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.6

Kyrgyzstan 30.5 22.0 24.8 26.6 23.3 21.9 24.5

Lao PDR 78.8 69.3 58.6 58.3 53.9 49.6 45.9

Lesotho 55.9 55.0 44.7 42.8 44.1 42.2 38.7

Malawi 82.8 80.4 79.7 82.7 80.8 78.7 75.9

Mali 86.4 76.1 60.4 60.7 58.4 59.1 58.6

Mongolia 6.1 4.7 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.6

Nepal 89.4 90.5 86.1 84.1 85.0 79.2 76.6

Niger 87.0 86.1 78.7 78.1 78.9 79.7 79.5

North Macedonia 17.3 15.6 21.2 21.2 24.0 21.4 19.1

Paraguay 67.1 66.6 62.5 62.5 61.0 62.5 60.1


Rwanda 87.3 90.6 88.5 88.2 86.7 86.0 86.7

South Sudan 0.0 0.0 29.7 30.4 26.2 27.8 27.9

Tajikistan 64.6 54.6 55.1 45.9 48.1 41.2 41.7

Turkmenistan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Uganda 94.2 92.3 90.8 90.2 89.0 88.6 88.5

Uzbekistan 1.5 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.4

Zambia 89.4 92.4 89.0 88.6 88.0 88.2 84.5

Zimbabwe 77.8 82.1 79.4 81.0 81.6 82.8 83.3

Average, LLDCs 43.5 39.8 41.9 42.8 43.5 44.1 44.0

World 16.7 16.1 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.2 17.3


21

Table 2.9. Access to internet

Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100

inhabitants

Percentage of Individuals using the

Internet

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.9 7.0 8.3 11.2 13.5 ..

Armenia 0.0 8.4 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.7 11.8 4.6 41.9 54.6 59.1 64.3 64.7 ..

Azerbaijan .. 18.2 20.0 19.7 18.5 18.3 19.0 73.0 75.0 77.0 78.2 79.0 79.8

Bhutan .. 2.9 3.5 3.8 2.2 2.2 1.4 2.4 22.4 30.3 39.8 41.8 48.1 ..

Bolivia 0.1 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.6 3.4 4.4 3.5 37.0 34.6 35.6 39.7 43.8 44.3

Botswana .. 1.0 1.6 1.7 2.7 1.5 1.8 3.3 30.0 36.7 37.3 39.4 47.0 ..

Burkina Faso 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 9.1 9.4 14.0 14.0 16.0 ..

Burundi .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 1.4 4.9 5.2 2.7 ..

Central African

Rep. .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.3 ..

Chad .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.5 2.9 3.5 5.0 6.5 ..

Eswatini .. 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 .. 2.4 24.7 26.2 25.6 28.6 47.0 ..

Ethiopia 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 .. 0.1 4.6 7.7 13.9 15.4 18.6 ..

Kazakhstan 0.0 11.5 12.4 13.1 13.2 14.2 13.4 2.0 63.3 66.0 70.8 74.6 76.4 78.9

Kyrgyzstan 0.0 2.4 2.9 3.5 4.0 4.2 5.6 3.9 23.0 28.3 30.2 37.0 38.0 ..

Lao PDR 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 12.5 14.3 18.2 21.9 25.5 ..

Lesotho .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.5 15.0 22.0 25.0 27.4 29.0 ..

Malawi 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 5.1 5.8 5.3 11.5 13.8 ..

Mali .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.5 7.0 10.3 11.1 13.0 ..

Mongolia .. 4.8 6.7 6.9 7.4 9.2 9.7 17.7 19.9 22.5 22.3 23.7 47.2

Nepal .. 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.8 2.8 0.4 13.3 15.4 17.6 19.7 34.0 ..

Niger 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 1.2 1.2 2.5 4.3 10.2 5.3

North Macedonia .. 16.3 17.0 17.4 18.3 19.0 20.5 19.1 65.2 68.1 70.4 72.2 74.5 79.2

Paraguay 0.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.2 4.6 2.1 36.9 43.0 49.7 53.4 61.1 65.0

Republic of

Moldova 0.0 11.5 12.5 13.1 13.7 14.4 15.4 7.4 60.0 67.0 69.0 71.0 76.1 ..

Rwanda .. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 9.0 10.6 18.0 20.0 21.8 ..

South Sudan .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 4.5 5.5 6.7 8.0 ..

Tajikistan 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. 0.1 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 22.0 ..

Turkmenistan .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. 0.4 9.6 12.2 15.0 18.0 21.3 ..

Uganda .. 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 15.5 16.9 17.8 21.9 23.7 ..

Uzbekistan 0.0 1.0 2.7 5.8 8.7 10.4 12.7 1.9 26.8 35.5 42.8 46.8 52.3 55.2

Zambia 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 15.4 19.0 21.0 25.5 27.9 14.3

Zimbabwe 0.1 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.8 15.5 16.4 22.7 23.1 27.1 ..

Average, LLDCs 0.0 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 3.5 1.1 15.0 17.4 20.8 23.2 26.6 25.3

Developed

countries 6.0 27.4 28.3 29.6 30.6 31.6 32.5 41.5 73.8 75.8 76.8 81.0 81.9 84.9

Developing

countries 0.6 5.9 6.3 7.7 8.6 9.7 10.3 5.5 29.3 31.5 34.2 37.4 42.4 44.7

World 1.6 9.7 10.1 11.4 12.3 13.3 14.1 12.3 37.0 39.1 41.5 44.8 49.0 51.4

Source: International Telecommunication Union

22

Table 2.10. Mobile cellular subscriptions

Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 0.8 52.1 55.2 57.3 61.1 65.9 59.1

Armenia 3.8 115.5 118.8 118.4 117.0 118.5 121.3

Azerbaijan 12.6 107.9 111.0 111.2 104.7 102.9 103.9

Bhutan 0.4 76.6 86.9 92.8 94.8 98.0 93.3

Bolivia 14.4 98.9 97.6 93.5 91.6 97.9 100.8

Botswana 25.7 157.4 163.3 163.9 152.3 147.0 150.0

Burkina Faso 1.9 65.8 71.0 79.8 82.6 93.5 97.9

Burundi 0.9 26.6 32.4 49.2 51.1 54.7 56.5

Central African Rep. 1.0 30.6 25.9 27.7 27.5 25.6 27.4

Chad 0.7 34.5 38.4 38.7 38.4 42.4 45.1

Eswatini 8.3 82.2 83.7 85.2 89.3 93.5 ..

Ethiopia 0.1 26.9 31.1 42.0 49.4 37.2 ..

Kazakhstan 8.8 178.3 165.3 149.7 143.2 147.6 142.3

Kyrgyzstan 2.8 117.6 129.4 127.2 125.3 136.8 138.6

Lao PDR 2.0 70.5 69.6 55.3 57.8 53.4 51.9

Lesotho 6.2 88.3 104.7 103.9 110.0 113.8 ..

Malawi 1.1 33.4 34.6 39.2 41.7 44.0 39.0

Mali 2.1 120.1 138.8 130.2 112.5 119.0 115.1


Mongolia 12.9 99.9 103.0 102.3 110.2 124.8 133.2

Nepal 0.3 79.4 85.6 101.9 117.8 130.6 139.4

Niger 0.7 37.9 42.8 44.8 35.9 40.6 ..

North Macedonia 37.8 107.8 107.1 100.2 98.5 96.4 94.5

Paraguay 31.4 108.3 110.7 110.8 110.5 108.8 107.0

Rwanda 1.5 61.9 69.9 77.0 76.5 73.6 78.9

South Sudan 27.6 27.2 27.1 24.9 25.6 33.5

Tajikistan 0.7 93.5 96.9 100.4 108.5 111.5 ..

Turkmenistan 0.2 114.1 131.8 140.9 151.4 162.9 ..

Uganda 3.0 50.6 55.2 52.9 57.6 60.6 57.3

Uzbekistan 1.2 71.8 71.1 70.4 74.0 75.9 71.5

Zambia 2.1 69.6 65.7 72.8 73.4 79.7 89.2

Zimbabwe 3.0 102.1 86.8 92.3 91.8 99.0 89.4

Average, LLDCs 3.1 64.2 66.9 70.4 72.6 73.4 78.2

Developed countries 59.5 118.2 122.0 125.2 126.8 127.0 126.8

Developing countries 13.5 87.8 91.4 91.7 95.5 99.0 99.4

World 22.2 93.1 96.7 97.4 100.7 103.6 104.0

Source: International Telecommunication Union

23

Annex 3: Indicators for Priority 3 – International Trade and Trade Facilitation

Table 3.1. Merchandise exports

Total Merchandise Exports (US$ millions)

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 144 515 570 571 596 780 885 1,050

Armenia 686 1,480 1,519 1,485 1,792 2,245 2,412 2,640

Azerbaijan 2,592 31,781 28,260 16,592 13,108 15,481 20,291 20,000

Bhutan 133 544 583 549 525 573 606 590

Bolivia 1,597 11,657 12,300 8,726 7,082 7,846 8,965 8,757

Botswana 2,810 7,911 8,510 6,316 7,366 5,904 6,587 5,024

Burkina Faso 321 2,356 2,453 2,176 2,509 2,875 3,253 3,414

Burundi 38 94 132 121 125 172 180 182

Central African

Republic 128 116 99 86 115 147 164 180

Chad 601 3,800 4,194 2,426 2,090 2,381 3,195 2,360

Eswatini 1,638 1,895 2,004 1,812 1,633 1,791 1,747 2,044

Ethiopia 496 3,112 3,275 2,914 2,789 3,022 2,704 2,774

Kazakhstan 12,927 84,699 79,460 45,956 36,685 48,304 60,956 57,309

Kyrgyzstan 582 2,058 1,897 1,441 1,573 1,764 1,837 1,966

Lao PDR 335 2,264 2,662 3,653 4,245 4,873 5,295 5,880

Lesotho 476 847 826 929 881 1,028 1,221 1,002

Malawi 525 1,208 1,370 1,080 1,022 884 870 859

Mali 928 2,339 2,776 2,717 2,826 2,896 3,496 3,367

Mongolia 616 4,273 5,775 4,669 4,916 6,201 7,012 7,620

Nepal 662 879 889 721 696 742 786 900

Niger 352 1,585 1,445 1,087 1,032 1,206 1,202 1,264

North Macedonia 1,367 4,299 4,969 4,536 4,790 5,668 6,911 7,189

Paraguay 2,585 9,456 9,636 8,357 8,494 8,680 9,045 7,652

Republic of

Moldova 790 2,428 2,340 1,967 2,045 2,425 2,706 2,779

Rwanda 63 703 723 682 731 1,042 1,121 1,166

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 797 1,162 977 891 899 1,198 1,073 1,050

Turkmenistan 3,632 16,800 17,500 10,000 6,964 7,458 9,573 10,000

Uganda 532 2,408 2,262 2,267 2,482 2,901 3,087 3,455

Uzbekistan 3,189 12,000 11,500 9,443 8,974 10,392 11,224 16,000

Zambia 980 10,600 9,694 6,607 6,372 8,007 9,035 7,303

Zimbabwe 1,670 3,907 3,866 3,248 3,319 3,864 4,387 4,359

Total, LLDCs 44,190 229,174 224,463 154,024 138,675 162,748 191,827 190,133

Total, Transit

Countries 952,055 4,030,401 4,179,347 3,822,901 3,625,738 4,023,678 4,426,575 4,370,057

World 7,590,156 18,950,642 19,007,212 16,555,698 16,043,204 17,737,656 19,468,135 18,888,799

Source: UNCTADstat database

24

Table 3.2. Merchandise imports

Total Merchandise Imports (US$ millions)

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 2,101 8,554 7,729 7,723 6,534 7,580 7,407 7,310

Armenia 1,280 4,477 4,401 3,239 3,273 4,189 4,963 5,514

Azerbaijan 2,626 10,321 9,188 9,217 8,489 8,783 11,465 12,000

Bhutan 249 909 932 1,061 1,002 1,029 1,048 960

Bolivia 1,616 9,338 10,519 9,766 8,427 9,288 9,996 9,784

Botswana 2,448 8,352 8,078 7,238 6,143 5,321 6,287 6,573

Burkina Faso 925 4,356 3,576 3,080 3,345 3,904 4,386 4,672

Burundi 157 811 769 857 616 755 793 883

Central African

Republic 118 213 406 346 404 440 504 460

Chad 790 3,000 4,400 3,700 2,465 1,934 2,160 2,230

Eswatini 1,519 1,693 1,690 1,412 1,476 1,608 1,696 1,768

Ethiopia 2,686 12,224 15,357 16,702 16,425 15,875 15,306 16,084

Kazakhstan 8,409 48,806 41,296 30,568 24,995 29,266 32,534 37,757

Kyrgyzstan 717 6,070 5,732 4,070 4,000 4,495 5,292 4,904

Lao PDR 462 3,081 4,271 5,675 5,372 5,667 6,164 5,990

Lesotho 1,121 2,175 2,207 1,997 1,861 2,107 2,229 2,136

Malawi 786 2,845 2,778 2,312 2,210 2,547 2,796 2,897

Mali 1,271 3,807 3,909 3,800 4,051 4,286 4,650 4,599

Mongolia 801 6,355 5,237 3,798 3,358 4,337 5,875 6,127

Nepal 1,754 6,571 7,590 6,652 8,935 10,345 12,712 12,140

Niger 622 2,018 2,190 1,976 1,715 1,952 2,281 2,485

North Macedonia 2,306 6,620 7,301 6,427 6,758 7,723 9,050 9,471

Paraguay 2,228 12,142 12,169 10,291 9,753 11,875 13,334 12,544

Republic of

Moldova 1,399 5,493 5,317 3,987 4,020 4,831 5,760 5,842

Rwanda 259 2,302 2,470 2,382 2,254 2,239 2,445 2,703

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 881 4,151 4,297 3,436 3,031 2,775 3,151 3,200

