STATIC LOAD TEST – A COMPARISON OF ULTIMATE LOAD BETWEEN

STATIC LOAD TEST – A COMPARISON OF ULTIMATE LOAD BETWEEN

STATNAMIC AND MAINTAINED LOAD TEST

MASTURA BINTI AZMI

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of degree of Master of

Engineering (Civil-Geotechnic)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

MEI 2005

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion

this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the

award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil-

Geotechnic)

Signature : ……………………………………………

Name of Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairul Anuar b. Kassim

Date : ……………………………………………

I declare that this thesis entitled “Static Load Test- A Comparison of Ultimate Load

between Statnamic and Maintained Load Test” is the result of my own research except

as cited in references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and concurrently

submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : …………………………………………….

Name: Mastura Binti Azmi

Date : 26 May 2005

To everybody,

thank you so much

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Through my preparation for this project, I have met several people that gave a

lot of contribution towards this study. Many thanks to Dr. Khairul Anuar b Kassim who

has been supervised me throughout this study and thank you for all the knowledge that

you gave to me. I would also like to forward my thought to Mr. Tan Hui Hock of

Geonamics Sdn. Bhd. who has been providing me with the necessary information for

this study. I would also like to express my appreciation to Mr. Liu Chong Yew of

SPYTL who has been a great mentor to me. Without the support from these people the

thesis would not finish as this.

My sincere appreciation should also go to the people’s incharge of the projects

that I went to get my data and information. All the information are valuable for this

thesis and many thanks to you. I would also like to thank all the people involve directly

or indirectly in this thesis. Not to forget my family and friends.

ABSTRACT

This study is conducted to give a good comparison of the ultimate load between

the statnamic load test and the maintained load test. The study was done using three

methods to predict the ultimate load of statnamic load test. The three methods are the

Unloading Point Method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation method. The

statnamic and maintained load test was done on two types of bored pile that are bored

pile cast on limestone rock and bored pile cast on granite rock. The result shown in the

study gave a different outcome. From the settlement-load curves derived, the result for

the comparison of statnamic and maintained load test for bored pile cast on limestone

gave an almost similar result. Thus, it can be said that the result for both statnamic and

maintained load test can be used to determine the ultimate capacity of the pile. Where

else, the result for bored pile cast on granite rock gave a very large difference due to

large difference of length for the two bored pile. Therefore, it can be conclude that the

result for this study on comparison of statnamic load test and maintained load test for

bored pile cast on granite can not be used.

ABSTRAK

Projek ini dijalankan untuk memcari perbandingan kekuatan maksima di antara

ujian beban statnamic dan ujian beban tertahan. Projek ini dijalankan menggunakan 3

kaedah berbeza bagi menentukan beban maksima dari ujian beban statnamic. 3 kaedah

itu adalah kaedah pembebanan titik, kaedah Matsumoto dan kaedah penyelesaian

persamaan serentak. Ujian statnamic dan beban tertahan telah dilakukan ke atas dua

jenis bored pile iaitu cerucuk yang ditanam di atas batuan kapur dan di atas batuan

granit. Ujian telah memberikan keputusan yang berbeza. Bagi keputusan ujian statnamic

dan beban tertahan ke atas cerucuk di atas batuan kapur memberikan hasil yang lebih

kurang sama tetapi bagi cerucuk yang terletak di atas batuan granit tidak. Ini

berkemungkinan di sebabkan oleh perbezaan kedalaman yang sangat ketara. Oleh itu,

bolehlah dikatakan bahawa perbandingan bagi ujian statnamic dan ujian beban tertahan

bagi cerucuk yang dikorek di atas batuan granit bagi projek adalah gagal dan tidak boleh

dibandingkan.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ORGANISATION OF THESIS

Thesis Status Declaration

Declaration

Supervisor’s declaration

Declaration of originality ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Abstrak vi

Table of Content vii

List of Tables xi

List of Figures xii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Objectives 2

1.2 Scopes 2

1.3 Problem Statement 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Site Investigation 6

2.1.1 Planning 6

2.1.2 Depth of Exploration 7

2.1.3 Groundwater Condition 7

2.1.4 Sampling, in-situ testing and lab testing 8

2.2 Basic Piling Methods 10

2.2.1 Pile Types 10

2.2.1.1 Non-displacement piles 11

2.2.1.1.1 Bored cast-in-place 12

2.2.1.1.2 Small-diameter

Percussion bored-cast-

In-situ piles 13

2.2.1.1.3 Large-diameter

Percussion bored pile 14

2.2.1.1.4 Rotary bored cast-in

-place pile 15

2.2.1.2 Pile formation with rotary

Boring equipment 17

2.2.1.3 Boring and Concreting 18

2.2.2 Concrete mixes for bored piles 19

2.2.3 Reinforcement for bored piles 21

2.2.4 Excavation using a bentonite suspension 21

2.3 Pile Testing 22

2.3.1 Introduction 22

2.4 Load Testing of Piles 24

2.4.1 General 24

2.4.2 Test equipment 25

2.4.3 Load application and measurement 26

2.4.3.1 Measurement of settlement 27

2.5 Pile Load Test Procedure 27

2.5.1 Maintained load test 28

2.6 Interpretation of the results 29

2.6.1 Load-settlement curves 29

2.6.2 Estimation of ultimate load 30

2.6.3 Settlement criteria 30

2.7 Statnamic test 31

2.7.1 Introduction 31

2.7.2 Development of statnamic 33

2.7.3 Basic concept of statnamic 33

2.7.4 Application of statnamic test 35

2.7.5 Statnamic theory 36

2.7.5.1 Load duration 36

2.8 Stress Wave Analysis 37

2.9 Pyrotechnics 38

2.10 Data Acquisition 40

2.11 Statnamic Assembly 41

2.12 The Result 43

2.13 Statnamic compared to dynamic and static loading 43

2.13.1 Dynamic testing 43

2.13.2 Static Testing 44

2.14 Soil Types 44

2.14.1 Elementary rock classification 44

3.14.2 Stratigraphy 48

3.14.2 Hardness 48

3.14.3 Defects in rock 49

2.14.4 Uniaxial compressive strength 50

2.14.5 Rock mass classification 51

3 METHODOLOGY 52

3.1 Statnamic test 52

3.2 Assembly of statnamic test equipment 53

3.3 Data Acquisition 63

4 DATA ANALYSIS 64

4.1 Interpretation of statnamic pile load test results 64

4.1.1 Unloading point method 67

4.1.2 Matsumoto method 68

4.1.3 Simultaneous equation method 69

4.2 Interpretation of maintained load test data 70

5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 71

5.1 Results for bored pile on limestone rock 71

5.2 Results for bored pile on granite rock 78

5.3 Conclusions 85

REFERENCES 86

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 89

Appendix 2 91

Appendix 3 93

Appendix 4 100

Appendix 5 114

Appendix 6 128

Appendix 7 135

Appendix 8 142

Appendix 9 157

Appendix 10 172

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Typical in-situ tests and their application to pile design 9

2.2 Recommended concrete slumps for cast- in- place pile 20

2.3 Schematic classification of igneous rock 45

2.4 Schematic classification of sedimentary rocks 47

2.5 Rock quality 51

5.1 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test

for bored pile cast on limestone rock 72

5.2 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test for

bored pile cast on granite rock 78

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES

NO

TITLE PAGE

2.1 The unloading-point model 38

2.2 Statnamic devices assembly 42

3.1 Installation of piston and oil application 54

3.2 Piston and oil installation 54

3.3 Ignition system 55

3.4 Fuel cage 55

3.5 Loading of statnamic fuel 56

3.6 Closing of the piston 56

3.7 Installation of base plate 57

3.8 Installation of cylinder 57


3.10 Installation of weight 58



3.13 After installation of weight mass 60

3.14 Placing the gravel structure non-supporting panels 60

3.15 Closing of the structure panels and installation of gravel 61

3.16 Portable computer and data logging device 61

3.17 Cell laser source 62

3.18 After testing 62

4.1 Modelling of pie and soil during statnamic loading

5.1 Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method

for Limestone rock 73

5.2 Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method


5.3 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation

method for Limestone rock 75

5.4 Results for maintained load test for Limestone rock 76

5.5 Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and

maintained load test (3rd cycle) for Limestone rock 77


for Granite rock 80


for Granite rock 81

5.8 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous

Equation method for Granite rock 82

5.9 Results for maintained load test for Granite rock 83


maintained load test (2nd cycle) for Granite rock 84

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES

NO

TITLE PAGE

2.1 The unloading-point model 38

2.2 Statnamic devices assembly 42

3.1 Installation of piston and oil application 54

3.2 Piston and oil installation 54

3.3 Ignition system 55

3.4 Fuel cage 55

3.5 Loading of statnamic fuel 56

3.6 Closing of the piston 56

3.7 Installation of base plate 57






3.13 After installation of weight mass 60

3.14 Placing the gravel structure non-supporting panels 60

3.15 Closing of the structure panels and installation of gravel 61

3.16 Portable computer and data logging device 61

3.17 Cell laser source 62

3.18 After testing 62

4.1 Modelling of pie and soil during statnamic loading





5.5 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation

method for Limestone rock 75

5.4 Results for maintained load test for Limestone rock 76


maintained load test (3rd cycle) for Limestone rock 77


for Granite rock 80


for Granite rock 81

5.11 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous

Equation method for Granite rock 82

5.9 Results for maintained load test for Granite rock 83


maintained load test (2nd cycle) for Granite rock 84

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In every construction, foundation is one of the vital component that need a lot of

attention whether in design or in construction. Choosing the correct foundation for a

certain project is important to ensure a stable and longer life span of the structure.