Turkmenistan 2,512 10,000 10,000 7,000 4,994 4,571 2,351 3,000

Uganda 1,375 5,818 6,074 5,528 4,829 5,596 6,729 7,476

Uzbekistan 2,662 13,138 13,925 11,461 11,328 12,035 17,312 23,000

Zambia 1,574 10,177 9,707 7,935 7,288 7,983 9,462 7,221

Zimbabwe 1,710 4,300 4,200 4,000 3,700 3,800 4,100 3,500

Total, LLDCs 49,362 220,113 217,715 187,633 173,053 189,136 214,239 225,230

Total, transit

Countries 897,357 4,029,152 4,025,374 3,481,650 3,259,725 3,782,325 4,272,031 4,121,240

World 7,779,961 18,965,727 19,055,365 16,722,276 16,197,911 17,974,364 19,810,821 19,237,397


25

Table 3.3. Participation in global trade

Share of Merchandise Exports in Global Trade (%) Share of Merchandise Imports in Global Trade (%)

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.029 0.041 0.046 0.040 0.042 0.037 0.038

Armenia 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.014 0.021 0.023 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.025 0.029

Azerbaijan 0.133 0.149 0.100 0.082 0.087 0.104 0.106 0.046 0.048 0.055 0.052 0.049 0.058 0.062

Bhutan 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005

Bolivia 0.039 0.065 0.053 0.044 0.044 0.046 0.046 0.032 0.055 0.058 0.052 0.052 0.050 0.051

Botswana 0.035 0.045 0.038 0.046 0.033 0.034 0.027 0.035 0.042 0.043 0.038 0.030 0.032 0.034

Burkina Faso 0.007 0.013 0.013 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.014 0.019 0.018 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.024

Burundi 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005

Central African

Republic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002

Chad 0.024 0.022 0.015 0.013 0.013 0.016 0.012 0.013 0.023 0.022 0.015 0.011 0.011 0.012

Eswatini 0.014 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009

Ethiopia 0.011 0.017 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.014 0.015 0.048 0.081 0.100 0.101 0.088 0.077 0.084

Kazakhstan 0.351 0.418 0.278 0.229 0.272 0.313 0.303 0.199 0.217 0.183 0.154 0.163 0.164 0.196

Kyrgyzstan 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.027 0.025

Lao PDR 0.008 0.014 0.022 0.026 0.027 0.027 0.031 0.011 0.022 0.034 0.033 0.032 0.031 0.031

Lesotho 0.006 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.011

Malawi 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015

Mali 0.012 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.016 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.024

Mongolia 0.016 0.030 0.028 0.031 0.035 0.036 0.040 0.020 0.027 0.023 0.021 0.024 0.030 0.032

Nepal 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.027 0.040 0.040 0.055 0.058 0.064 0.063

Niger 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.013

North

Macedonia 0.022 0.026 0.027 0.030 0.032 0.035 0.038 0.035 0.038 0.038 0.042 0.043 0.046 0.049

Paraguay 0.037 0.051 0.050 0.053 0.049 0.046 0.041 0.049 0.064 0.062 0.060 0.066 0.067 0.065

Republic of

Moldova 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.025 0.028 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.029 0.030

Rwanda 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.014

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 0.009 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.017 0.023 0.021 0.019 0.015 0.016 0.017

Turkmenistan 0.060 0.092 0.060 0.043 0.042 0.049 0.053 0.037 0.052 0.042 0.031 0.025 0.012 0.016

Uganda 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.018 0.026 0.032 0.033 0.030 0.031 0.034 0.039

Uzbekistan 0.060 0.061 0.057 0.056 0.059 0.058 0.085 0.051 0.073 0.069 0.070 0.067 0.087 0.120

Zambia 0.035 0.051 0.040 0.040 0.045 0.046 0.039 0.032 0.051 0.047 0.045 0.044 0.048 0.038

Zimbabwe 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.022 0.022 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.021 0.018

Total, LLDCs 0.96 1.18 0.93 0.86 0.92 0.99 1.01 0.89 1.14 1.12 1.07 1.05 1.08 1.17

Total, transit

countries 17.63 21.99 23.09 22.60 22.68 22.74 23.14 16.51 21.12 20.82 20.12 21.04 21.56 21.42

Total, transit

countries excl.

China

8.73 9.67 9.36 9.52 9.92 9.96 9.91 8.89 10.84 10.78 10.32 10.78 10.78 10.63


26

Table 3.4. Trade as percentage of GDP

Exports Imports

2005 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2005 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan .. 6.4 9.3 6.9 5.6 5.2 7.3 .. 46.9 38.4 40.5 35.6 35.6 36.7

Armenia 27.2 27.7 27.9 28.8 31.9 36.1 35.8 41.5 47.7 46.0 41.6 42.6 48.9 51.9

Azerbaijan 61.5 48.4 43.3 37.7 46.4 48.7 56.1 51.4 26.3 26.2 34.8 43.6 42.0 39.0

Bhutan 31.1 37.1 33.7 34.3 29.0 28.0 28.7 66.3 61.2 57.1 58.5 55.9 48.2 46.1

Bolivia 33.5 40.4 42.5 30.1 22.1 22.6 22.5 30.0 36.1 39.2 36.1 31.8 31.3 30.9

Botswana 53.1 59.0 58.3 50.0 52.5 39.8 38.9 34.7 61.4 54.0 54.9 42.8 34.7 36.9

Burkina Faso 10.0 26.4 25.9 26.4 30.1 30.2 29.4 25.5 39.8 34.9 36.2 37.4 37.5 36.7

Burundi 8.6 9.0 7.5 6.3 6.8 7.5 .. 28.9 37.3 34.2 29.6 25.4 27.8 ..

Central African

Republic 12.2 15.4 12.9 12.4 12.6 .. .. 19.8 24.7 37.3 34.4 28.0 .. ..

Chad 47.7 35.3 31.7 27.8 .. .. .. 37.7 44.2 46.1 42.3 .. .. ..

Eswatini 56.3 40.6 44.3 43.4 45.6 43.4 40.7 68.5 42.2 45.1 42.0 44.8 44.6 44.0

Ethiopia 15.9 13.1 11.7 9.5 8.4 8.8 9.5 40.2 30.5 33.5 31.4 28.4 25.3 25.7

Kazakhstan 52.8 38.3 38.8 27.5 30.3 33.7 40.2 44.6 26.7 25.4 23.9 26.3 25.5 27.6

Kyrgyzstan 38.5 52.0 43.9 36.3 35.4 34.0 32.5 56.7 90.5 86.4 72.6 69.8 67.1 69.5

Lao PDR 25.7 24.3 29.4 30.2 31.3 33.1 33.3 31.3 33.9 45.6 45.3 40.1 40.2 39.9

Lesotho 42.8 34.8 34.6 38.9 41.0 40.3 43.7 106.2 89.5 82.3 81.8 83.7 82.4 79.7

Malawi 16.6 26.4 27.5 24.1 22.2 16.5 15.8 35.8 55.9 50.5 39.6 45.9 44.3 42.5

Mali 22.0 24.9 22.5 24.1 23.4 22.3 23.0 29.4 39.9 38.0 39.6 40.3 36.8 37.5

Mongolia 39.3 33.1 46.4 40.1 43.3 55.7 59.5 53.5 66.7 58.8 45.0 50.1 58.6 70.9

Nepal 15.5 12.0 12.2 10.8 10.1 9.8 11.1 32.8 41.3 44.5 37.1 47.9 47.5 55.6

Niger 14.8 21.9 20.5 17.6 15.6 17.0 16.8 31.1 39.1 39.3 40.7 33.2 36.1 35.8

North Macedonia 33.2 43.1 47.1 48.3 50.3 54.8 59.1 50.9 61.6 65.0 64.9 66.3 69.4 72.8

Paraguay 58.5 49.6 44.9 43.2 46.3 47.9 46.1 46.1 44.6 42.3 41.3 39.1 42.5 44.3

Republic of

Moldova 44.6 38.1 36.8 38.3 38.5 38.3 36.0 85.1 75.5 73.6 68.8 65.7 65.8 66.4

Rwanda 9.5 16.8 16.4 18.1 18.4 22.4 23.3 25.2 32.1 33.2 36.4 36.9 31.8 32.5

South Sudan _ .. 23.9 18.8 25.2 41.7 38.3 _ .. 33.2 24.6 31.7 33.7 25.7

Tajikistan 21.3 10.1 8.1 9.2 12.9 14.5 14.8 59.9 62.9 45.5 42.3 42.1 38.7 42.8

Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 13.2 19.2 17.6 18.7 17.7 16.8 17.3 21.1 28.8 27.9 29.1 24.7 24.9 27.9

Uzbekistan 37.6 26.3 23.5 19.2 16.7 28.0 38.5 28.4 24.3 21.9 18.6 17.9 26.2 46.0

Zambia 33.9 40.7 40.2 38.0 34.5 34.5 36.5 30.9 39.3 37.7 41.7 37.9 36.2 37.9

Zimbabwe 33.5 27.2 25.5 24.3 24.4 26.1 15.4 42.5 55.7 51.5 46.0 38.7 36.4 24.6

Average, LLDCs 37.9 34.7 33.5 26.9 26.3 28.6 31.1 40.0 35.4 34.3 33.2 33.5 33.7 35.4

World 27.0 30.3 30.1 28.3 27.3 28.4 29.3 26.6 29.4 29.4 27.7 26.7 27.6 28.6


27

Table 3.5. Time to clear export and imports through customs

Days to clear direct

exports through

customs

Days to clear

imports from

customs*

Percent of firms

identifying customs

and trade regulations

as a major constraint

Year of

survey

Latest Values Latest Values Latest Values

Afghanistan 8.1 10.6 46.5 2014

Armenia 7.3 20 21.5 2013

Azerbaijan 2.9 4.7 7.3 2019

Bhutan 12.7 9.5 8.8 2015

Bolivia 9.7 40.1 27.2 2017

Botswana 6.2 3.7 15.8 2010

Burkina Faso 7.4 15.9 42.6 2009

Burundi 20.6 32.4 35.6 2014

Central African Republic 9.5 13.1 31.9 2011

Chad .. 23.8 27.4 2018

Eswatini 4.1 4.5 11.3 2016

Ethiopia 7.7 19.2 13.5 2015

Kazakhstan 9 13.7 4.9 2019

Kyrgyzstan 1.8 5.3 15.3 2019

Lao PDR 7.2 3.2 11.4 2018

Lesotho 4 2.2 27.9 2016

Malawi 11.4 18.8 26.8 2014

Mali 16.5 28.3 50.8 2016

Mongolia 4.6 3.5 7.8 2019

Nepal 8.5 5.2 17.7 2013

Niger .. 16.9 17.7 2017

North Macedonia 4.4 3.5 9 2019

Paraguay 8.6 21.1 15 2017

Republic of Moldova 2.3 2.2 13.8 2019

Rwanda 8 18.9 5.8 2019

South Sudan .. 14.4 39.6 2014

Tajikistan 2.1 4.2 2.5 2019

Turkmenistan .. .. .. ..

Uganda 10 20.7 19.3 2013

Uzbekistan 3.7 10.1 3.6 2019

Zambia 10.8 15.6 26.1 2019

Zimbabwe 5.9 10 21.9 2016

Simple average, LLDCs 7.7 13.3 19.5 2010-2020

Simple average, transit

countries 9.3 14.6 18.3 2010-2020

World 7.7 12.0 18.1 2010-2020

Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys

28

Table 3.6. Structure of LLDCs exports

Share of primary commodities, precious

stones and non-monetary gold in

merchandise exports (%)

Share of manufactured goods in

merchandise exports (%)

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 69.7 64.8 85.8 89.3 90.4 92.7 16.2 8.0 7.2 3.9 6.4 5.4

Armenia 66.5 79.0 81.7 80.0 80.2 72.7 32.4 20.7 18.0 19.8 19.7 26.9

Azerbaijan 95.0 97.4 95.5 96.5 96.9 97.0 4.7 1.9 3.0 3.4 2.8 2.7

Bhutan 45.2 34.3 36.2 31.6 39.4 36.8 53.8 65.7 62.6 68.4 60.6 63.2

Bolivia 91.0 95.8 94.2 93.8 94.5 94.6 8.5 4.0 5.6 6.0 5.2 5.0

Botswana 90.8 94.7 92.3 94.7 94.4 93.4 8.7 5.0 7.5 5.2 5.5 6.5

Burkina Faso 93.5 93.8 96.4 96.5 97.5 97.1 6.4 6.2 3.5 3.4 2.4 2.8

Burundi 89.1 89.4 90.1 90.4 92.1 93.0 10.4 10.4 9.1 9.4 7.6 6.9

Central African Republic 94.7 93.2 63.7 78.5 54.1 65.1 4.7 6.6 34.9 21.1 44.4 33.9

Chad 97.7 99.5 98.1 98.2 98.8 98.5 1.9 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.0 1.4

Eswatini 39.9 37.2 33.1 34.0 29.4 29.5 58.3 62.6 66.3 65.6 70.5 70.5

Ethiopia 89.1 89.6 88.4 77.3 85.6 83.8 9.4 9.1 10.1 19.0 14.4 16.2

Kazakhstan 87.3 89.1 85.7 82.4 84.8 87.7 12.7 10.9 14.3 17.6 15.2 12.3

Kyrgyzstan 62.3 75.3 70.7 68.2 76.5 72.8 31.7 24.1 20.8 27.0 23.4 25.0

Lao PDR 73.3 84.7 72.5 69.8 74.5 74.5 26.0 15.2 22.7 23.0 21.9 25.5

Lesotho 25.0 52.1 42.6 44.2 39.9 44.9 73.8 47.8 57.2 55.8 60.0 55.1

Malawi 87.3 79.7 85.9 90.4 92.7 91.5 12.4 16.5 11.7 9.5 7.1 8.4

Mali 91.2 93.9 91.1 93.0 88.6 92.6 8.4 6.0 8.8 6.9 11.2 7.3

Mongolia 88.9 97.6 97.4 96.5 97.8 98.2 11.0 2.4 2.6 3.4 1.9 1.8

Nepal 30.7 31.9 32.0 29.2 31.7 28.9 68.7 67.9 68.0 70.7 68.3 71.0

Niger 61.3 65.6 61.9 73.8 66.0 64.7 32.4 32.9 37.8 25.7 34.0 35.3

North Macedonia 26.6 20.0 18.0 17.5 17.6 16.2 70.9 79.9 82.0 82.5 82.3 83.7

Paraguay 91.4 91.0 90.3 91.1 89.6 87.0 8.4 8.9 9.6 8.9 10.3 12.8

Republic of Moldova 46.6 47.0 48.6 47.4 47.6 42.2 52.8 52.9 51.2 52.0 52.2 57.4

Rwanda 89.1 81.4 84.5 91.7 90.0 90.2 9.4 14.8 12.5 7.4 9.3 8.7

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 84.8 84.4 85.5 83.4 79.3 81.4 13.2 12.0 11.9 15.3 14.0 18.3

Turkmenistan 89.2 87.7 88.8 86.8 89.1 89.7 9.7 12.2 10.9 12.6 10.8 9.7

Uganda 75.9 69.5 69.7 74.8 83.5 84.7 22.8 28.4 27.2 22.3 16.1 15.0

Uzbekistan 64.7 67.2 68.2 69.7 72.1 69.9 29.5 32.6 29.6 28.3 27.8 29.5

Zambia 86.5 85.8 87.3 88.9 87.9 85.7 12.1 13.7 12.5 11.1 11.9 14.2

Zimbabwe 76.0 82.3 85.2 88.3 83.9 84.2 23.4 16.8 14.7 11.6 14.1 15.7

Average, LLDCs 83.3 86.2 83.2 81.8 82.7 83.4 15.8 13.4 16.1 17.5 16.9 16.4

World 29.5 32.3 27.8 26.4 28.0 28.3 67.1 65.0 69.4 70.5 69.3 68.6


29

Annex 4: Indicators for Priority 4 – Regional Integration and Cooperation

Table 4.1. Participation in Regional Trade Agreements (RTA)

Cumulative Number

of Physical RTAs in

force

2014 2020

Afghanistan 2 2

Armenia 7 11

Azerbaijan 5 5

Bhutan 3 3

Bolivia 3 3

Botswana 3 5

Burkina Faso 2 2

Burundi 2 2

Central African Republic 1 1

Chad 1 1

Eswatini 4 6

Ethiopia 1 1

Kazakhstan 7 10

Kyrgyzstan 7 9

Lao PDR 8 9

Lesotho 3 6

Malawi 2 2

Mali 2 2

Mongolia 0 1

Nepal 3 3

Niger 2 2

North Macedonia 5 5

Paraguay 5 8

Republic of Moldova 7 2

Rwanda 2 2

South Sudan 0 0

Tajikistan 3 2

Turkmenistan 5 5

Uganda 2 2

Uzbekistan 4 4

Zambia 2 2

Zimbabwe 4 4

Average, LLDCs 3.34 3.81

Source: WTO, Regional Trade Agreements Information System (RTA-IS)

Accessed on 29 July 2020

30

Table 4.2. Intra-regional exports

Intra-regional exports (%)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. 84.3 ..

Armenia 67.8 59.0 55.6 62.6 74.5 75.9 72.5

Azerbaijan 58.9 61.8 71.8 73.0 77.6 72.6 77.8

Bhutan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bolivia 68.8 62.4 58.4 47.7 45.8 48.9 ..

Botswana 15.6 26.0 29.5 26.5 13.6 14.4 14.2

Burkina Faso 17.7 22.0 16.0 13.4 13.1 13.4 ..

Burundi 21.2 39.1 47.4 44.6 29.1 22.3 ..

Central African Republic 7.3 2.4 21.4 24.6 15.7 .. ..

Eswatini 74.7 81.3 87.2 89.3 94.2 92.9 92.2

Ethiopia 6.8 6.9 6.9 5.2 6.4 10.3 ..

Kazakhstan 75.6 78.7 77.8 76.5 75.6 73.3 69.2

Kyrgyzstan 80.0 85.5 86.3 89.5 90.9 94.4 ..

Lao PDR 83.9 88.1 89.8 88.0 91.1 92.8 91.1

Lesotho .. .. 28.3 .. 51.9 .. ..

Malawi 24.8 35.8 33.2 31.0 27.6 .. ..

Mali .. .. .. 62.7 59.5 .. ..

Mongolia 87.9 88.9 87.3 80.5 86.4 94.3 ..

Nepal 70.6 68.9 66.2 56.2 58.3 .. ..

Niger 34.0 31.3 22.9 19.7 .. .. ..

North Macedonia 94.4 94.2 93.4 95.9 96.3 96.0 95.0

Paraguay 53.3 52.2 53.1 58.1 58.6 67.5 ..


Rwanda 94.0 71.9 43.8 39.9 20.2 22.8 34.8

Uganda 52.5 51.9 56.5 46.1 46.1 50.9 ..

Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. 38.9 41.6 37.7

Zambia 30.5 22.4 24.7 22.0 18.6 20.0 21.6

Zimbabwe 81.4 71.7 77.1 79.7 76.4 64.6 61.8

Source: World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) Database

Note: The regions include East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, Latin America and

Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa

https://wits.worldbank.org/

31

Annex 5: Indicators for Priority 5 – Structural Economic Transformation

Table 5.1. GDP Sector Contributions (Value Added Approach)

Agriculture, forestry and fishing (% of GDP) Services (% of GDP)

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 28.0 22.1 20.6 21.1 20.5 20.3 21.1 44.6 53.0 53.2 52.8 52.7 52.6 52.1

Armenia 18.2 18.1 17.2 16.4 15.0 13.9 12.0 45.7 47.4 48.2 49.9 50.8 52.6 54.2

Azerbaijan 7.2 5.3 6.2 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.7 27.8 34.2 40.7 39.3 38.1 35.3 37.4

Bhutan 17.3 14.5 14.4 14.4 15.0 15.9 .. 37.3 38.2 38.6 38.3 38.1 39.9 ..

Bolivia 11.0 9.7 10.2 11.2 11.6 11.5 12.2 43.8 41.5 46.0 49.8 48.7 49.1 50.7

Botswana 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 51.4 55.8 58.1 57.0 59.1 59.4 60.6

Burkina Faso 24.4 23.7 22.6 21.7 21.3 20.4 20.3 44.3 42.5 44.1 43.8 43.5 41.7 44.0

Burundi 38.6 35.0 30.7 31.5 28.5 29.0 28.9 36.7 39.1 49.4 47.7 49.3 49.1 47.9

Central African

Republic 36.5 34.0 31.5 31.9 32.8 31.2 32.4 31.4 41.8 42.1 41.7 41.9 42.0 43.6

Chad 48.1 50.6 50.4 46.1 48.6 45.1 42.6 33.7 31.1 33.0 30.5 33.5 37.5 40.5

Eswatini 10.4 9.2 9.3 8.9 8.3 8.6 8.8 48.1 50.3 50.2 51.7 53.5 53.7 53.1

Ethiopia 41.9 38.5 36.1 34.7 33.8 31.2 33.9 39.8 39.9 39.5 36.7 36.6 36.4 36.9

Kazakhstan 5.7 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 52.2 54.8 59.3 57.9 57.3 55.5 55.5

Kyrgyzstan 23.2 14.7 14.1 12.8 12.5 11.7 12.1 45.7 50.6 52.1 50.1 49.9 49.8 50.2

Lao PDR 24.7 17.8 17.6 17.2 16.2 15.7 15.3 42.5 44.2 44.2 42.5 41.5 41.6 42.7

Lesotho 5.3 3.9 3.8 5.6 5.4 4.4 4.4 52.6 53.0 50.4 52.0 53.4 51.3 51.4

Malawi 30.7 28.7 27.5 25.9 26.1 26.3 25.5 45.0 49.8 50.2 51.9 52.4 52.6 54.4

Mali 32.8 37.5 37.7 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.3 35.9 37.3 37.3 35.7 34.9 33.7 33.1

Mongolia 16.2 13.3 13.4 11.7 10.3 10.8 11.0 41.4 45.8 47.5 46.1 42.3 39.3 39.0

Nepal 32.9 30.3 29.4 29.1 27.1 25.8 24.3 46.9 48.7 49.5 50.0 51.0 51.0 50.6

Niger 37.1 33.7 32.6 35.9 36.0 38.4 38.2 37.7 38.0 39.3 38.9 38.6 37.8 38.1

North

Macedonia 10.1 10.2 9.7 9.2 7.9 8.5 8.8 55.3 53.8 53.7 53.5 54.5 54.4 54.6

Paraguay 12.5 11.7 9.5 10.8 10.3 10.2 10.1 44.2 47.1 48.6 47.5 47.9 49.1 50.4

Republic of

Moldova 12.6 12.2 11.5 11.4 11.5 10.3 9.9 53.6 52.3 53.0 54.0 53.2 53.6 54.2

Rwanda 29.0 24.6 23.9 25.0 26.3 24.6 24.1 48.7 49.2 49.7 49.2 47.9 49.8 49.3

South Sudan 5.9 7.6 10.4 .. .. .. .. 41.8 45.7 56.6 .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 21.1 23.8 21.9 20.4 21.2 19.2 .. 42.0 41.1 42.5 42.2 41.4 42.1 ..

Turkmenistan 13.7 8.3 9.3 .. .. .. .. 36.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 26.0 24.6 23.3 22.4 23.5 22.8 21.9 44.1 43.6 43.0 44.4 43.5 43.4 43.3

Uzbekistan 26.2 30.3 30.8 30.8 30.1 28.0 25.5 37.8 36.1 35.9 35.8 33.7 31.8 32.2

Zambia 11.9 6.8 5.0 6.2 4.0 2.8 2.7 50.2 53.5 56.2 54.2 52.1 54.0 50.0

Zimbabwe 14.0 8.7 8.3 7.9 8.3 8.3 .. 54.1 57.6 58.7 60.4 60.6 61.3 ..

Average,

LLDCs 16.8 15.3 16.2 16.8 15.7 14.7 16.2 44.5 46.3 48.4 47.0 47.3 46.9 46.6

World 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.0 .. 62.4 64.0 64.9 65.4 65.1 61.2 ..


32

Table 5.2. GDP Sector Contributions (Value Added Approach) – continued

Industry, including construction (% of GDP) Manufacturing (% of GDP)

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 24.1 21.2 22.1 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.1 15.1 11.5 11.4 11.4 11.1 .. ..