History shows that the usage of foundation in a structure is not new as it has been long

use since man starts built a structure. Until now, there are a lot of efforts to increase the

potency of foundation. This effort can also be seen with the introduction of variety of

testing that would be suitable to see the effectiveness of foundation use. One of the study

use in foundation especially pile foundation is static loading. There are several tests that

can be used including statnamic load testing. This method is not new in construction

engineering and been used in the west countries since 1988. The Statnamic test has now

gained some attention in local construction since it has been used in 1994. Therefore, a

study is needed in ensuring that this test can be used effectively in our construction

industry

2

1.1 Objectives

The objectives that would be achieved in this study are:

i. The advantages and the disadvantages of the statnamic load test compared to

the ordinary maintained load test.

ii. A comparison between the statnamic loading test and the typical maintained

load test based on the settlement result and the ultimate bearing capacity of

pile.

iii. A comparison between the statnamic load test and the maintained load test

based on different types of soils.

1.2 Scopes

The scopes of this study are:

i. To compare statnamic test result on bored pile size 750mm diameter with

maintained load test result on bored pile size 1050mm diameter cast on

limestone rock.

ii. To compare the statnamic test result and maintained load test result on bored

pile cast on limestone rock based on three methods of calculation (Unloading

Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation method).

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iii. To compare statnamic test result on bored pile size 1800mm diameter with

maintained load test result on bored pile size 1200mm diameter cast on

granite rock.

iv. To compare the statnamic test result and maintained load test result on bored

pile cast on granite rock based on three methods of calculation (Unloading

Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation method).

1.3 Problem statement

Although the usage of foundation especially the pile foundation is not new in the

construction industry the people still not satisfy with the outcome of it. The introduction

of latest testing devices shows that people still trying to find the most accurate way in

predicting the pile behaviour. Typically several tests will be done for pile to show the

integrity of the pile and its capacity. This prediction can ensure that the design of the pile

meet the requirement needed for the use of the structure.

For capacity load testing of pile, several tests can be used in determining the pile

capacity. The typical static load test that can show pile capacity and its settlement is the

maintained load test or kentledge load test. This test gives an accurate result of the pile

capacity and its settlement. Although this test gives a nearly perfect result of the pile

behaviour but it does have several limitations such as long test time and it required a 24-

hour close monitoring of the test.

In order to overcome this problem, several choices of tests that would give

almost the same result as the ordinary maintained load test have been introduced

4

including the statnamic load test. This test has actually been used in the European

countries since 1988 and has gained a lot of reputation on it. This statnamic load test

already came to Malaysia in 1994 and has been used in a lot of projects in the country.

Although it has been almost 11 years since it been introduced here but there are

least studies been carried out in comparing the statnamic load test to the ordinary

maintained load test. Therefore, this study will be conducted to compare the statnamic

load test to the ordinary maintained load test based on Malaysia condition.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In each project, piling would be one of the essential parts that need to be

monitored and carefully designed. There are several things that need to be included in

choosing the right pile for the project. These include the site investigation of the project,

the method of taking the sample of soil, the tests that related in determining the correct

piling and the suitable choice of piling.

Based on Fuller (1983), under certain conditions, the inspection or engineering

control of pile installations should be very comprehensive and cover all aspects from

pile material to final installation, including equipment and pile load testing. In this

literature review, the study will be focused in determining the suitable pile based on

ground and fundamental study. Although the steps are almost the same for every

construction but the procedure of choosing the correct piles would differ for each

construction related to the soil condition and the purpose of each project. Therefore, in

this literature review, an introduction on site investigation, types of pile and types of pile

testing will be discussed.

2.1 Site Investigation

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2.1.1 Planning

The planning of a site investigation for piling works is essentially similar to that

for shallow foundations, apart from the obvious requirement for greater depth of

exploration. The main additional factors that should be considered are the practical

aspects of pile installation.

Based on Fleming et al (1992), The first stage in planning a site investigation

comprises a desk study of the available information. This subject is comprehensively

discussed in BS 5930 (1981). The second stage should include a site inspection in order

to confirm, as far as is possible, the data collected during the desk study, and to make as

many additional preliminary observations as possible.

The investigation should take into account details of foundation design if known,

including the tolerance of the structure to settlement, since this can dictate the extent of

the investigation. Where these details are unknown it is important that the exploratory

work provides sufficient information to permits decisions concerning the type of

foundation, as well as the actual foundation design to be made. The major requirement

of the investigation in terms of the design is to provide comprehensive information over

the full depth of the propose foundations and well below any possible pile toe level. This

is necessary to permit flexibility in the pile design and to be certain that the anticipated

strata thickness exist.

2.1.2 Depth of exploration

7

Fleming et al (1992) tells that the extent of the exploration is not limited solely

by the zone of influence caused by the loaded piles, but is depend on other factors such

as considerations of general stability, the necessity to understand the overall

groundwater regime, highly heterogeneous soil conditions or the effects of piling on

adjacent structures. The zone of influence is a good starting point, since it quantifies to

some degree the lateral and vertical extent of the stressed zone.

Where piles are to be founded in a bearing stratum of limited thickness (such as a

gravel layer overlying clay) it is essential that the large number of bores or probing are

employed – possibly spaced on a close grid, to determine whether the bearing stratum

thickness and level is maintained over the proposed area of loading. In these cases,

detailed exploration may be restricted to a limited number of locations, permitting the

calibration of a lower cost penetration method, which may be used to provide the

necessary coverage. It is important in this situation that the competence of the

underlying stratum to sustain the transmitted stresses is established. Where piles are to

be founded in a rock-bearing stratum, the likely variability of rock-head level should be

assessed from a geological point of view and the investigation should be sufficient to

establish rock-head contours in adequate detail and to obtain profiles strength and

weathering.

2.1.3 Groundwater conditions

The investigation of groundwater conditions is particularly important to piling

works. The findings may influence the choice of pile type and it is essential that the

piling contractors has the data necessary to assess the rate of water inflow that may

occur during the installation of conventional bored piles.

Observations of the ingress of water including the levels at which water seeps

and collects should be made and noted on the site investigation logs in such a way that

they may be related to the casing and borehole depths. These water level observations

8

will be unlikely to reflect the true hydrostatic conditions, but the information is of use to

piling contractors tendering for bored or drilled piles.

2.1.4 Sampling, in-situ testing and laboratory testing

In certain respects, decisions regarding the optimum program of sampling and

testing may only be made after some knowledge of the ground conditions at the site has

been gained, and some conclusions regarding the possible piling alternatives have been

reached. This situation emphasizes the need for a flexible approach and the value of

preliminary studies to facilitate the initial assessment. In many cases, the selection of a

suitable pile type is controlled by external factors such as cost, vibration or noise level,

and there is no simple way to relate pile type to the prevailing soil and groundwater

conditions.

Fleming et al (1992) stated that some situations may arise where special tests may

be required or the intensity of sampling or testing may have to be increased to provide

sufficient data on particular aspects. Such an approach would be very much dependent

on the costs involved in the additional exploration compared with the costs of deeper, or

larger (possibly over-conservative) pile foundations. Table 2.1 summarizes typical in-

situ tests, which can be carried out and their application to pile design.

In-situ test Application to pile design

Vane test For measurement of in-situ undrained strength in soft to

firm clays. Results may be applied to the estimation of

down drag on a pile shaft. The remolded strength of

9

sensitive clays may be relevant to overall stability problems

associated with pile driving in soft clays.

Standard penetration test

(SPT)

Investigation of thickness of bearing strata. Direct

application of N value in empirical formulae for pile load

capacity. Estimation of the angle of friction φ′, in granular

deposits, for use in pile design. Crude estimates of

cohesions in stiff clays or matrix dominant fills. A tentative

relationship between N value and modulus for use in

pile/soil systems has been proposed.

Static cone test Direct application of sleeve friction and point resistance to

the design of driven piles. Estimation of the shear strength

of clays and production of detailed soil profiles.

Pressuremeter Estimates the modulus of soil for possible application in pile

design, but results may not be strictly appropriate. Estimates

of shear strength in weak rock.

Stressprobe

pressuremeter

Gives a measure of the undrained shear strength of stiff

clays and especially developed for over-water use.