Armenia 27.3 25.3 25.7 25.6 25.8 24.8 24.3 9.6 9.7 9.2 10.3 10.6 11.3 11.7

Azerbaijan 59.0 53.6 44.9 47.6 49.7 52.3 48.7 5.6 4.7 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0

Bhutan 41.5 41.7 42.5 42.6 41.8 38.3 .. 8.2 8.3 8.2 7.6 7.5 7.5 ..

Bolivia 28.4 27.6 25.2 25.3 26.4 26.2 25.2 11.3 9.7 10.2 11.0 10.5 10.3 10.5

Botswana 36.3 33.1 30.0 32.1 29.8 29.5 28.3 5.8 5.3 5.8 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2

Burkina Faso 23.4 24.9 24.4 24.9 24.9 22.7 22.4 13.0 11.0 11.6 11.1 10.5 9.4 9.9

Burundi 15.9 15.5 11.8 12.2 11.0 11.1 11.0 10.2 10.1 8.7 9.4 .. .. ..

Central African

Republic 25.5 19.5 22.1 21.6 20.7 20.6 21.1 20.5 17.4 19.7 19.5 18.4 18.1 18.6

Chad 15.7 14.5 13.7 13.7 14.6 14.4 14.3 2.1 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9

Eswatini 38.6 35.6 35.6 35.1 33.5 32.9 33.8 33.2 30.6 31.6 31.0 29.5 28.9 29.4

Ethiopia 10.9 13.5 16.3 21.9 23.6 27.3 24.8 4.4 4.0 4.4 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.6

Kazakhstan 37.4 33.2 30.9 32.0 32.3 33.5 33.1 11.8 10.3 10.3 11.3 11.3 11.4 11.4

Kyrgyzstan 21.9 23.9 25.1 26.5 27.3 27.5 27.6 13.9 13.7 14.1 15.4 15.0 14.3 14.3

Lao PDR 26.4 28.8 27.7 28.8 30.9 31.5 30.9 10.0 8.4 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.5 7.5

Lesotho 34.3 31.4 33.6 29.9 28.5 31.4 30.5 17.8 12.0 15.0 16.3 15.0 16.3 15.9

Malawi 15.9 14.6 14.8 14.6 14.4 13.9 12.9 11.1 9.5 9.6 9.5 9.4 .. ..

Mali 22.2 18.4 17.6 17.9 18.8 20.1 20.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0

Mongolia 31.7 31.5 31.0 33.9 38.4 39.1 39.1 6.6 8.8 7.6 7.3 9.0 9.5 9.6

Nepal 15.4 13.8 13.7 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.3 6.8 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.0

Niger 19.2 22.4 21.6 19.9 20.2 18.1 18.4 6.3 7.2 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.2

North Macedonia 21.0 22.8 23.9 24.0 24.3 23.9 23.9 9.7 11.0 11.8 12.3 12.6 .. ..

Paraguay 36.7 33.7 34.6 34.5 34.4 33.1 32.2 18.5 18.8 19.4 19.1 19.4 18.9 18.3

Republic of

Moldova 19.9 22.3 22.7 22.2 21.9 22.7 22.8 11.8 11.6 12.0 11.9 11.6 11.2 10.9

Rwanda 17.0 17.7 17.6 17.0 17.3 17.2 18.0 8.7 6.9 6.9 6.8 7.7 7.6 8.2

South Sudan 52.4 46.7 33.1 .. .. .. .. 2.6 2.7 3.5 .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 26.1 22.6 24.4 27.2 27.0 27.4 .. 9.5 7.6 8.7 9.7 10.0 10.5 ..

Turkmenistan 51.3 60.7 57.0 .. .. .. .. 19.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 24.1 25.3 26.5 26.4 26.0 26.5 27.1 11.4 15.6 16.9 16.4 15.5 15.8 15.5

Uzbekistan 24.5 23.3 23.7 24.1 24.7 29.0 33.2 11.3 13.4 13.5 14.4 14.5 17.0 19.6

Zambia 30.1 32.9 33.7 34.9 37.3 35.5 42.1 8.5 6.8 7.5 7.7 8.1 7.8 ..

Zimbabwe 25.7 23.7 22.4 22.1 21.4 20.6 .. 13.3 12.6 11.9 11.6 11.0 10.6 ..

Average, LLDCs 32.1 31.2 28.6 27.5 28.3 29.4 29.0 10.3 9.6 9.9 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.4

World 27.8 26.4 25.5 25.0 25.4 27.8 .. 16.3 15.4 15.5 15.3 15.5 16.8 ..


33

Table 5.3. Manufacturing value added per capita

Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2010 United States

dollars)

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 68 72 68 67 66 64 66 69

Armenia 176 335 353 332 368 388 409 432

Azerbaijan 168 265 271 275 269 261 254 251

Bhutan 97 203 219 226 229 238 244 254

Bolivia 217 293 300 309 324 330 338 346

Botswana 231 389 387 393 392 391 397 401

Burkina Faso 42 31 37 38 38 37 36 35

Burundi 32 30 32 30 30 30 28 27

Central African Republic 55 64 67 68 68 73 75 77

Chad 76 120 86 77 89 74 74 73

Eswatini 856 1,110 1,150 1,157 1,147 1,225 1,245 1,254

Ethiopia 9 21 24 28 32 51 54 58

Kazakhstan 740 1,093 1,092 1,078 1,082 1,125 1,144 1,159

Kyrgyzstan 195 180 171 158 164 173 173 173

Lao PDR 75 157 170 175 178 183 195 207

Lesotho 191 176 160 178 215 183 190 197

Malawi 20 35 36 37 36 36 36 37

Mali 56 107 100 95 90 92 94 96

Mongolia 237 291 297 299 291 347 353 357

Nepal 35 41 43 43 39 42 45 49

Niger 15 22 21 21 21 21 21 21

North Macedonia 314 447 543 569 560 568 590 618

Paraguay 361 401 433 441 458 494 497 495

Republic of Moldova 143 169 183 190 197 205 210 215

Rwanda 25 39 41 43 45 46 49 51

South Sudan 23 22 26 25 29 29 32

Tajikistan 226 108 113 123 148 170 175 177

Turkmenistan 741 2,846 2,949 2,896 3,202 3,296 3,385 3,488

Uganda 48 55 56 59 58 55 56 58

Uzbekistan 289 433 447 461 473 483 488 496

Zambia 78 95 98 101 99 101 101 100

Zimbabwe 99 110 103 102 96 92 89 81

Average, LLDCs 125 178 180 180 185 192 195 198

World 1,231 1,582 1,621 1,653 1,681 1,729 1,771 1,798


34

Table 5.4. Competitive Industrial Performance Index

Value Rank

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 133 145 144 145 147 146 146

Armenia 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.012 111 109 108 111 106 103 103

Azerbaijan 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008 110 108 109 108 115 119 120

Bhutan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bolivia 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.013 106 102 105 102 99 101 102

Botswana 0.029 0.022 0.022 0.020 0.021 0.018 0.019 80 89 90 89 86 90 89

Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Burundi 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 148 148 148 148 146 145 145

Central African

Republic 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 140 146 146 134 134 131 133

Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini 0.032 0.026 0.027 0.025 0.023 0.024 0.023 70 81 81 82 83 83 83

Ethiopia 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004 149 150 145 144 143 133 134

Kazakhstan 0.032 0.044 0.044 0.036 0.036 0.038 0.035 71 64 62 68 68 66 68

Kyrgyzstan 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 124 124 124 124 124 122 122

Lao PDR 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 127 122 118 110 110 109 109

Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Malawi 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 143 138 136 138 138 143 143

Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Mongolia 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 113 106 99 99 103 106 104

Nepal 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 129 134 131 133 133 134 135

Niger 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 144 144 151 151 151 151 151

North

Macedonia 0.018 0.023 0.027 0.026 0.026 0.027 0.027 91 87 82 80 80 78 77

Paraguay 0.010 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 114 103 102 100 100 98 100

Republic of

Moldova 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.010 107 115 116 118 116 113 111

Rwanda 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 146 139 141 142 142 142 142

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 121 133 132 132 129 127 129

Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.005 142 132 130 131 132 132 128

Uzbekistan 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.017 85 92 93 93 91 92 92

Zambia 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 128 121 123 125 123 124 125

Zimbabwe 0.013 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 102 119 120 121 122 123 124

Source: UNIDO Competitive Industrial Performance Index database

35

Table 5.6. Trade concentration and diversification

Concentration Index Diversification Index

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.32 0.37 0.40 0.75 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.83

Armenia 0.26 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.31 0.26 0.74 0.76 0.79 0.76 0.78 0.75

Azerbaijan 0.78 0.86 0.77 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.84 0.83

Bhutan 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.82 0.82 0.82

Bolivia 0.40 0.46 0.43 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.86

Botswana 0.70 0.83 0.80 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.92 0.91 0.94 0.93 0.92

Burkina Faso 0.64 0.56 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.81 0.77 0.88 0.89 0.87 0.91

Burundi 0.53 0.55 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.44 0.76 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.85 0.82

Central African Republic 0.41 0.49 0.36 0.38 0.32 0.34 0.79 0.76 0.77 0.81 0.71 0.79

Chad 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.75 0.77 0.76 0.77 0.81 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.84

Eswatini 0.24 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.31 0.34 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.76 0.76

Ethiopia 0.36 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.81 0.76 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.79

Kazakhstan 0.59 0.66 0.56 0.51 0.53 0.60 0.76 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.79

Kyrgyzstan 0.25 0.37 0.45 0.33 0.39 0.36 0.70 0.70 0.66 0.65 0.72 0.68

Lao PDR 0.31 0.26 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.76 0.77

Lesotho 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.34 0.29 0.82 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.84

Malawi 0.53 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.61 0.56 0.83 0.79 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.86

Mali 0.62 0.78 0.70 0.73 0.61 0.72 0.85 0.91 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.90

Mongolia 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85

Nepal 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.58 0.70 0.65 0.68 0.66 0.71

Niger 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82

North Macedonia 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.64 0.70 0.67 0.68 0.66 0.66

Paraguay 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.82 0.80 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.82


Rwanda 0.45 0.37 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.79 0.75 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.79

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 0.54 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.26 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.80 0.81 0.81

Turkmenistan 0.62 0.58 0.62 0.60 0.67 0.64 0.79 0.80 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.82

Uganda 0.23 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.77 0.77

Uzbekistan 0.28 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.34 0.72 0.72 0.76 0.77 0.81 0.77

Zambia 0.58 0.65 0.63 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.86 0.85

Zimbabwe 0.24 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.77 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83

LLDCs 0.33 0.36 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65

Developing economies 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.19

World 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


36

Table 5.7. Access to finance

Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP)

Percent of firms

identifying access to

finance as their biggest

obstacle

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year of

survey Year

Afghanistan 4.3 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 12.1 2014

Armenia 42.4 48.9 45.6 48.9 51.5 55.5 59.9 8.1 2013

Azerbaijan .. .. .. 32.9 22.1 20.8 23.1 23.7 2019

Bhutan 46.7 45.0 46.4 48.2 51.3 58.1 .. 23.8 2015

Bolivia 46.7 50.3 58.1 64.0 64.5 65.9 69.5 5.8 2017

Botswana 31.8 31.0 33.8 31.5 31.4 31.7 .. 12.8 2010

Burkina Faso 20.8 23.4 25.0 25.8 27.3 26.6 28.9 35.5 2009

Burundi 19.4 19.3 16.4 17.2 15.5 18.0 20.7 9.4 2014

Central African

Republic 13.6 12.8 11.7 12.3 11.2 12.3 .. 19.1 2011

Chad 6.1 7.8 8.4 9.7 9.8 9.8 .. 8.3 2018

Eswatini 20.8 21.2 20.4 20.9 20.7 20.7 20.8 5.8 2016

Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.4 2015

Kazakhstan .. .. 37.7 33.0 29.2 25.9 24.5 7.2 2019

Kyrgyzstan 15.7 20.1 22.8 20.6 21.4 23.4 25.8 8.2 2019

Lao PDR .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35.2 2018

Lesotho 19.5 18.9 18.2 17.8 19.2 20.0 20.7 8.1 2016

Malawi 12.5 11.4 12.3 10.5 .. .. .. 29.9 2014

Mali 20.9 22.1 25.0 26.4 25.9 25.4 24.2 20 2016

Republic of Moldova 35.7 31.0 29.1 25.6 22.8 23.2 24.9 10.4 2019

Mongolia 59.9 59.3 53.9 56.9 53.1 55.7 50.1 15.9 2019

Nepal 58.0 61.9 64.7 80.8 78.9 86.6 88.1 8.6 2013

Niger 10.5 10.7 11.3 11.6 11.4 10.2 11.2 15.2 2017

North Macedonia 47.6 50.5 52.0 49.0 49.9 50.5 50.9 10.1 2019

Paraguay 34.3 38.2 43.4 41.4 40.5 43.8 46.4 8.4 2017

Rwanda 18.6 20.1 20.9 20.4 20.6 21.4 .. 30.8 2019

South Sudan 1.1 1.8 2.3 .. .. .. .. 15.3 2014

Tajikistan 18.5 21.8 22.7 19.2 13.7 12.3 11.8 5.2 2019

Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 12.3 13.0 13.9 13.8 13.5 13.7 14.2 12.3 2013

Uzbekistan 9.9 10.6 10.9 12.4 16.6 23.8 30.0 10.2 2019

Zambia 15.8 17.1 19.8 15.4 14.9 14.6 .. 31.1 2019

Zimbabwe 18.7 19.2 18.3 17.1 16.9 16.7 51.8 20.6 2016

Average, LLDCs 22.8 24.3 29.2 29.1 28.6 29.3 32.6 15.7* 2010-2020

World 118.7 120.2 123.5 125.6 126.6 125.8 133.8 14.4* 2010-2020

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators and Enterprise Surveys

*Simple average

37

Table 5.8. International tourist arrivals

International Tourist Arrivals (1000s)

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Armenia 206 1,084 1,204 1,192 1,260 1,495 1,652

Azerbaijan 768 2,130 2,160 1,922 2,044 2,454 2,633

Bhutan 6 116 133 155 210 255 274

Bolivia 427 798 871 882 961 1,109 1,142

Botswana 1,406 1,544 1,966 1,528 1,574 1,623 ..

Burkina Faso 163 218 191 163 152 143 144

Burundi 74 234 235 131 187 299 ..

Central African

Republic 6 84 96 121 82 107 ..

Chad .. 97 119 120 98 87 ..

Eswatini 461 968 939 873 947 921 782

Ethiopia 180 681 770 864 871 933 849

Kazakhstan 3,237 6,841 6,333 6,430 6,509 7,701 8,789

Kyrgyzstan .. 415 413 402 321 421 423

Lao PDR 196 2,700 3,164 3,543 3,315 3,257 3,770

Lesotho 329 433 1,079 1,082 1,196 1,137 1,173

Malawi 424 795 819 805 849 837 871

Mali 110 57 53 15 42 11 14

Mongolia 201 418 393 386 404 469 529

Nepal 338 798 790 539 753 940 1,173

Niger 55 123 135 135 152 164 157

North Macedonia 158 400 425 486 510 631 707

Paraguay 268 610 649 1,215 1,308 1,584 1,181

Republic of Moldova .. 96 94 94 121 145 160

Rwanda .. 864 926 987 932 .. ..

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan .. 208 213 414 344 431 1,035

Turkmenistan 8 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 305 1,206 1,266 1,303 1,323 1,402 ..

Uzbekistan 231 1,969 1,862 1,918 2,027 2,690 5,346

Zambia 413 915 947 932 956 1,083 1,072

Zimbabwe 2,256 1,833 1,880 2,057 2,168 2,423 2,580

Total, LLDCs 12,226 28,634 30,125 30,694 31,616 34,752 36,456

World 701,699 1,122,921 1,177,080 1,227,874 1,271,882 1,363,216 1,441,953


38

Table 5.9. International tourism receipts

International Tourism Receipts (USD million)

% of

total

exports

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018

Afghanistan .. 179 121 86 62 16 50 3.1

Armenia 90 905 994 956 988 1,140 1,237 26.3

Azerbaijan 70 2,618 2,713 2,535 2,855 3,214 2,830 11.1

Bhutan 8 116 99 120 139 153 121 15.5

Bolivia 243 639 746 810 827 912 970 9.4

Botswana 459 484 529 534 505 542 575 7.8

Burkina Faso 38 200 183 152 172 172 .. ..

Burundi 1 2 4 2 2 3 4 1.4

Central African

Republic 4 16 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini 70 4 16 14 13 13 16 0.9

Ethiopia 336 2,236 2,107 2,279 2,138 2,505 3,548 46.5

Kazakhstan 638 2,365 2,239 1,833 2,038 2,356 2,651 3.9

Kyrgyzstan 62 585 468 482 477 480 487 17.8

Lao PDR 77 613 642 725 717 655 757 12.2

Lesotho 21 17 16 34 48 23 24 1.9

Malawi 66 33 36 39 30 35 43 3.8

Mali 136 178 214 186 202 206 .. ..

Mongolia 154 236 257 279 379 462 526 6.8

Nepal 232 460 511 509 498 712 744 27.8

Niger 28 59 100 80 84 91 .. ..

North Macedonia 86 270 298 268 283 331 387 5.1

Paraguay 81 299 314 348 356 399 393 2.7

Republic of Moldova 79 324 328 300 344 443 500 14.5

Rwanda 30 364 376 427 443 548 528 25.8

South Sudan .. .. 1 22 24 26 12 0.4

Tajikistan 6 233 220 146 150 172 171 15.3

Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 185 960 984 1,049 1,118 957 1,044 18.5

Uzbekistan 48 .. .. .. 579 835 1,314 9.3

Zambia 88 552 642 660 683 653 742 7.4

Zimbabwe 61 183 186 191 194 158 .. ..

Total, LLDCs 3,397 15,131 15,344 15,067 16,347 18,212 19,675 ..

World 634,250 1,369,439 1,445,366 1,391,895 1,417,779 1,536,138 1,649,264 6.6


39

Table 5.10. Research and Development

Research and

development expenditure

as a proportion of GDP

(%)

Latest value Year

Afghanistan .. ..

Armenia 0.19 2018

Azerbaijan 0.18 2018

Bhutan .. ..

Bolivia 0.16 2009

Botswana 0.54 2013

Burkina Faso 0.70 2017

Burundi 0.21 2018

Central African Republic .. ..

Chad 0.30 2016

Eswatini 0.27 2015

Ethiopia 0.27 2017

Kazakhstan 0.12 2018

Kyrgyzstan 0.11 2017

Lao PDR 0.04 2002

Lesotho 0.05 2015

Malawi .. ..

Mali 0.29 2017

Mongolia 0.10 2018

Nepal 0.3 2010

Niger .. ..

North Macedonia 0.36 2018

Paraguay 0.15 2017

Republic of Moldova 0.25 2018

Rwanda 0.67 2016

South Sudan .. ..

Tajikistan 0.10 2018

Turkmenistan .. ..

Uganda 0.17 2014

Uzbekistan 0.13 2018

Zambia 0.28 2008

Zimbabwe .. ..

Average, LLDCs 0.21 2017

World 2.27 2018

Source: United Nations SDG Indicators Database

40

Table 5.11. Trade in services and transport services exports

Trade in services (% of GDP) Transport services (% of commercial service

exports)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 11.7 13.9 10.3 8.5 8.0 10.9 9.7 31.4 15.4 12.1 22.7 32.8 29.2 20.1

Armenia 28.4 28.9 29.6 31.2 33.7 34.5 34.5 11.5 11.4 11.0 12.0 12.3 12.7 11.6

Azerbaijan 16.8 19.5 24.7 31.4 31.2 24.3 21.1 19.9 26.1 34.3 25.2 20.8 26.3 29.7

Bhutan 17.1 16.5 16.0 16.4 15.2 17.3 .. 27.5 29.2 21.3 32.6 30.1 39.9 29.6

Bolivia 11.6 12.8 12.4 12.1 12.1 11.3 10.8 21.0 25.2 24.9 24.5 29.2 31.1 31.0

Botswana 13.0 13.6 14.1 12.0 12.3 11.8 .. 10.4 5.4 5.4 4.2 6.0 4.9 ..

Burkina Faso 14.3 12.6 13.2 13.1 13.1 12.7 .. 13.3 15.1 15.5 15.2 16.6 15.8 ..

Burundi 14.9 12.6 9.2 9.7 10.6 11.0 .. 6.4 8.6 13.3 12.6 10.8 9.1 ..

Central African

Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini 5.6 8.7 6.7 6.8 10.4 7.0 6.6 0.7 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.5

Ethiopia 13.8 13.3 12.3 11.3 10.6 13.2 .. 73.3 80.5 80.3 80.1 79.8 72.4 ..

Kazakhstan 8.5 9.4 9.3 11.6 9.9 10.8 10.7 49.6 58.3 59.5 55.8 55.2 56.7 52.9

Kyrgyzstan 29.6 28.8 28.6 27.7 22.6 21.7 .. 17.7 17.8 22.3 20.0 25.4 26.3 ..

Lao PDR 15.4 14.4 13.4 11.8 11.3 11.6 .. 9.5 7.6 8.0 9.7 10.7 12.6 ..

Lesotho 16.6 14.4 15.4 21.2 20.9 20.1 19.8 6.0 6.9 2.5 1.4 2.1 2.1 2.1

Malawi 6.5 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.9 7.1 .. 17.7 20.2 20.9 18.0 17.4 17.5 ..

Mali 19.5 18.3 18.5 19.3 16.3 15.8 .. 0.4 1.0 3.5 4.4 4.9 6.0 ..

Mongolia 21.4 20.5 17.8 26.3 27.5 28.7 32.2 33.4 33.8 34.8 32.0 33.2 33.1 31.7

Nepal 11.3 12.9 12.3 12.3 12.8 12.2 .. 3.0 2.7 3.0 5.1 6.4 7.3 ..

Niger 11.1 12.3 12.5 9.8 10.8 10.4 .. 4.2 7.1 7.9 7.3 7.9 9.4 ..

North Macedonia 23.8 26.0 26.5 25.3 25.0 25.9 25.7 24.0 24.0 23.3 23.2 24.5 25.0 25.2

Paraguay 5.2 5.2 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.3 49.4 47.3 41.6 40.2 36.5 35.6 32.0

Republic of

Moldova 22.5 22.7 23.6 23.6 22.7 22.6 22.7 38.3 35.9 33.9 34.2 33.7 30.2 27.3

Rwanda 14.9 15.0 22.2 21.5 21.8 21.0 .. 19.3 19.6 18.0 16.7 30.9 28.1 ..

South Sudan .. 2.9 9.5 .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 5.1 0.3 5.0 7.7 ..

Tajikistan 13.7 10.0 9.1 8.7 8.7 9.3 9.0 75.2 80.1 65.3 69.5 74.9 76.2 80.4

Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 15.8 15.0 13.8 13.6 12.0 13.8 13.7 12.0 8.4 7.6 8.5 11.9 11.9 10.7

Uzbekistan .. 6.8 6.7 6.5 10.7 15.8 14.6 .. 58.7 58.6 56.5 53.3 45.9 40.7

Zambia 9.2 9.2 10.8 10.9 9.0 9.7 11.0 8.5 7.2 5.1 4.3 5.6 5.6 4.4

Zimbabwe 11.8 11.9 9.6 8.1 6.9 .. .. 26.2 26.3 26.2 26.2 44.7 .. ..

Average, LLDCs 12.2 12.2 12.3 13.0 12.9 13.8 .. 31.4 35.3 36.3 34.0 34.9 35.9 ..

World 12.3 12.8 13.0 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.3 21.5 20.8 20.3 19.5 19.5 19.4 18.8


41

Annex 6: Indicators for Priority 6 – Means of Implementation

Table 6.1. Domestic resource mobilization

Gross domestic investment (% of GDP) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)

(measured by gross capital formation)

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 18.8 18.2 19.5 17.8 19.2 19.0 17.8 18.8 18.2 19.5 17.8 19.2 19.0 17.8

Armenia 35.2 20.9 20.7 18.0 19.3 22.4 17.4 34.6 20.0 20.6 17.4 17.6 16.7 15.8

Azerbaijan 29.8 27.5 27.9 25.7 24.4 20.1 20.1 29.7 27.4 27.8 25.0 23.8 20.7 19.4

Bhutan 54.3 53.1 55.5 57.0 51.9 47.5 .. 54.5 55.0 55.7 56.4 52.1 47.2 ..

Bolivia 16.0 21.0 20.3 21.1 22.2 20.6 19.9 15.9 21.0 21.4 20.7 21.3 20.2 19.0

Botswana 33.5 28.2 32.6 27.0 27.6 29.4 33.2 30.6 30.5 34.0 31.1 29.1 30.2 31.5

Burkina Faso 20.5 19.5 18.9 18.9 23.6 26.2 26.0 18.4 18.7 19.2 20.3 22.6 25.0 24.8

Burundi 15.2 14.2 12.2 9.2 8.8 11.1 12.3 14.6 14.4 12.3 9.4 9.0 11.1 12.3

Central African

Republic 10.8 22.0 21.8 22.5 25.6 25.9 23.2 10.6 21.2 20.6 20.9 24.2 25.0 22.4

Chad 28.8 33.8 28.5 24.4 21.3 20.9 21.4 28.0 33.2 27.8 23.6 20.5 20.9 21.4

Eswatini 15.6 12.6 12.5 12.8 12.7 13.1 .. 15.6 12.6 12.5 12.8 12.7 13.1 ..