Plate bearing tests

(over a range of depths)

Gives shear strength and modulus in all soil types. The

shear strength parameters are highly relevant to pile design,

as similar volumes of soil stressed.

Simple permeability tests For estimation of flow in permeable gravels or fissured

rock. This may be a factor relevant to the selection of pile

type. The tests can also be used in weak rock, to indicate

highly fissured or fractured zones.

Table 2.1: Typical in-situ tests and their application to pile design

2.2 Basic piling methods

The two basic methods of installing piles are well known, namely driving them into

the ground, or excavation of the ground, usually by boring, and filling the void with

concrete. Typical of this type of development are methods, which involve the

10

combination of driven and bored techniques. To install these piles, a casing is driven

into the ground, followed by in-situ concreting. Other more specialized techniques exist,

such as the injection of grout into the ground. Within each category, variations exist

associated with the particular proprietary method in use.

2.2.1 Pile types

Regarding to Fleming et al (1992), in order to categorize the various types of pile

and their method of installation, a simple division into ‘driven’ or ‘bored’ piles is often

employed. This is adequate in many situations, but does not satisfactorily cope with the

many ‘hybrid’ types of pile in use. A more rigorous division into ‘displacement’ or ‘non-

displacement’ piles overcomes this difficulty. In the displacement (generally driven)

pile, soil is moved radially as the pile shaft enters the ground. There may also be a

component of movement of the soil in the vertical direction. Granular soils tend to

become compacted by the displacement process, and clay soils may heave, there being

little immediate volume change as the clay is displaced.

Piles of relatively small cross-sectional area, such as ‘H’ section piles, are termed

‘low displacement piles’, and the effects of compaction or soil heave are reduced. This

can be advantageous if long lengths of pile are to be driven through granular deposits, or

if the piles are at close centers, or if clay heaves is a problem. If non-displacement

(generally bored) pile, lateral stresses in the ground are reduced during excavation and

only partly reinstated by concreting.

Fleming et al (1992) also stated that the displacement of the soil by a pile during

installation is therefore a fundamental property, and its recognition in any classification

of pile type is clearly advantageous. Little-used types such as screw piles can also be

11

covered by the (low) displacement classification, whereas they could not be correctly

term ‘driven piles’. The two main categories of pile types may be classified further

according to whether performed units are used, and whether the performed unit is used

as temporary support for the ground and withdrawn during concreting. For non-

displacement piles, factors such as pile diameter and under reaming are introduced to the

classification, as they have a bearing on the method of installation, and particularly in

the type of plant employed.

2.2.1.1 Non-displacement piles

Based on Fleming et al (1992), the excavation of a borehole in the ground, a pile

can be produced by casting concrete in the void. Some soils, such as stiff clays, are

particularly amenable to the information of piles in this way, since the borehole walls do

not require support, except close to the ground. In unstable ground, such as gravels, the

ground requires temporary support, from casing or bentonite slurry. Alternatively, the

casing may be permanent, but driven into a hole which is bored as the casing is

advanced. A different technique, which is still essentially non-displacement, is to intrude

a grout or a concrete from an auger which is rotated into a granular soil, and hence

produce a grouted column of soil. The three non-displacement methods are therefore

i. Bored cast-in-place piles

ii. Partially preformed piles

iii. Grout or concrete intruded piles

Particularly in pile types (i) and (ii), little or even negative soil displacement occurs

during boring, and indeed, granular deposits may be loosened by the boring action. This

is in contrast to a displacement pile, which produces (sometime beneficial) ground

12

compaction in granular deposits. On the other hand, the rough and irregular interface

between the pile and the soil that is formed during the boring action tends to improve

load transfer, and the difference in skin friction between the two types is less than it

might be. In type (iii) the auger is usually made to run full throughout the process, and

relaxation of the walls of the bore may be inhibited.

2.2.1.1.1 Bored cast-in-place piles

The range of pile sizes and hence design loads is considerable for this form of

pile. The excavation process generally (but not exclusively) produces a borehole of

circular cross-section, and piles are referred to as small-diameter when less than 600

mm, and large-diameter when greater than this nominal size. The smaller diameter piles

tend to be bored by tripod rigs employing percussion methods, and larger size by rotary

or percussive grabbing methods. Nominal diameters (mm) for bored piles are as follows:

i. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 (small-diameter)

ii. 750, 900, 2050, 1200, 1350, 1500, 1800, 2100 (large-diameter)

2.2.1.1.2 Small-diameter percussion bored cast-in-place piles

In this type of pile, the boreholes are formed by rigs that is similar to those

employed for site investigation, using equivalent techniques. The tripods and equipment

are heavier, however, and minimum pile diameters start at around 300 mm, which is

13

about the maximum for a site investigation borehole. The percussion tools and screwed

casing are very similar. In cohesive soils, a ‘clay cutter’ is used, often weighted to

improve penetration. Tripod rigs are light and easily transported and are therefore very

suitable for work on small sites or amongst existing buildings, or even inside buildings.

Short rigs can be used in limited headroom with a slight loss in efficiency. Very little

site preparation is required.

In granular soils, the possibility of removal of material from around the bore can

lead to undermining of adjacent footings, and greater care is necessary. During boring

for a pile the temporary casing may be advanced to considerable depths, and the single

line pull of the winch is then inadequate to extract it.

In granular soils, a ‘shell’ is used for boring. This comprises a heavy tube with a

flap valve at its base with an open top. The removal of soil by a shell relies on water

being present. Dropping a shell into the a granular soil below the water table causes the

flap at the base to open, the flap closing as the shell is raised. Spoil from the shelling

action is simply tipped out at the surface by up-ending the shell. There is a danger during

shelling that the soil may be over-loosened and material drawn from the sides of the

bore, and in extreme cases, the shell may become buried below the casing. To prevent

this over-break, the temporary casing should be advanced by driving it into the ground

as the borehole advances.

With a long length of heavy casing in loose sandy gravels, it is possible for rapid

shelling action to so loosen the ground that the casing falls under its own weight. Whilst

rapid progress is achieved, there is always a risk of over-break by this means, and the

ground is loosened around the bore to a significant degree. It is important that a positive

head of water is kept in the pile bore when boring through granular deposits to minimize

the loosening effect, and to prevent piping up the pile bore. Water may have to be added

in order to achieve this.

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2.2.1.1.3 Large-diameter percussion bored piles

Fleming et al (1992) stated that, large-diameter percussion bored piling

equipment is well suited to the penetration of hard strata, which may include weak

sedimentary rock. Where casing is advanced as the drilling proceeds, as with Benoto

system, unstable strata are supported and may be interspersed with harder strata. Semi-

rotary down-hole percussive hammer rigs, of the type used for well boring are now

available in sizes which approached those of large-diameter piles. This equipment does

not handle casing, and a separate reaming and casing operation may be necessary using

an attendant auger rig. However, the plant will bore through weak rock with little

difficulty and in certain circumstances may be suitable for forming deep rock sockets for

example.

The boring machine is mounted on a wheeled or skid-equipped chassis and

employs an oscillatory drive to achieve casing penetration. The casing is sectional, but

because of the semi-rotary driving action, is not screwed together, but employs a flush

quick-action circumferential joint within the twin-walled casing thickness. The boring

tube has a hardened cutting edge and is hydraulically clamped in a collar which

transmits the semi-rotary action and vertical motion provided by hydraulic rams. Other

impact equipment can be used to break through particularly hard ground. The ability of

the machine to penetrate hard ground makes it especially suitable for secant piled walls,

in which each pile overlaps its neighbour by about 10% of the pile diameter. The piles

are reinforced and concreted in the usual way, the casing being hydraulically jacked out

of the ground during concreting. Piles up to around 40 m in length can be formed at a

rake of up to 1 in 5, although in some ground conditions the full depth may not be

possible. Working loads are 200 to 500 tones in suitable ground for pile diameters of

between 670 and 1200 mm respectively.

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2.2.1.1.4 Rotary bored cast-in-place piles

The majority of large-diameter piles are bored using rotary methods, generally

by augers in the UK, although in other parts of the world, such as the US, large-diameter

drilling plant is more commonly used to construct ‘caisson’ piles.

The augering plant is usually crane- or lorry-mounted, with a power pack to

drive a ring gear within a rotary drilling table which is fixed to the crane base. The main

advantage of lorry-mounted rigs is the ease of transport between sites, but this is at the

expense of maneuverability on confined sites. The crane-mounted rigs are costly to

transport, but are better able to move between pile positions on uneven sites. A number

of manufacturers produce complete rotary boring rigs, such as Bachy Bauer, Soilmec,

BSP or Casagrande. Other companies offer crane attachments, for fitting to a standard

machine.

In operation, the auger is driven from the ring gear at the drilling table via a

sliding square or keyed circular sectioned Kelly bar, which may be telescopic for deep

boreholes. The auger and Kelly bar are suspended from the crane winch rope. An

attendant crane is generally necessary for handling temporary casing, except with some

specially developed rigs, usually for the smaller diameter piles, which can handle the

casing from a second winch line and double cathead.