Ethiopia 9.4 38.0 40.7 37.3 38.4 34.7 35.2 34.4 38.0 40.7 37.3 38.4 34.7 35.2

Kazakhstan 28.0 25.8 27.9 27.8 26.4 25.3 27.0 25.6 21.6 22.9 22.7 21.7 21.2 23.2

Kyrgyzstan 24.7 36.8 34.7 33.9 32.9 36.0 32.9 23.6 32.5 32.6 31.8 31.5 31.7 31.5

Lao PDR 30.9 29.8 31.6 29.0 .. .. .. 30.9 29.8 31.6 29.0 .. .. ..

Lesotho 28.9 34.2 30.9 26.8 26.7 29.7 32.1 28.0 29.4 28.5 26.2 27.5 26.7 32.1

Malawi 17.7 12.0 12.2 10.8 13.2 10.9 12.3 16.1 12.0 12.2 10.8 13.2 10.9 12.3

Mali 21.3 20.2 20.8 24.0 21.6 20.3 22.5 19.5 17.9 18.4 18.6 18.2 18.6 20.7

Mongolia 42.1 35.2 26.4 25.7 31.4 39.6 35.9 35.1 28.6 20.4 20.5 24.6 29.4 31.5

Nepal 30.7 41.2 39.1 33.9 46.8 53.9 56.6 21.1 23.5 28.0 28.7 31.4 34.5 33.7

Niger 23.8 31.0 32.2 26.8 28.3 29.3 30.5 23.5 30.7 32.4 26.2 28.1 29.0 30.2

North

Macedonia 24.2 30.3 30.4 32.5 32.3 31.9 34.1 22.6 23.5 23.9 24.4 22.6 19.9 21.2

Paraguay 21.6 22.5 22.1 20.2 21.2 22.8 22.4 19.2 19.8 19.4 19.1 19.2 19.9 18.5

Republic of

Moldova 28.2 26.2 23.6 22.0 22.8 25.6 26.3 25.1 25.9 24.3 22.2 22.3 24.3 25.6

Rwanda 19.7 22.9 25.3 25.2 23.8 21.5 26.1 19.2 25.9 27.3 27.0 22.7 22.9 27.5

South Sudan 10.8 8.0 5.8 .. .. .. .. 10.9 8.0 5.8 .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 20.5 26.5 28.9 31.1 27.2 .. .. 19.8 26.2 28.2 30.7 26.6 .. ..

Turkmenistan 33.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 33.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 23.2 26.6 23.8 25.4 24.6 24.7 26.5 22.7 26.0 23.2 24.8 24.1 24.2 25.8

Uzbekistan 27.0 26.5 26.1 26.4 29.5 37.6 39.8 23.0 23.4 23.3 22.8 25.6 32.9 40.0

Zambia 32.3 34.0 42.8 38.2 41.0 38.4 39.2 26.2 31.0 38.4 36.4 38.8 34.7 37.7

Zimbabwe 8.7 9.6 10.0 9.9 9.7 9.3 .. 8.6 9.6 10.0 9.8 9.7 9.3 ..

Average,

LLDCs 24.7 26.5 27.3 26.7 27.6 27.6 29.3 23.9 24.1 25.0 24.7 24.9 24.6 26.6

World 24.6 24.5 24.3 23.9 24.2 24.4 .. 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.3 23.4 23.6 ..


42

Table 6.2. Domestic resource mobilization – continued

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) Government revenue, excluding grants

(% of GDP)

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan -21.8 4.8 2.9 5.0 7.2 7.3 8.1 9.6 8.6 10.1 11.8 12.2 ..

Armenia 6.4 2.4 8.8 9.2 7.7 6.7 3.1 21.6 24.5 23.1 22.8 22.5 22.5

Azerbaijan 47.5 43.7 30.9 28.5 31.1 35.4 32.5 44.0 39.9 34.2 34.9 35.1 39.4

Bhutan 32.5 29.7 22.1 30.8 29.3 22.4 .. 20.0 19.9 19.6 18.8 18.7 22.2

Bolivia 21.7 22.4 14.1 13.6 15.3 15.5 13.4 21.7 .. .. .. .. ..

Botswana 36.1 33.1 27.4 34.5 32.3 32.4 30.3 39.4 38.0 33.1 33.5 31.1 26.7

Burkina Faso 8.3 14.3 12.6 14.8 17.6 22.2 21.3 12.9 15.5 15.0 16.2 16.7 16.5

Burundi -8.0 -11.4 2.2 -1.0 -1.4 -4.1 -5.2 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Central African

Republic 3.6 2.2 2.8 1.6 3.0 -2.2 -1.3 9.0 4.6 5.7 7.3 7.2 8.8

Chad 25.2 25.5 21.5 20.4 15.5 19.0 20.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini 10.6 11.0 11.2 12.7 9.6 10.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Ethiopia 18.0 20.5 19.7 22.4 22.4 24.1 22.3 10.5 9.7 9.9 9.4 9.4 9.0

Kazakhstan 41.5 40.8 34.6 33.8 36.9 39.6 38.4 19.6 19.5 13.7 13.7 16.2 16.0

Kyrgyzstan -4.7 -13.5 -8.3 -0.2 0.8 0.3 1.1 .. 29.4 30.1 28.1 28.0 28.0

Lao PDR 16.6 12.3 13.7 20.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lesotho -31.6 -13.4 -11.6 -15.5 -16.7 -12.3 -12.9 39.4 41.0 39.0 34.6 36.8 36.7

Malawi 4.6 6.4 4.6 -1.8 4.5 4.8 6.9 15.5 17.2 16.7 16.3 18.5 18.5

Mali 12.8 4.6 5.2 7.0 8.0 9.9 11.9 14.7 13.2 14.9 16.1 17.4 12.4

Mongolia 30.7 30.4 27.4 30.5 33.7 34.0 32.5 30.5 25.2 22.6 21.1 24.9 28.7

Nepal 10.6 11.9 9.2 4.1 13.4 16.6 19.0 13.3 18.4 19.3 21.5 22.9 ..

Niger 11.0 17.1 15.3 14.1 14.8 14.4 14.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..

North Macedonia 5.2 13.1 14.2 17.7 18.4 19.3 20.2 29.9 26.1 27.0 26.4 26.5 26.9

Paraguay 27.8 24.5 23.6 25.6 25.3 23.9 22.6 14.9 16.8 17.7 16.9 17.4 17.3

Republic of

Moldova -10.3 -4.6 -1.9 -1.0 -0.7 0.0 1.6 29.5 26.0 26.4 25.4 27.1 27.7

Rwanda 4.7 13.8 15.2 15.5 11.4 10.3 10.5 .. 18.2 18.9 19.9 19.8 20.4

South Sudan 29.8 20.1 13.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan -13.7 -17.2 -10.9 -4.8 -0.2 .. .. 13.3 .. .. .. .. ..

Turkmenistan 58.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 12.5 23.3 14.0 20.6 21.1 19.6 21.3 .. .. 11.7 12.1 12.4 12.5

Uzbekistan 31.1 26.0 24.3 22.1 26.9 30.0 29.2 24.7 22.0 20.7 20.8 18.3 22.3

Zambia 35.3 33.3 34.5 36.6 39.3 44.4 44.0 15.3 17.7 18.3 18.1 16.9 18.9

Zimbabwe -7.0 -3.2 -8.4 -1.5 -1.0 -2.7 .. 17.6 .. 19.0 17.2 17.3 23.2

Average, LLDCs 26.9 26.4 21.5 21.4 23.6 25.4 25.5 20.5 21.4 17.9 17.8 18.2 19.1

World 25.5 25.1 25.1 24.8 25.1 25.3 .. 22.9 23.9 23.7 23.5 23.9 24.6


43

Table 6.3 Domestic resource mobilization – continued

Tax Revenue (% of GDP)

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan .. 7.1 6.9 7.6 8.8 9.3 ..

Armenia .. 21.6 21.6 20.9 21.3 20.8 20.9

Azerbaijan .. 13.4 14.2 15.6 14.6 13.2 13.0

Bhutan 9.6 14.7 13.7 13.3 13.0 12.5 16.0

Bolivia 13.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Botswana .. 25.6 25.8 24.7 20.9 22.1 19.5

Burkina Faso 9.9 14.9 13.7 13.3 14.2 15.2 15.0

Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Central African

Republic .. .. 4.1 5.4 6.8 7.1 8.6

Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Ethiopia 9.1 8.8 8.8 8.4 8.1 7.6 7.5

Kazakhstan 13.1 16.0 14.2 9.8 9.9 10.3 11.7

Kyrgyzstan .. .. 17.5 16.8 16.9 17.0 18.0

Lao PDR .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lesotho 27.1 35.1 35.5 33.6 28.6 31.7 31.6

Malawi .. 14.1 15.9 15.2 15.5 17.3 17.4

Mali 12.8 13.0 12.6 14.1 15.4 15.9 11.6

Mongolia 18.0 15.7 12.9 11.8 11.3 13.6 16.8

Nepal 8.7 15.3 15.9 16.7 18.7 20.7 ..

Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

North Macedonia .. 15.7 16.2 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.7

Paraguay .. 9.0 9.8 9.7 9.6 10.0 10.0


Rwanda .. .. 12.9 13.2 14.4 13.5 14.3

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 9.7 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda .. .. .. 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.7

Uzbekistan .. 14.6 14.2 14.3 14.1 12.2 14.8

Zambia 14.9 14.3 15.8 14.4 13.4 15.2 16.2

Zimbabwe .. .. .. 17.7 15.5 15.9 20.7

Average, LLDCs 12.5 14.5 13.9 12.5 12.4 12.5 13.0

World 14.2 14.2 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.7 14.9


44

Table 6.4. Official Development Assistance

Millions of US$ (2017 constant prices) Percentage of total ODA to

developing countries

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2003 2013 2015 2017 2018

Afghanistan 1,973 5,011 4,823 4,480 4,290 3,956 3,792 2.21 3.51 3.16 2.91 2.28

Armenia 321 269 253 377 359 271 141 0.36 0.19 0.17 0.24 0.08

Azerbaijan 366 -73 200 73 79 126 87 0.41 -0.05 0.13 0.05 0.05

Bhutan 91 127 122 103 53 123 106 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06

Bolivia 981 660 637 837 742 992 730 1.10 0.46 0.42 0.54 0.44

Botswana 37 110 100 69 94 105 86 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.05

Burkina Faso 693 1,000 1,076 1,065 1,097 932 1,114 0.78 0.70 0.71 0.69 0.67

Burundi 297 530 488 394 788 456 451 0.33 0.37 0.32 0.26 0.27

Central African

Republic 65 192 574 519 540 535 656 0.07 0.13 0.38 0.34 0.39

Chad 321 445 372 648 665 678 875 0.36 0.31 0.24 0.42 0.53

Eswatini 42 116 86 99 156 153 120 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.07

Ethiopia 2,096 3,737 3,408 3,365 4,324 4,292 4,941 2.35 2.61 2.23 2.18 2.98

Kazakhstan 334 77 79 79 65 60 80 0.37 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Kyrgyzstan 216 459 543 830 580 478 416 0.24 0.32 0.36 0.54 0.25

Lao PDR 305 397 451 505 421 497 568 0.34 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.34

Lesotho 99 326 106 92 118 150 154 0.11 0.23 0.07 0.06 0.09

Malawi 646 1,074 885 1,099 1,314 1,579 1,275 0.72 0.75 0.58 0.71 0.77

Mali 713 1,321 1,166 1,282 1,288 1,418 1,500 0.80 0.92 0.76 0.83 0.90

Mongolia 255 415 302 253 332 781 333 0.28 0.29 0.20 0.16 0.20

Nepal 564 824 823 1,279 1,122 1,320 1,452 0.63 0.58 0.54 0.83 0.87

Niger 610 754 868 928 1,017 1,281 1,197 0.68 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.72

North Macedonia 345 184 196 224 176 155 170 0.39 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.10

Paraguay 79 127 61 64 96 150 164 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.10

Republic of

Moldova 154 336 498 334 281 254 230 0.17 0.24 0.33 0.22 0.14

Rwanda 429 1,042 987 1,134 1,220 1,284 1,119 0.48 0.73 0.65 0.74 0.67

South Sudan .. 1,338 1,900 1,738 1,681 2,268 1,577 .. 0.94 1.25 1.13 0.95

Tajikistan 175 368 335 457 381 340 399 0.20 0.26 0.22 0.30 0.24

Turkmenistan 35 30 30 24 33 29 20 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

Uganda 1,274 1,652 1,579 1,717 1,860 2,088 1,943 1.43 1.16 1.04 1.11 1.17

Uzbekistan 235 282 311 480 529 658 558 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.31 0.34

Zambia 974 1,100 960 838 1,019 1,076 996 1.09 0.77 0.63 0.54 0.60

Zimbabwe 232 787 718 818 688 754 794 0.26 0.55 0.47 0.53 0.48

Total, LLDCs 14,954 25,018 24,934 26,200 27,408 29,239 28,043 16.74 17.50 16.35 17.01 16.89

All developing

countries 89,345 142,955 152,476 154,053 167,169 170,479 165,991 100 100 100 100 100

Source: OECD.Stat

Note: Includes ODA from DAC donors, multilateral donors and non-DAC countries.

45

Table 6.5. Official Development Assistance – continued

ODA as % GNI (Recipient)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan .. .. 24.97 24.13 21.28 20.91 18.79 19.46

Armenia 8.63 2.40 2.38 2.20 3.16 3.03 2.14 1.12

Azerbaijan 4.42 0.51 -0.10 0.30 0.14 0.22 0.32 0.20

Bhutan 11.98 6.46 8.17 7.09 5.07 2.54 5.12 4.52

Bolivia 9.80 3.65 2.44 2.15 2.48 2.09 2.60 1.86

Botswana 0.41 7.09 0.74 0.63 0.46 0.60 0.61 0.48

Burkina Faso 12.94 11.98 8.90 9.35 9.90 9.81 7.48 7.94

Burundi 29.67 32.37 22.78 19.10 11.81 25.11 13.76 14.66


Chad 11.06 5.08 3.72 2.94 5.71 6.30 6.59 7.91

Eswatini 1.59 2.13 2.56 1.97 2.28 3.87 3.39 2.57

Ethiopia 18.94 12.24 8.17 6.46 5.04 5.52 5.08 5.90

Kazakhstan 1.00 0.30 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05

Kyrgyzstan 9.39 6.41 7.80 8.75 12.07 8.04 6.34 5.27

Lao PDR 13.28 8.82 3.75 3.74 3.43 2.64 3.01 3.29

Lesotho 4.78 6.07 11.14 3.71 3.10 4.27 5.03 4.91

Malawi 16.41 17.45 21.14 15.82 16.93 23.04 24.18 18.10

Mali 12.24 10.16 10.91 8.85 9.38 8.84 9.06 9.03

Mongolia 13.48 4.23 3.63 2.82 2.19 3.17 7.78 2.88

Nepal 7.16 4.85 4.50 4.35 5.63 4.95 5.04 5.00

Niger 17.78 11.48 10.66 11.36 12.30 12.93 15.42 13.24

North Macedonia 5.45 2.07 1.86 1.90 2.20 1.64 1.38 1.40

Paraguay 1.00 0.59 0.35 0.16 0.17 0.26 0.38 0.41


Rwanda 17.75 19.36 14.51 13.21 13.47 13.92 13.78 12.02

South Sudan .. .. 11.43 16.61 14.77 60.53 .. ..

Tajikistan 9.10 4.58 3.48 3.12 4.61 4.41 3.98 4.52

Turkmenistan 0.49 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.05

Uganda 16.18 11.75 7.05 6.12 6.16 7.45 7.92 7.30

Uzbekistan 1.92 0.57 0.49 0.41 0.54 0.62 1.06 1.07

Zambia 16.19 6.75 4.26 3.75 3.83 4.71 4.21 3.84

Zimbabwe 3.39 15.43 4.81 4.31 4.38 3.48 3.48 2.57

Total, LLDCs 8.07 5.15 3.39 3.24 3.35 3.81 3.91 3.68

All Developing Countries 1.07 0.80 0.61 0.61 0.58 0.63 0.60 0.59

Source: OECD.Stat

46

6.6. Aid for Trade

Aid for Trade disbursements (2018 constant prices,

millions US$)

Aid for Trade commitments (2018 constant prices,

millions US$)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 1,223 871 892 850 850 714 2,515 1,313 1,322 927 1,035 1,018

Armenia 97 118 215 175 211 102 154 304 266 238 141 47

Azerbaijan 109 140 25 26 74 45 15 40 26 10 159 12

Bhutan 53 80 61 31 55 52 80 62 140 68 46 23

Bolivia 220 325 256 217 393 376 223 458 494 192 1,022 305

Botswana 10 7 5 11 12 12 4 7 3 8 9 3

Burkina Faso 331 417 319 307 337 305 458 339 323 420 498 554

Burundi 150 152 97 88 91 102 254 263 151 97 237 140

Central African

Republic 17 24 20 26 12 72 7 9 0 10 53 123

Chad 48 44 94 82 37 84 54 122 126 56 40 180

Eswatini 36 22 28 35 26 26 4 18 62 8 0 4

Ethiopia 827 772 806 976 961 1,695 938 1,029 1,474 1,406 1,122 2,455

Kazakhstan 46 23 16 35 8 8 10 47 16 6 18 13

Kyrgyzstan 144 140 167 123 138 117 140 280 293 325 179 240

Lao PDR 136 132 217 173 215 225 240 323 266 155 141 222

Lesotho 20 14 15 10 10 17 25 50 2 27 43 21

Malawi 207 192 258 291 465 395 555 218 392 234 570 103

Mali 240 275 267 283 314 313 451 307 202 368 323 551

Mongolia 258 180 151 226 283 136 90 56 438 221 162 234

Nepal 303 306 416 295 510 439 942 613 343 481 798 774

Niger 148 150 114 214 297 245 202 312 334 606 444 876

North Macedonia 126 170 153 58 21 51 47 185 101 53 33 99

Paraguay 31 60 45 79 113 119 82 186 66 147 88 74

Republic of

Moldova 161 230 172 129 88 115 125 351 80 296 112 98

Rwanda 217 219 357 352 557 493 436 322 367 909 489 569

South Sudan 113 88 139 72 100 75 264 168 104 12 123 53

Tajikistan 186 171 243 212 200 231 323 117 271 196 457 239

Turkmenistan 4 6 6 6 6 5 11 7 2 2 1 2

Uganda 532 428 462 363 408 420 469 818 861 672 356 1,360

Uzbekistan 160 149 293 280 496 408 587 908 516 335 516 436

Zambia 234 249 282 309 212 193 231 351 243 377 460 261

Zimbabwe 87 69 61 67 56 47 52 52 118 56 83 47

Total, LLDCs 6,475 6,222 6,651 6,400 7,553 7,638 9,987 9,636 9,401 8,916 9,757 11,137

All developing

countries 38,572 40,228 42,351 41,457 45,440 45,334 52,778 51,766 57,911 53,471 60,049 57,759

Source: OECD.Stat

47

Table 6.7. Foreign Direct Investment

FDI inflows (millions US$)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 57.8 46.0 37.6 43.5 163.1 93.6 53.4 119.4 38.5

Armenia 122.9 943.7 346.1 406.6 184.1 333.7 250.9 254.1 254.5

Azerbaijan 3,285.0 14.1 2,632.0 4,430.4 4,047.7 4,500.0 2,867.0 1,403.0 1,503.9

Bhutan 3.4 4.4 21.8 21.5 6.5 -33.9 -10.4 6.1 7.2

Bolivia 197.4 512.6 1,749.6 656.6 554.6 335.4 712.5 302.4 -159.5

Botswana 418.0 520.9 67.1 515.2 378.6 142.5 260.6 286.0 260.9

Burkina Faso 29.1 105.8 490.4 356.4 231.9 390.6 2.6 268.4 208.0

Burundi .. 3.8 7.4 47.1 7.4 0.1 0.3 1.0 1.0

Central African

Republic 11.3 117.1 1.9 3.5 3.0 7.3 6.9 18.0 25.6

Chad 712.7 466.1 520.2 -675.5 559.6 244.7 363.4 460.9 566.6

Eswatini -63.9 105.7 84.7 25.5 41.3 21.4 -56.0 36.5 130.2

Ethiopia 465.0 108.5 1,343.9 1,855.1 2,626.5 4,142.9 4,017.1 3,310.3 2,516.2

Kazakhstan 2,092.0 14,321.8 10,321.0 8,489.4 4,056.6 8,511.5 4,669.3 3,756.8 3,118.1

Kyrgyzstan 45.5 377.0 626.1 348.0 1,141.9 579.0 221.9 139.3 208.6

Lao PDR 19.4 227.7 681.4 867.6 1,077.8 935.3 1,686.3 1,319.6 557.2

Lesotho 43.9 11.0 50.4 94.5 206.5 159.2 123.1 128.7 117.6

Malawi 13.3 123.9 88.5 387.1 509.7 115.7 90.2 102.0 97.9

Mali 132.3 180.3 307.9 144.2 275.5 356.5 563.2 467.3 493.8

Mongolia 131.5 844.7 2,059.7 337.8 94.3 -4,156.4 1,494.4 2,173.7 2,443.3

Nepal 1.8 1.0 71.3 30.2 51.6 106.1 197.8 67.1 185.0

Niger 11.5 340.4 719.3 823.0 529.5 301.3 338.7 466.0 592.8

North Macedonia 113.3 585.8 335.0 272.5 240.5 374.6 205.3 725.2 365.2

Paraguay 24.9 262.8 252.2 411.9 308.1 425.3 526.2 481.0 478.1

Republic of

Moldova 73.8 711.5 233.2 340.9 237.0 84.2 157.0 307.6 588.6

Rwanda 4.7 102.3 257.6 458.9 379.8 342.3 356.4 381.9 420.2

South Sudan .. .. -793.0 44.0 0.2 -7.9 1.4 60.1 17.9

Tajikistan 31.6 814.8 326.8 451.3 571.7 345.4 307.0 359.6 212.8

Turkmenistan 226.0 1,277.0 2,861.4 3,830.1 3,043.0 2,243.2 2,085.9 1,985.1 2,165.9

Uganda 202.2 728.9 1,096.0 1,058.6 737.7 625.7 802.6 1,055.4 1,266.0

Uzbekistan 82.6 711.3 634.7 808.7 1,041.2 1,662.6 1,797.3 624.7 2,286.3

Zambia 346.6 938.6 2,099.8 1,488.7 1,304.9 662.9 1,107.5 408.4 753.2

Zimbabwe 3.8 51.6 400.0 544.8 421.0 371.8 349.4 744.6 280.0

Total, LLDCs 8,839 25,561 29,932 28,918 25,033 24,217 25,549 22,220 22,002

Total, transit

countries 99,032 311,736 331,080 327,369 347,080 315,752 328,392 338,767 348,546

World 550,615 1,490,066 1,456,323 1,403,865 2,041,770 1,983,478 1,700,468 1,495,223 1,539,880


48

Table 6.8. Foreign Direct Investment – continued

FDI inflows (percentage of GDP)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Afghanistan 1.17 0.43 0.17 0.20 0.79 0.46 0.25 0.58 0.19

Armenia 4.10 7.59 3.11 3.50 1.74 3.16 2.18 2.04 1.87

Azerbaijan 45.15 0.03 3.55 5.89 7.63 11.88 7.02 2.99 3.06

Bhutan 0.54 0.35 1.21 1.10 0.32 -1.53 -0.41 0.23 0.25

Bolivia 2.44 3.07 5.71 1.99 1.68 0.99 1.90 0.75 -0.38

Botswana 5.56 4.76 0.45 3.17 2.63 0.91 1.50 1.54 1.39

Burkina Faso 0.62 1.12 3.65 2.56 1.96 3.05 0.02 1.66 1.32

Burundi .. 0.24 0.30 1.74 0.26 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.03

Central African Republic 0.95 5.76 0.12 0.20 0.18 0.40 0.34 0.80 1.13

Chad 23.01 4.50 3.77 -4.66 4.79 2.35 3.50 4.05 5.15

Eswatini -2.91 3.21 1.84 0.58 1.01 0.56 -1.26 0.77 2.92

Ethiopia 5.50 0.42 2.89 3.42 4.16 5.74 5.23 4.12 2.64

Kazakhstan 6.78 10.73 4.36 3.83 2.20 6.20 2.80 2.09 1.76

Kyrgyzstan 2.37 7.33 8.54 4.66 17.10 8.50 2.88 1.72 2.47

Lao PDR 0.89 3.97 5.71 6.54 7.49 5.92 10.01 7.35 2.96

Lesotho 3.98 0.59 2.00 3.61 8.38 6.91 4.77 4.89 4.59

Malawi 0.41 2.33 1.67 6.49 7.92 2.18 1.42 1.42 1.21

Mali 2.81 1.85 2.32 1.00 2.10 2.54 3.66 2.72 2.93

Mongolia 7.11 12.96 16.37 2.76 0.80 -37.15 13.07 16.71 17.98

Nepal 0.03 0.01 0.39 0.15 0.25 0.51 0.77 0.24 0.61

Niger 0.33 4.73 7.04 7.50 5.48 2.93 3.03 3.63 4.73

North Macedonia 2.29 5.91 3.10 2.40 2.39 3.51 1.82 5.74 2.92

Paraguay 0.29 1.07 0.65 1.02 0.85 1.18 1.35 1.19 1.25

Republic of Moldova 3.10 9.79 2.46 3.58 3.06 1.04 1.62 2.72 5.01

Rwanda 0.25 2.10 3.38 5.72 4.59 4.04 3.90 4.02 4.08

South Sudan .. .. -5.89 0.28 0.00 -0.12 0.02 0.73 0.15

Tajikistan 2.04 15.79 3.84 4.89 7.28 4.97 4.29 4.78 2.54

Turkmenistan 2.00 5.90 7.30 8.80 8.44 6.20 5.50 4.87 4.76

Uganda 2.58 4.00 4.26 3.80 2.94 2.46 2.95 3.51 3.85

Uzbekistan 0.69 2.02 0.92 1.05 1.27 2.03 3.04 1.24 4.10

Zambia 7.07 5.24 7.90 5.58 6.26 3.09 4.28 1.50 3.07

Zimbabwe 0.05 0.81 2.10 2.79 2.11 1.81 1.59 3.06 0.34

Average, LLDCs 5.20 5.21 3.64 3.41 3.27 3.41 3.35 2.75 2.44

World 1.41 2.34 1.89 1.78 2.73 2.61 2.11 1.75 1.76


49

Table 6.9. Remittances

Remittance inflows (millions US$) % of

GDP

2003 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019* 2019

Afghanistan .. 347 253 349 628 1,084 804 868 4.6

Armenia 168 2,192 2,079 1,491 1,382 1,539 1,488 1,528 11.4

Azerbaijan 171 1,733 1,846 1,270 643 1,133 1,226 1,077 2.3

Bhutan .. 12 14 20 34 43 58 47 1.7

Bolivia 159 1,201 1,177 1,191 1,247 1,408 1,392 1,339 3.2

Botswana 39 36 46 30 25 36 32 50 0.3

Burkina Faso 54 308 396 385 397 417 456 476 3.3

Burundi .. 49 56 51 31 34 48 48 1.4

Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini 65 75 96 96 98 144 126 126 2.7