The usual crane-mounted auger will bore to a diameter of at least 3000 mm.

Depths of boring vary from around 25 m from cased auger rigs to as much as 60 m for

the larger crane-based auger rigs, with telescopic, triple extension Kelly bars. Typical

design loads vary from 1 to 20 MN, in suitable ground conditions.

16

Special feature of auger bored piles which is sometimes used is the underream,

which enables the bearing capacity of suitable strata to be exploited by providing an

enlarged base. The soil has to be capable of standing open unsupported to employ this

technique, and stiff to hard clays, such as the London clay, are ideal. For large-diameter

deep drilling of pile bores in weak sedimentary rocks augers may not be suitable, and a

core barrel or rock roller bit is employed. High capacity drilling tables are mounted on

heavy base cranes, and air or direct circulation water flush drilling employed.

Core barrels are fitted with a calyx basket to collect cuttings above the core

barrel and have tungsten carbide cutting bits. Core barrels are typically up to 2 m in

diameter, and rock rollers in excess of 3 m are available, although these large sizes are

rarely used.

2.2.1.2 Pile formation with rotary boring equipment

The upper portion of a pile bore is likely to be in loose or weak ground, and

some form of temporary support is then necessary. It is usual for a steel casing to be

employed for this, even when the remainder of the bore is made under the stabilizing

action of a bentonite suspension. The temporary casing also seals off water below the

water table in permeable ground.

Shallow, dry, granular deposits are loosened by the auger, and will generally

stand open long enough for a short length of casing to be inserted. To advance the bore

further in granular soils, the auger can be used to loosen the soil, followed by driving the

casing with a drop hammer. Alternatively, the casing can be advanced with a hydraulic

casing vibrator suspended from the attendant crane. The process can be made more

efficient in some instances by adding bentonite powder to the granular soil, and

‘mudding in’. Water may be also need to be added. The effect is to produce a column of

17

loosened soil with a stable-walled bore through which the casing can be driven more

easily to depths of about 10 m. A casing vibrator can increase the depth of insertion to

around 25 m. Casagrande casing oscillators provide an alternative means of installing

casing. At the level of an impermeable soil, such as stiff clay, the casing can be forced

into the ground to form a seal against entry of water by ‘crowding’ action. The ‘crowd’

force is applied via the Kelly bar by clamps gripping the casing and applying an axial

thrust via retracting hydraulic rams against the reaction of the rig.

18

2.2.1.3 Boring and concreting

Concreting in ‘dry’ bores is usually a straightforward procedure. On completion

of the borehole, the reinforcement is placed with suitable spacers to locate it centrally in

the bore. When poring concrete in a dry vertical bore, a hopper and tube should be used

to ensure that the mix is not directed towards the reinforcement. In raking piles, a chute

may be required or a first charge of grout placed.

Any sudden drop in concrete level as the casing is withdrawn should be noted.

This would probably indicate a zone of over-break; it is possible in certain

circumstances for intermixing of soil, water and concrete to take place. This occurrence

is sometimes accompanied by a loss or distortion of pile reinforcement, the steel cage

being carried downwards and outwards at the overbreak zone. To prevent this, boring

ahead of the pile casing in unstable ground should be avoided. It is often the casing-off

of such zones overbreak that leads to conditions which produce contaminated concrete

on the pile shaft – a feature sometimes mistakenly ascribed to the cross-flow of

groundwater.

In weaker soils, it is possible for the fluid pressure of the wet concrete in the pile

bore to fail the soil, and a slump occurs with a bulge in the pile shaft. A critical

undrained cohesion of around 15 kN/m2 has been observed to the result in this effect.

The possibility of soil failure from this cause can be lessened by pulling the casing at a

steady rate, rather than in short rapid pulls, and limiting the head of concrete in the

casing, provided this can be done without risk of the concrete slumping below the

bottom of the casing in the bore.

19

2.2.1.3.1 Boring and concreting in water-bearing ground

In stratigraphic succession in which water-bearing gravel overlies stiff clay, the

temporary casing is used to support the borehole through the gravel, and is then driven a

short distance into the clay in order to seal off the water. Boring then continues under

dry conditions. This may not always be possible, and the base of the pile may be in

granular deposit below the water table. The tremie method of concreting is then

employed. This is the practical method of forming a pile shaft provided certain

precautions are taken. It is essential that a total collapse slump mix is used (greater than

175mm), and that the tremie pipe is always well below the water/concrete interface

during the concreting. The tremie pipe and hopper connections should be watertight and

in clean condition to permit free flow of the concrete. A minimum internal diameter for

the tremie pipe of 150mm is suggested for use with concrete having maximum aggregate

size of 20mm, increasing for larger aggregates.

2.2.2 Concrete mixes for bored piles

The integrity of the pile shaft is of paramount importance, and the concreting

mixes and methods that have evolved for bored piles are directed towards this, as

opposed to the high-strength concrete necessary for pre-cast piles or structural work

above ground.

Based on Fleming et al (1992), this prerequisite has led to the adoption of highly

workable mixes, and the total collapse mix for tremied piles has been mentioned. In

order to ensure that the concrete flows between the reinforcing bars to ease, and into the

interstices of the soil, a high-slump, self-compacting mix is called for. Minimum cement

20

content of 300 kg/m3 is generally employed, increasing to 400 kg/m

3 at slumps greater

than 150mm, with a corresponding increase in fine aggregate content to maintain the

cohesion of the mix. Three mixes recommended by the Federation of Piling Specialists

are given in Table 2.2

Piling mix Typical slump

(mm)

Conditions of use

A 125 Poured into water-free unlined bore.

Widely spaced leaving ample room

for free movement of concrete

between bars.

B 150 Where reinforcement is not spaced

widely enough to give free movement

of concrete between bars. Where cut-

off level of concrete is within casing.

Where pile diameter is < 600 mm.

C > 175 Where concrete is to be placed by

tremie under water or bentonite in

slurry.

Table 2.2: Recommended concrete slumps for cast-in-place piles

21

2.2.3 Reinforcement for bored piles

For piles loaded in compression alone, it is only necessary to reinforce the shaft

to a depth of 2m greater than the depth of temporary casing, to prevent any tendency for

concrete lifting when pulling the casing. Piles subject to tension or lateral forces and

eccentric loading (possibly by being out of position or out of plumb) require suitable

reinforcement designed to cope with these forces. Nominal reinforcement for piles in

compression only would comprise say four 12mm diameter bars for a 400mm diameter

pile to five 16mm diameter bars for a 550mm diameter pile. A special cage of 5mm

steel, or hoops of flat steel, is employed as lateral ties. The assembled cage should be

sufficiently strong to sustain lifting and lowering into the pile bore without permanent

distortion or displacement of bars. Bars should not be so densely packed that concrete

aggregate cannot pass freely between them, and hoop reinforcement is not recommended

at closer than 100mm centers. It is frequently necessary to lap bars in long piles, and it is

here that trouble can arise, with aggregate blocking at the laps and preventing concrete

flowing to the boreholes walls.

2.2.4 Excavation using a bentonite suspension

A method of borehole wall support developed from slurry trench techniques is

the use of a bentonite suspension. Where pile bores are required to penetrate

considerable depths of unstable soil, the installation of long lengths of temporary casing

is a time-consuming process.

Fleming et al (1992) stated that by employing a bentonite suspension of around

6% by weight bentonite, the borehole walls may be effectively supported, provided there

22

is a positive head of bentonite slurry above the groundwater table of at least 1.5m. in

permeable granular soils, there is an initial flow of slurry into the borehole wall, where a

‘filter cake’ rapidly builds up which then prevents further flow, and the excess

hydrostatic pressure in the borehole supports the ground. An additional benefit is the

holding in suspension of fine detritus from the boring operations.

Concreting is carried out by the tremie method, using concrete with a slump in

excess of 175mm. With clean bentonite slurry in the bore, the suspension is effectively

scoured and displaced by the fluid concrete. No decrease in pile adhesion has been

observed in properly constructed bentonite piles, whether the shafts are in granular soils

or cohesive clays.

2.3 Pile testing

2.3.1 Introduction

Load testing of piles is expensive, and the cost should be carefully weighted

against the reduction in risk and assurance of satisfactory behaviour that the pile test

provides. It is not easy for the engineer to be assured that the piled foundations comply

with the specifications and drawings. It goes without saying that a comprehensive site

investigation is essential.

The pile test program should be considered as part of the design and construction

process, and not carried out hurriedly in response to an immediate construction problem.

Pile tests may be performed at various stage of construction; prior at the contract and

during construction. Pre-contract piles may be installed and tested to prove the

23

suitability of the piling system and to confirm the design parameters inferred from the

site investigation. It is common practice not to test piles immediately after placing but to

satisfy a delay of perhaps 1 to 3 weeks or even more, depending on soil type and

experience.

Testing of contract piles may involve integrity testing to check the construction

technique and workmanship and for load testing to confirm the performance of the pile

as a foundation element. Pile testing may range from ‘spot checks’ on pile quality to

comprehensively instrumented piles bordering on a research exercise.