Ethiopia 46 833 1,796 1,087 772 393 436 531 0.6

Kazakhstan 147 341 401 294 384 560 618 506 0.3

Kyrgyzstan 78 2,278 2,243 1,688 1,995 2,486 2,689 2,410 29.2

Lao PDR 1 170 188 189 189 243 239 285 1.5

Lesotho 557 463 393 371 490 596 629 584 21.3

Malawi 14 34 38 41 39 78 182 182 2.4

Mali 154 895 920 817 827 883 1,022 1,034 5.9

Mongolia 129 257 255 261 260 273 441 575 4.2

Nepal 771 5,584 5,889 6,730 6,612 6,928 8,294 8,128 27.3

Niger 25 146 219 172 176 264 297 320 3.4

North Macedonia 174 376 367 307 291 314 344 317 2.5

Paraguay 223 623 507 554 657 704 683 668 1.6

Republic of Moldova 487 2,192 2,076 1,540 1,467 1,638 1,838 1,909 16.3

Rwanda 10 170 184 159 173 215 261 261 2.6

South Sudan .. .. 2 1,139 1,083 634 1,267 1,267 34.4

Tajikistan 146 3,698 3,384 2,259 1,867 2,237 2,183 2,298 28.2

Turkmenistan .. 40 30 16 9 4 2 1 0.0

Uganda 299 941 888 902 1,146 1,166 1,230 1,293 4.2

Uzbekistan .. 6,689 5,653 3,062 2,462 3,374 3,689 4,150 6.9

Zambia 36 54 58 47 38 94 107 128 0.5

Zimbabwe .. 1,890 1,904 2,047 1,856 1,730 1,730 1,730 13.5

Total, LLDCs 3,952 33,628 33,359 28,563 27,279 30,654 33,808 34,137 4.4

Total, developing

countries 123,205 433,057 451,271 453,041 446,251 486,689 530,650 554,218

..

World 197,183 586,971 611,596 602,849 597,332 643,270 694,479 714,249 ..

Source: World Bank Migration and Remittances Data

* Estimates

50

Table 6.10. External debt

External debt stocks (% of GNI) Total debt service (% of exports of goods,

services and primary income)

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2003-

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Afghanistan 16.4 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.4 0.6 1.9 3.3 4.7 4.9 ..

Armenia 53.7 70.4 81.2 92.4 86.1 87.5 18.4 31.7 38.4 33.9 27.1 29.9

Azerbaijan 16.7 16.6 26.3 41.7 39.6 36.4 3.1 5.5 9.0 9.5 10.8 10.5

Bhutan 75.2 100.0 104.9 112.6 112.6 109.2 10.9 12.2 17.2 16.6 11.0 10.7

Bolivia 45.9 28.4 31.0 33.0 35.6 33.8 11.6 7.0 9.9 9.2 10.0 9.6

Botswana 10.0 16.0 15.7 14.0 10.2 9.7 1.1 0.7 3.3 2.0 2.4 2.4

Burkina Faso 26.7 21.2 26.1 26.9 26.2 23.4 5.2 2.8 3.9 3.5 3.5 ..

Burundi 81.3 25.6 20.2 20.4 19.4 19.2 30.6 13.9 13.9 16.0 14.0 ..

Central African Republic 53.0 34.6 39.8 37.3 33.6 32.7 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Chad 29.1 28.2 28.0 30.5 31.9 29.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eswatini 14.4 9.0 9.1 12.8 15.0 10.9 2.3 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.3

Ethiopia 32.5 30.6 32.7 32.1 32.8 33.4 5.6 11.9 17.2 20.8 20.8 ..

Kazakhstan 88.2 79.3 88.5 131.7 109.8 105.7 40.0 35.3 65.6 46.3 49.7 48.3

Kyrgyzstan 95.5 101.9 117.8 123.1 111.4 103.0 13.9 12.2 16.8 18.3 30.2 31.3

Lao PDR 107.2 76.0 84.7 89.5 91.8 90.2 15.5 9.4 9.1 10.7 13.5 14.6

Lesotho 31.1 30.8 31.8 33.7 32.3 29.2 3.5 3.1 3.7 4.2 3.7 3.6

Malawi 40.7 28.3 27.8 34.3 34.8 32.2 5.2 4.1 4.5 6.2 5.7 ..

Mali 34.0 24.8 28.8 27.8 29.2 29.5 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.4 ..

Mongolia 83.5 188.7 203.4 250.7 292.9 253.9 11.2 22.1 35.3 25.9 56.4 101.6

Nepal 31.9 19.6 19.1 20.0 19.7 18.9 9.5 8.2 8.5 9.3 8.5 ..

Niger 36.9 25.0 31.7 34.4 38.5 36.1 6.3 6.3 6.2 8.4 8.5 ..

North Macedonia 53.2 64.9 69.4 73.3 78.9 72.0 16.5 17.4 20.5 15.5 13.7 16.6

Paraguay 67.7 42.4 46.3 46.9 42.1 39.9 8.3 22.1 16.6 10.7 12.5 15.7


Rwanda 35.2 37.1 42.7 52.3 54.0 58.0 8.4 12.8 12.5 14.4 12.1 12.6

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tajikistan 51.2 44.9 54.8 63.3 74.0 67.7 13.1 13.5 12.2 28.1 26.3 22.0

Turkmenistan 9.7 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.2 2.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 30.0 32.4 36.0 42.7 46.1 46.3 4.4 4.2 2.0 17.4 3.7 12.2

Uzbekistan 25.7 15.8 16.9 19.1 27.9 33.9 .. .. .. 10.8 12.7 5.8

Zambia 47.8 35.1 57.3 74.9 70.9 73.7 8.8 3.7 6.6 9.9 9.3 14.6

Zimbabwe 84.6 47.5 52.2 59.8 58.1 39.8 13.7 12.1 15.8 28.8 14.3 11.7

Average, LLDCs 50.8 43.6 48.9 57.8 57.1 55.3 20.1 19.1 28.5 21.1 23.7 27.8

Average, Low and

middle income countries 25.0 25.2 24.6 25.5 25.7 25.6 11.8 11.1 13.3 15.3 14.1 14.0


51

Table 6.11. Debt distress

Latest Publication

Date

Risk of debt

distress

Afghanistan 01/05/2020 High

Armenia .. ..

Azerbaijan .. ..

Bhutan 30/10/2018 Moderate

Bolivia .. ..

Botswana .. ..

Burkina Faso 23/04/2020 Moderate

Burundi 01/04/2015 High

Central African

Republic 28/04/2020 High

Chad 23/04/2020 High

Eswatini .. ..

Ethiopia 06/05/2020 High

Kazakhstan .. ..

Kyrgyzstan 27/03/2020 Moderate

Lao PDR 08/08/2019 High

Lesotho 30/04/2019 Moderate

Malawi 15/05/2020 Moderate

Mali 08/05/2020 Moderate

Mongolia .. ..

Nepal 11/05/2020 Low

Niger 23/04/2020 Moderate

North Macedonia .. ..

Paraguay .. ..

Republic of Moldova 22/04/2020 Low

Rwanda 18/06/2020 Moderate

South Sudan 04/06/2019 In debt distress

Tajikistan 07/05/2020 High

Turkmenistan .. ..

Uganda 14/05/2020 Low

Uzbekistan 19/05/2020 Low

Zambia 02/08/2019 High

Zimbabwe 26/03/2020 In debt distress

Source: IMF List of LIC Debt Sustainability Analyses for PRGT-Eligible Countries

Accessed on 28 July 2020

52

Population

Total population (mid-year estimates, millions)

2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Afghanistan 23.7 27.7 32.3 33.4 34.4 35.4 36.3 37.2 38.0 38.9

Armenia 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0

Azerbaijan 8.4 8.8 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1

Bhutan 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

Bolivia 8.9 9.7 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.7

Botswana 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4

Burkina Faso 12.7 14.7 17.1 17.6 18.1 18.6 19.2 19.8 20.3 20.9

Burundi 6.9 8.1 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.2 11.5 11.9

Central African

Republic 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8

Chad 9.4 11.2 13.2 13.7 14.1 14.6 15.0 15.5 15.9 16.4

Eswatini 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2

Ethiopia 72.2 82.9 95.4 98.1 100.8 103.6 106.4 109.2 112.1 115.0

Kazakhstan 15.1 15.9 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8

Kyrgyzstan 5.0 5.3 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Lao PDR 5.6 6.0 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3

Lesotho 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Malawi 12.0 13.7 15.8 16.3 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.1 18.6 19.1

Mali 12.0 14.1 16.4 16.9 17.4 18.0 18.5 19.1 19.7 20.3

Mongolia 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3

Nepal 25.1 26.7 26.9 26.9 27.0 27.3 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.1

Niger 12.6 15.3 18.5 19.2 20.0 20.8 21.6 22.4 23.3 24.2

North Macedonia 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Paraguay 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1

Republic of Moldova 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0

Rwanda 8.6 9.5 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6 13.0

South Sudan 6.9 8.7 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2

Tajikistan 6.5 7.2 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5

Turkmenistan 4.7 4.9 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.0

Uganda 26.0 30.4 35.7 36.9 38.2 39.6 41.2 42.7 44.3 45.7

Uzbekistan 25.7 27.6 29.9 30.4 30.9 31.4 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5

Zambia 11.3 12.8 14.9 15.4 15.9 16.4 16.9 17.4 17.9 18.4

Zimbabwe 12.0 12.4 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.9

Total, LLDCs 357.7 401.5 451.7 462.6 473.8 485.3 497.0 508.9 521.0 533.1

World 6,381.2 6,789.1 7,210.6 7,295.3 7,379.8 7,464.0 7,547.9 7,631.1 7,713.5 7,794.8

Source: United Nations World Population Prospects

53

List of data resources

ILOStat

https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/

IMF List of LIC Debt Sustainability Analyses for PRGT-Eligible Countries

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/dsa/lic.aspx

International Telecommunication Union

https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx

OECD.Stat

https://stats.oecd.org/

UNCTADstat database

https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/

UNDP Human Development Reports data

http://hdr.undp.org/en/data

UNIDO Competitive Industrial Performance Index database

https://stat.unido.org/cip/

United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-

prospects-as-of-mid-2020/

United Nations Office of Legal Affairs

https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ParticipationStatus.aspx?clang=_en

United Nations SDG Indicators database

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/

United Nations Statistics Division

http://data.un.org/

United Nations World Population Prospects

https://population.un.org/wpp/

World Bank Enterprise Survey

https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/

World Bank Migration and Remittances Data

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-

remittances-data

World Bank World Development Indicators

https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

World Customs Organization

http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-

tools/conventions/pf_revised_kyoto_conv/instruments.aspx

World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) Database


World Trade Organization Regional Trade Agreements Information System (RTA-IS)

https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx

https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/dsa/lic.aspx

https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx

https://stats.oecd.org/

https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/

http://hdr.undp.org/en/data

https://stat.unido.org/cip/

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-as-of-mid-2020/

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-as-of-mid-2020/

https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ParticipationStatus.aspx?clang=_en

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/

http://data.un.org/

https://population.un.org/wpp/

https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data

https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/conventions/pf_revised_kyoto_conv/instruments.aspx

http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/conventions/pf_revised_kyoto_conv/instruments.aspx



https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx

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