There are two main aspects of the pile quality to be considered:

i. The integrity of the pile and its ability to carry the applied loading as a

structural unit

ii. The load bearing and deformation characteristics of the soil/pile system

It is stressed that any piles test program should be carefully designed, and that the

purpose of each test should be clearly stated. A large amount of information can be

obtained from carefully conducted and instrumental test piles. The information may well

lead to refinements of the foundation design with a consequent possible cost saving, or

certainly greater assurance of the satisfactory performance of the foundation. On the

other hand, poor-quality test pile data may lead to an uneconomic design and are

obviously wasteful of resources and money.

24

2.4 Load testing of piles

2.4.1 General

Pile load testing, using the maintained load or the constant rate of penetration test

procedures, is the most commonly adopted method of checking the performance of a

pile. Any pile testing and loading system should be properly designed, bearing in mind

the large forces and high strain energy in the system under full load. The test pile should

be typical in all respects of the piles in the foundation. Pile testing requires some

considerable time and engineering input to carry out and to interpret the results; this

process should not be rushed at the expense of quality of the data and reliability of the

results.

The objectives of a preliminary pile test program are usually to determine:

i. The ultimate bearing capacity of the piles, relating this to the

design parameters

ii. To separate the pile resistance contributed by the adhesion and

end bearing capacity

iii. To determine the stiffness of the soil/pile system at design load. A

back analysis of this data will enable the soil modulus to be

evaluated, and hence the deformation of pile groups may be

predicted with greatly increased confidence

25

2.4.2 Test equipment

The ultimate load of a pile may range from a few tens of tones to as much 2500

tones, and provision of a reaction to jack against requires careful consideration. The

geometry of the pile-reaction arrangement should be such as to minimize interaction

between the pile and the reaction, and to avoid movement of datum beams used as

references to measure settlement.

Kentledge is commonly used to provide reaction, and more or less any material

available in sufficient quantity can be used. Specially-cast concrete blocks or pigs of cast

iron may be hired and transported to site. Sheet steel piling, steel rail, bricks, or tanks

full of sand or water have to be adopted as kentledge from time to time. The important

criterion is that the mass of material is stable at all times during and after the test.

Clearance is required above the pile cap for the jack, load cell and reaction beam,

and it is necessary to support the whole weight of the kentledge on a timber or other

appropriate cribbage should be sufficient to avoid bearing failure, a severe problem on

soft ground. The kentledge is usually supported on a deck of steel beams and/or a timber

mattress. The cribbage should also be spaced at 3 or 4 diameters from the pile to avoid

an unacceptably large interaction as load is transferred to the pile. This spacing

determines the minimum length of the reaction beam required.

The reaction beam is subjected to high bending and buckling stresses and it

should be designed to carry the maximum load safely. The maximum safe load should

be clearly marked on the beam so that it is not inadvertently exceeded during a test. A

thick spreader plate is normally welded to the center of the beam to disperse the point

load from the jack.

Tension piles may be utilized to provide a satisfactory reaction, particularly for

raking piles. It is obviously most convenient if adjacent permanent piles can be used.

26

The top of the tension pile should be adequately reinforced against the stresses imposed

by the anchors. The tension piles should be normally be reinforced for the full depth of

the pile, though of course reinforcement in the pile may be curtailed as necessary with

depth.

The tension forces may be transmitted to the cross-head using a looped cable and

steel saddle, or individual wires in the cable may be locked separately in an anchor

block. Owing to the high extensibility of the wires, very large amounts of energy are

stored in the system, creating a potentially hazardous situation. Thus each component of

the system should be designed and installed correctly.

2.4.3 Load application and measurement

Based on Fleming et al (1992), it is important that the application of the load to

the test pile can be closely controlled, and a range of hydraulic jacks is readily available.

Short, large-diameter low-pressure jacks are to be preferred to the high-pressure type as

they are more stable. The jack may be actuated by a hand pump for loads up to

approximately 300 tones. However, for very high loadings or constant rate of

penetration tests, it is preferable to use a motorized pumping unit. Pressure gauges

should be fitted to the system to allow the operator to check the load in the system at a

glance, as he may be some way from the test pile.

Load measurement is preferably carried out using a load cell, and several types

are readily available. Commonly adopted load measuring devices, in order of accuracy,

are

i. Hydraulic load capsule, maximum capacity 450 tones

ii. Load columns, maximum capacity 1000 tones

27

iii. Proving rings, maximum capacity 200 tones

iv. Strain gauged load cells of various types, maximum capacity 200

tones

2.4.3.1 Measurement of settlement

The measurement of deformation is perhaps the most difficult observation to

make reliably. The use of dial gauges calibrated in 0.01 mm may give a false sense of

accuracy to the observations. In practice, measurement to this precision is not necessary

for pile testing and it is extremely difficult to maintain this degree of accuracy over a

long period of time. The most commonly used systems of settlement measurement are

dial test indicators or optical leveling.

2.5 Pile load test procedures

Two types of pile load test are commonly carried out; the maintained load test

and the constant rate of penetration test. The maintained load test is convenient for

testing end-bearing piles and for determining the load/settlement characteristics in clay

soils. Usually, however, it is not as suitable for determining the true ultimate capacity of

a pile.

The constant rate of penetration test procedure is best suited to determining the

ultimate bearing capacity of a pile, as the method of testing is closely related to the test

28

procedures used to obtain the shear strength of the soil. In clay soils, rapid pile testing

may approximate to undrained loading conditions, whilst a constant load for several

days may be necessary to allow full dissipation of pore pressures.

2.5.1 Maintained load tests

Based on Fleming et al (1992), the maintained load test requires a careful

specification of loading increments and period for which these increments are held

constant. The ICE Specification for Piling sets out a suitable minimum scheme, and the

ASTM Test Designation D-1143 specifies a similar procedure. In addition, limits are

placed on the rate of movement before the next load stage is added. The ICE

Specification for Piling limits the rate of movement to 0.25 mm/h provided the rate is

decreasing. Some engineers prefer a limit of 0.1 mm/h, and a frequent requirement is to

hold the load constant for 24 h at design load.

The maintained load test may be used to test contract piles to check acceptance

criteria. Such piles are usually loaded to 100% of the design verification load (DVL)

plus 50% of the specified working load to avoid overstressing the soil whilst still

proving an adequate reserve of strength in the soil/pile system. On special test piles that

will not form part of the permanent works, loading can be increased to failure, enabling

a check to be made on the design parameters (usually by the CRP method).

29

2.6 Interpretation of the results

A considerable amount of data may be computed from a pile test, and with more

sophisticated instrumentation a greater understanding of the soil/pile interaction may be

achieved. It is important that the designer is satisfied that the behavior of an isolated test

pile under relatively short-term loading stresses the bearing stratum in a similar manner

to the piles in the foundation. Interpretation of the test data may be carried out on several

levels:

i. Qualitative inspection of the load settlement curves

ii. A check for compliance with load and deformation specifications

iii. A back analysis of the data to provide information on the soil stiffness

and strength criteria

2.6.1 Load settlement curves

Fleming et al (1992) stated that typical shapes of load settlement curves are given

by M.J. Tomlinson. In particular unusual load settlement curves should be thoroughly

investigated as they may indicate unexpected geological problems, such as soft sensitive

clay, defects in the pile shaft, or poor construction techniques. From straightforward pile

tests in which the load settlement characteristics of the head of pile are measured, there

is as yet no satisfactory published method that allows separation of the components of

shaft friction or adhesion and end-bearing with a satisfactory degree of confidence.

2.6.2 Estimation of ultimate load

30

The ultimate load of a pile is usually not well defined. In practice an exact definition of

the ultimate load is not all that important, provided an adequate factor of safety is clearly

demonstrated. Two simple criteria which cover most situations are

i. The load at which settlement continues to increase without further

increase in load

ii. The load causing a settlement of 10% of the pile diameter (base

diameter). The latter limit is likely to give a low estimate of the

ultimate load as it is unlikely that general yielding of the soil

around the pile will have been initiated.

2.6.3 Settlement criteria

Fleming et al (1992) stated that settlement limits at design load or 1.5 times the

design load are frequently specified, on the basis of previous experience. Such specified

settlement limits should be realistic and should take into account the likely elastic

compression of the pile shaft. It is sometimes difficult to discern how the specified

criteria for a single pile relate to the behavior of the pile group.

This data may then be applied to the pile group to estimate the overall

performance of the foundation under the design loads. This approach is particularly

useful in the case of piled structures carrying high lateral loads, as the stiffness of the

soil is difficult to establish and may well be affected by the piling operation.

Contract test piles are frequently loaded to 1½ times the design load as a

performance test. Such a load test should avoid serious permanent deformation in the

31

surrounding soil and the significant alteration of the load/deformation characteristics of

the pile so tested. As these tests are not taken to failure it is sometimes difficult to assess

the acceptability of the pile. In such situations it is useful to estimate the likely elastic

settlement of the pile and then to draw up a realistic and unambiguous specification for

test pile performance. Such as assessment can quickly be made by summing the

compression to estimate the shaft and settlement of the toe. For such calculations it is

necessary to estimate the shaft adhesion from the site investigation data. In practice, by

making appropriate assumptions, upper and lower limits to the settlement may be

established.

2.7 Statnamic test

2.7.1 Introduction

The statnamic load test has been developed to meet the construction industry’s

demand for an accurate and cost effective method of determining the load bearing

capacity of caissons and high capacity piles. Developed jointly by Berminghammer

Corporation of Canada and TNO Building and Construction Research of the

Netherlands, statnamic can be used on any pile type with minimum pile preparation.

Loading is perfectly axial and relatively slow application and release of compressive

forces eliminates tensile stresses, compressing the pile and the soil as a single unit. As a

result, static load-displacement behaviour can be obtained.

Today’s taller buildings, heavier loads, and increased construction costs require

the use of large-diameter, drilled pier foundations systems. As such, the demand for high

capacity piles over 5.0 MN has increased dramatically.

32

Traditionally, static pile loading tests (to failure or twice design load) have been

used to verify the geotechnical design parameters, pile load capacity, and, in some cases,

the integrity of the pile. However, static pile loading test methods are expensive, time-

consuming, and cumbersome. Dynamic load tests have been used, as well as, to predict

static capacity and load-displacement behaviour. The dynamic response of a pile,

however, is controlled by stress waves; the analysis of which requires highly

experienced engineers. Dynamic load testing also creates tensile stresses which can

cause pile damage in concrete piles.

Statnamic testing overcomes the practical difficulties of both static loading and

dynamic load tests. Statnamic is capable of producing a given force using only 10% of

the mass in an equivalent static test. During statnamic loading, a perfectly axial load is

applied for duration of 120 milliseconds; long enough to compress the entire pile. Pile

behaviour is not dominated by stress wave propagation and pile accelerations are on the

order of 1 g. Load duration and loading rate are controlled by the vent height, amount of

fuel, and reaction mass.

2.7.2 Development of Statnamic

Statnamic development began in 1988 with a 0.1 MN test device. Today test

devices are capable of producing loads up to 30MN. Design and fabrication of bigger

devices of 45MN and 60MN are underway and they will be used for testing in the near

future.

33

Statnamic load tests have been conducted in Canada, United States, Japan,

Germany, Israel, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. Testing options include single piles,

pile groups, structural elements, bridge piers and spread footings.

2.7.3 Basic concept of statnamic

The statnamic device is placed directly atop the test pile. Solid fuel is burned

within a pressure chamber, creating a large pressure which derives the reaction mass

upward. An equal and opposite force pushes downward on the pile.

If the reaction mass of 30 tonnes is initially accelerated upward at 20 g, then a

resultant 600 tonne force acts downward on the foundation. The reaction mass is 1/20

(30 tonnes/600 tonnes = 1/20) or 5% of equivalent statnamic mass. Statnamic loading is

applied in a linearly increasing manner and gradual unloading is achieved by a

controlled venting of a pressure. The duration of force is on the order of 120

milliseconds.

Pile accelerations of 1g are 100-1000 times less than a conventional dynamic

load test. As well, the duration of force is 10 to 20 times greater than a conventional

drop hammer blow. Thus, pile behaviour is not dominated by stress wave propagation. A

dynamic load test is shock load whereas statnamic load can be compared to a push,

subjecting the pile to consistent, high compressive forces throughout the length of the

pile.

Statnamic can be described using each of Newton’s three Laws of Motion:

1st Law (Law of Inertia)

34

A body will continue in a state of rest or uniform motion unless compelled to change that

state by an external force.

ΣF = 0

In a load test, two external forces act on a pile – the loading force which sets the pile in

motion and the pile’s resistance to that motion. Pile resistance is primarily a function of

the inertia of the pile mass due to pile stiffness along the pile shaft and the pile toe. By

measuring the pile displacement during test loading, a measurement of the pile’s

resistance and thus the pile/soil behaviour can be measured.

2nd Law (Law of Acceleration)

When acted upon by an external force, a body accelerates in the direction of that

external force and is proportional to the magnitude of that force.

F = ma

In static, statnamic, and dynamic load testing, the same net force can be applied to a pile

by different means. Compare:

Static: F = M x g = Mg

Statnamic: Mg20gx20

MxF =

Dynamic: Mg500gx500

MxF =

where M is the total mass of static test,

M/20 is the reaction of mass (Statnamic)

M/500 is the drop hammer mass

g is the acceleration due to gravity

20g is the acceleration of the reaction mass (Statnamic)

500g is the acceleration of the drop hammer

35

3rd Law (Action and Reaction)

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

F12 = F21

During Statnamic loading, the pressure vessel exerts an upward force on the reaction

masses, while an equal and opposite force reacts downward on the pile. Furthermore,

since the direction of force is along the cylinder assembly, loading is perfectly axial.

2.7.4 Application of Statnamic test

Statnamic can be used on any pile type or structure: These include barrette piles,

micro piles, batter groups, pile groups, caissons, bored piles, precast concrete piles,

lateral load test, bridge piers and spread footing.

2.7.5 Statnamic Theory

2.7.5.1 Load Duration

• Static Loading

Since velocity and acceleration are near zero throughout a static load test, damping and

inertial effects are minimal. However, as the load duration decreases for quick static load

tests, results can differ from conventional static tests due to the strain rate-dependent

nature of soil. Low permeability soils (soft silty or clayey soils) are most susceptible to

quick load rates.

36

• Low Rate Dynamic Loading (Statnamic)

The duration of pile loading is on the order of 120 milliseconds. The load duration,

while not on the order of static testing, is still relatively long compared to high rate

dynamic testing. Dynamic rate effects are present only in low permeability, cohesive

soils and can be measured using existing pile/soil models.

• High Rate Dynamic Loading (Dynamic Load Tests)

The duration of pile loading is on the order of 4 milliseconds. The short duration of

loading introduces stress waves to the pile and will unduly effect pile/soil behaviour.

Damping and inertial exert a strong influence on the test result and are difficult to

quantify.

2.8 Stress Wave Mechanics

In conventional static loading, the pile compresses as a whole throughout loading

and can be considered as a rigid body. As the load duration decreases, however, stress

waves are introduced to the pile, effecting pile/soil behaviour. Stress waves propagate

along the pile at the speed of sound within the pile.

c = (E/ρ)1/2

c = stress wave velocity

E = pile/soil system modulus

ρ = pile/soil density

37

C is about 3500 to 4000 m/s for reinforced concrete piles and 5000 m/s for steel piles.

For long piles (~ 30 meters) an initial stress at the pile top will reach the pile toe in

approximately 6 milliseconds, corresponding to the pile’s nature period, (30/5000 =

.006).

Statnamic loading is on the order of 120 milliseconds, well above the natural period

of even the stiffest pile. Because stress wave effects are minimized, the pile can be

considered as a rigid body and conventional static analytical methods apply. Although

results from Statnamic load tests have shown that rate effects are negligible for piles in

very stiff soils and piles end-bearing in rock, rate effects for piles in soft soils have been

relatively large and have significantly influenced load-displacement behaviour. The

Unloading-Point model, as shown in Figure 2.1, is a simple method of analysis for

determining the static resistance from a Statnamic test. As well, rate effects present

during a Statnamic test can be quantified with the Unloading-Point model.

Figure 2.1 : The Unloading-Point model

38

2.9 Pyrotechnics

To produce the characteristic Statnamic loading (force versus time as shown above), the

pressure chamber expands due to the increasing pressure from burning fuel gases. The

Statnamic cylinder, located on top of the pressure chamber, is accelerated upward force

(and hence the downward Statnamic loading) is equal to the product of this acceleration

and the total reaction mass. Thus,

F = ma

where a = C1.t

and C1 is a constant

The increased volume of the pressure chamber is equal to the product of the

displacement of the cylinder (d) and the area of the pressure vessel (A). Thus,

∫∫== a.dtAA.dV Equation 1

t.Ct.Ct.(CAV 3

2

2

3

1 ++=

where a is integrated twice in Equation 1 to determine d. The rate of increase in

pressurized gas production is therefore cubic, characteristic of solid propellant fuel.

The statnamic fuel consists of a number of small, perforated soil pellets. The burn

rate depends on several parameters:

1. chemical composition

2. pellet geometry

3. temperature

4. pressure

Chemical composition is chosen from factory burn trials. Perforated cylindrical

pellets are preferred to solid pellets or flat plates because they increase in surface area

39

throughout burning desired for statnamic. Furthermore, using many small pellets instead

of one large fuel charge reduces a consistent burn and averages out any imperfections in

a single pellet. As expected, the natural burn rate increases as temperature and pressure

increases in pressure chamber. Under normal operating conditions, burning will not

begin until the fuel temperature reaches 1000oC.

The statnamic propellant can be safely handled and will not ignite under spark,

friction, or agitation. When under atmospheric conditions, the burn is slow and easily

controlled. The fuel can be extinguished with water. Propellant can be transported with

minimum preparation stored for long periods of time without concern.

2.10 Data Acquisition

Load and displacement data are measured at the pile top with a calibrated load

cell and laser sensor and analyzed by TNO ‘s Foundation Pile Diagnostic System

(FPDS). The load measurements are accurate to within 0.1% and the displacement

measurements are accurate to 0.1 mm. A total of 2000 data points are recorded at a

sampling rate of 150 microseconds for a total time 0.3 seconds, suitable to record the

entire event. The sampling time and total measuring time are variable and can be

changed in FPDS. The ignition triggering is also controlled by FPDS.

Load Cell

The statnamic load is measured by a circular load cell, located between the

piston and the pile top. A number of strain gauge transducers, mounted on the load cell

circumference, reduce the effects if any uneven loading. Loads signal from each

transducers are averaged and amplified within the load cell to reduce error and are

further amplified by FPDS.

40

Laser Sensor

Pile displacement is measured with photovoltaic laser sensor (located at the

center of the piston base) and a remote reference laser source. During the statnamic

event, the change in position of the laser sensor is measured relative to the stationary

laser source. Any ground motion due to loading occurs after the event and does not

effect the reference source, 20 meters away.

Throughout loading, load and displacement signals are digitized and written to a

raw data file. After the event, the raw signal voltages are converted to load and

displacement values using factory calibration values. Load-displacement graphs are

presented immediately on-site. Supplementary graphs, including graphs of velocity and

acceleration, are also generated by FPDS. Velocity and acceleration data are to be used

for Unloading-Point Analysis to determine static load settlement behaviour.

2.11 Statnamic Assembly

Statnamic assembly is straightforward. All components are handled with a

hoisting machine. Reaction masses are sectional and made of concrete, lead, steel and

others. Concrete reaction masses can be cast on-site and reused. This can be shown in

Figure 2.2 below.

41

Figure 2.2 : Statnamic devices assembly

42

2.12 The result

The load displacement behavior is almost identical to a static load test. During the entire

test, a state-of-the art load cell and laser sensor, built right into the statnamic device, act

in concert with a high-speed laptop computer to measure load and displacement directly.

During a statnamic test, measured signals from the load cell and laser sensor are digitally

recorded by TNO’s Foundation Pile Diagnostic System (FPDS). Over 2000 values of

load and displacement are recorded. Load versus displacement results are presented

immediately on site, as well as graphs of load, displacement, velocity, and acceleration

versus time. Straightforward methods of analysis are provided through user-friendly

software to determine the damping and inertial effects. Load-deflection behavior and the

ultimate capacity of the foundation are clearly presented to the user.

2.13 Statnamic compared to dynamic and static testing

2.13.1 Dynamic Testing

In dynamic testing, a falling mass strikes the pile, delivering a short duration

impulse. Force and velocity are derived from gauges attached to the pile top. In

statnamic testing, a controlled, pre-determined load is applied directly to the pile without

introducing high-tension forces. The duration of loading is substantially longer than both

the impulse produced by dynamic testing and natural frequency of the foundation. The

capacity of large-diameter foundations can be fully mobilized without risking damage.

2.13.2 Static Testing

43

Static testing is expensive and cumbersome. On average, setting up and

dismantling a satnamic test can be done in a shift without interrupting the piling

contractor. Multiple piles can be tested in one day. In a comparative program in

Kanazawa, Japan, a static and statnamic test were conducted on the same foundation

producing virtually identical load-displacement behaviour. Numerous comparisons on

driven and cast in-situ piles have shown similar results.

2.14 Soil Types

In this study, there are two types of rock that need to be taken into account. One

is limestone rock and the other is granite rock. Based on Amir (1986), the main

descriptive properties of rocks which are of interest to the civil engineer are (AGE 197):

Rock type, stratigraphic unit, hardness and structure.

2.14.1 Elementary rock classification

Rocks are classified into 3 main groups according to the process by which they were

formed: Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

a) Igneous rocks

When molten rock, or magma, is forced up to the surface in the form of lava it

cools and forms a family of rocks named igneous or magnetic. The specific kind of

44

rock which is created by this process depends on two main factors: The rate of

cooling of the magma and its chemical composition

Magma in this case which loses heat inside the ground forms an intrusive, or

plutonic, rock. Cooling in this case is very slow, and this enables the growth of

relatively large crystals. Extrusive (or volcanic) rocks, on the other hand, solidify on

the surface, in a process of a rapid cooling. As a result, the crystal structure is fine or

even nonexistent.

Composition: Acid �--------------------------------------------------� Basic

Light coloured Intermediate Dark

coloured

Light weight Heavy

Texture With quartz No quartz

Coarse Granite, Granodiorite Syenite, Diorite Gabbro

Medium Aplite Diabase Dolerite

Fine Rhyolite Trachyte, Andesite Basalt

(Felsite) (Felsite)

Mixed �---------------- (Porphyry of the above types) -----------------�

Glassy Obsidian Basalt-glass

Broken �-----------Breccia, Agglomerate, Tuff ------------------------�

Table 2.3: Schematic classification of igneous rocks

According to their chemical composition, igneous rocks may range from acidic to basic.

Acidic rocks are those that contain mainly silica. They are generally lighter in colour and

45

lighter in weight. Granite is a typical acid rock. Basic rocks, on the other extreme,

contain large mounts of metals such as iron and magnesium, and are dark and heavy.

Gabbro is a typical basic rock.

(b) Sedimentary rocks

In the process of erosion, rocks weather and are broken down into small particles or

even totally dissolved. These detritic particles may be carried away by water, wind or

glaciers, and deposited far from their original position. When these sediments start to

form thick deposits, they consolidate under their own weight and eventually, in the

presence of a suitable cementing chemical, may turn into solid rock. As a result of this

process, sedimentary rock will almost invariably possess a distinct stratified, or bedded,

structure. The classification of sedimentary rocks (Table 2.4) is based on several factors,

mainly grain size, composition and origin.

Certain rock types are named according to their origin. Some examples are Tillite

(cemented glacial deposit) and Travertine (carbonaceous hot-spring deposit).

46

Composition Texture Rock type Remarks

Detritic Coarse Conglomerate Rounded particles

(above 50% Breccia Angular particles

transported

particles) Medium Sandstone

Fine(>2 microns) Sandstone

Very fine Shale Little or no cement

(<2 microns) Marl Cemented by

CaCO3

Chemical Sandy Flint SiO2, dark

(below 50% (5% - 50% Chert SiO2, light

transported transported Limestone mainly CaCO3

material) material) Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2

Chalk microscopic

skeletons

Phosphate of CaCO3

Pure Gypsum

(<5% Coal

transported Rock salt

material) Iron

Table 2.4 : Schematic classification of sedimentary rocks

47

2.14.2 Stratigraphy

The determination of the stratigraphic unit to which a rock belongs will normally

be undertaken by a qualified geologist. It can often be helpful in conveying to the reader

of a geological report special characteristic of this specific rock, and give an indication

as to other rock types which may present in the immediate vicinity.

2.14.2 Hardness

The hardness of fresh rock is mainly a function of its mineral composition and

forming process. At a later stage, rock can be modified by weathering processes to such

degree that we may want find ourselves regarding it as soil. Field hardness, defined as

the resistance to indentation or scratching, can be correlated with the strength of the rock

material, which is of much interest to the engineer. Such as correlation (Table 4) enables

useful conclusions to be drawn from simple field tests.

48

2.14.3 Defects in rock

(a) Discontinuities

Based on Amir (1986), large rock masses are almost never continuous. Since it is

reasonable to assume that the strength of rock mass is determined by its discontinuities,

their study is utmost importance to the engineer. Discontinuities may take the form of

major features such as faults, shear zones and dykes, or small-scale features resulting

from the process which formed the rock (bedding planes) or from tectonic action

(joints). In many cases joints may be concentrated in well-defined directions, thus

forming joint sets which can be analyzed statistically. The following characteristics of

discontinuities are of main concern to the civil engineer.

a) Dip and dip direction. These values help to establish the existence (or

absence) of joint sets. Dip angle may also have a bearing on the load-

carrying behaviour of piles: Horizontal or nearly horizontal open joints

will influence the performance of piles more than vertical ones with

similar characteristics.

b) Frequency, or spacing between adjacent discontinuities. Jointing is

defined as very widely spaced for a typical spacing of more than 1 m, and

very close when joint frequency comes down to between 10 and 30 mm.

when bedding planes are less than 10 mm apart, the term ‘intensely

laminated’ or ‘intensely foliated’ may be applicable.

c) Opening – ranging from very narrow for wall separation of less than 0.1

mm, to very wide if the width exceeds 5 mm.

d) Gouge or infilling – its existence or absence should be noted. Gouge is

often in the form of soil, and has to be described as such, including

information regarding its moisture content and consistency.

49

e) Roughness of joint surfaces – rough joints are capable of sustaining high

shear stresses, while the shear strength of smooth and polish joints is only

nominal.

f) Waviness or curvature of the surfaces of the discontinuities.

A meaningful description of a rock mass must, therefore, cover the above parameters as

extensively as possible to enable us to reach a reasonable evaluation of its engineering

properties.

2.14.4 Uniaxial compressive strength

The uniaxial compression test (ISRM 1972) is performed on intact cylinders,

with a diameter exceeding 54mm and a length-to-diameter ratio of 2.5 to 3, at their

natural moisture content. An axial compressive load is applied and continuously

increased until failure is reached after 5 to 15 minutes. The maximum load, divided by

the cross-sectional area of the sample, is defined as the uniaxial compressive strength qu.

The uniaxial compressive strength, or UCS, is an important index property of the rock

material, and some typical values are presented in Table 5.

Certain rock types, such as marls and some chalks, may be sensitive to water.

The strength of such rocks will drop considerably upon wetting, especially under

unconfined conditions.

50

2.14.5 Rock mass classification

Based on Amir (1986), the large number of factors which determine the

mechanical properties of rock masses creates certain whenever these properties have to

be incorporated in a design process. Since it would be convenient if we could express

these properties by a single numerical value, various classification systems have been

proposed for rock masses. Following is the short list of some better known systems.

The Rock Quality Designation (RQD), which is widely used as the ratio of the

total length of core which was recovered in intact pieces 100mm or more in length, to

the length of a given run, expressed as a percentage. The correlation between RQD and

descriptive rock quality is presented in Table 2.5.

RQD (%) Rock quality

<25 very poor

25 – 50 poor

50 – 75 fair

75 – 90 good

90 – 100 very good

Table 2.5. Rock quality

The CSIR and the NGI classification systems developed specifically for

tunneling, take into account not only the RQD but also intact rock strength, joint

orientation and condition, ground water influence. So far, these systems have not found

any use in piling.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

In this project there are two types of data that have been collected. One is the

data for maintained load test and one is from the statnamic load test. In this chapter,

data from statnamic load test will be discussed thoroughly than the maintained load

test procedure, as it is the most common test done for pile. For both type of tests,

there are several data need to be collected that are the bore log record for each pile,

the piling record and the test record. This record will be evaluated to compare the

result for both maintained load test and statnamic load test.

3.1 Statnamic Test.

The main principle of statnamic load testing is based on launching reaction

masses from a pile top by releasing high pressure gases from a cylinder. The reaction

force required to launch the reaction masses upward acts equally downward on the

pile, and drives the pile into the ground. The high pressure gases are produced by the

burning solid fuel within the cylinder assembly.

53

Using Newton’s second law of acceleration, the reaction masses are

accelerated upward at 20g where a force acts downwards onto the pile will be 20

times the reaction masses weight. Thus, only 5% of the required test load is required

for the reaction masses assembly. Loading of the pile is monitored using a calibrated

load cell and displacement is monitored using a photo voltaic cell laser sensor. All

data recorded are digitized and stored in a portable computer connected to the

assembly.

The duration of a statnamic load testing is in the order of 120 to 150

millisecond. This produces a dynamic load on the pile top which is enough to allow

the pile react as a rigid body without the influence of stress wave propagation within

the pile. The soil is in turn loaded with minimum inertial effects and damping.

However, in highly viscoelastic soils, some rate effects are inevitable and influence

the interpretation of the test response.

3.2 Assembly of Statnamic test equipment.

Below are the procedures on assembling the statnamic test equipment. The

procedures are shown through photographs.

54

Figure 1 : Installation of piston and oil application

Figure 2: Piston and oil installation

55

Figure 3: Ignition System

Figure 4 Fuel Cage

56

Figure 5:Loading of Statnamic fuel

Figure 6: Closing of the piston

57

Figure 7: Installation of base plate

Figure 8: Installation of cylinder

58

Figure 9: Installation of cylinder

Figure 10: Installation of weight

59



60

Figure 13: After installation of weight mass

Figure 14: Placing the gravel structure non-supporting panels

61

Figure 15: Closing of the structure panels and installation of gravel

Figure 16: Portable computer and data logging device

62

Figure 17: cell laser source

Figure 18: After testing

63

3.3 Data Acquisition

The data for analysis are obtained from two sites. The data for bored pile cast

on limestone rock is collected from a housing project in Sentul, Kuala Lumpur. The

project is conducted by Syarikat Pembenaan Yeoh Tiong Lay Sdn Bhd where the

piling contractor is Geopancar Sdn. Bhd. The statnamic test was conducted on a

bored pile size 750mm diameter and the maintained load test was conducted on a

bored pile size 1050mm. The depth of the bored pile for statnamic test is 17.5m and

the depth of the bored pile for maintained load test is 16.6m. The statnamic test was

done on 2/6/2004 while the maintained load test was done on 4/1/2004 to 6/1/2004.

All record of each bored pile can be seen in Appendix 1.

The data for bored pile cast on granite rock is collected from a new highway

project in Bayan Baru, Pulau Pinang. This is a Jabatan Kerja Raya project where the

main contractor is Seri Meraga Sdn Bhd and the piling contractor is BAUER (M)

Sdn. Bhd. The depth of the bored pile for statnamic test is 35.4m and the depth of the

bored pile for maintained load test is 60.1m. The statnamic test was conducted on a

bored pile size 1800mm diameter on 17/4/2005 and the maintained load test was

conducted on a bored pile size 1200mm diameter on 5/6/2001. All record for each

bored pile can be seen in Appendix 2.

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Once all tests finish, all data transferred into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for

analysis. Data from the statnamic test is analyzed using 3 methods of calculation that

are the Unloading Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation

method. The analyses are shown below.

4.1 Interpretation of Statnamic pile load test results

The establish procedure for the evaluation of statnamic pile load-deflection

response is based on a simplified pile and soil model that is subjected to a rigid body

translation during the loading and unloading stages. Stress wave propagation within

the pile is minimized. The pile is treated as a rigid mass with elastic properties. The

soil is modeled as a spring and dashpot system in parallel. The spring represents the

static soil resistance, while the dashpot represents the damping of the soil. This can

be shown in Figure 4.1 below.

65

Figure 4.1 : Modelling of pile and soil during statnamic loading

The response of a pile to a statnamic loading can be mathematically described

by the following equation:

Fstn (t) = Fu (t) + Fv (v) +Fa (t) --�Eq 1

where Fstn (t) is the statnamic applied load, Fu (t) is the term accounting for the static

soil resistance, Fv (t) is the term accounting for the effect of damping, and Fa (t)

accounting for the effect of inertia during the loading/unloading stage.

The three components can be represented by:

Fu (t) = K u(t)

Fv (t) = C v(t)

Fa (t) = M a(t) ---�Eq 2

where u (t) is the pile top displacement and v (t) is the velocity at the pile top, a(t) is

the acceleration at the pile top, M is the mass of pile, K is the total spring stiffness,

and C is the damping component of the pile-soil system.

66

Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq (1) yields

Fstn (t) = Ku (t) + Cv (t) +M a (t) --�Eq 3

Alternatively, Eq.(3) can be written as

Fstn (t) = Fsoil (t) + Ma (t) ---�Eq 4

Where

Fsoil(t) = Ku(t) + Cv (t) --�Eq 5

In a pile load test, u(t), v(t) and a(t) are measured together with Fstn(t) at any time, t.

The mass, M of pile can easily be calculated. The value of K and C are to be

determined, and thus the components of Fu (t) and Fv (t) can then be obtained.

There are currently four methods of interpretation of pile response by

statnamic pile load test, namely, Initial Stiffness method, Equilibrium Point method,

Matsumoto (1994) method (or Modified Initial Stiffness method) and Unloading

Point method (Kusakabe and Matsumoto, 1995). The Unloading Point method and

Matsumoto method are the improved version of the Equilibrium Point method and

Initial Stiffness method respectively. Hence, only the Unloading Point method and

Matsumoto method will be used in this study. Also, a new method developed at the

National University of Singapore, called the Simultaneous Equation method, will

also be used in this study for the comparison of the results.

67

4.1.2 Unloading Point Method (Kusakabe and Matsumoto, 1995)

This is a modification of the Equilibrium Point method. This method assumes

that damping is linear, i.e. the damping coefficient C is constant through out the test.

In the Unloading Point method, Fsoil is calculated from

Fsoil (t) = Fstn (t) – Ma (t) --�Eq 6

The point of maximum displacement on the Fsoil versus u curve is called the

“Unloading Point”, which corresponds to the point when velocity is zero (v=0).

Since this zero velocity point is unique, it also corresponds to the point of maximum

displacement of the Fstn versus u curve.

At this unloading point, the damping force Fv (tu) = 0, where tu is the time at the

Unloading Point. Thus, at the Unloading Point

Fsoil (tu) = F u (tu) = F stn (tu) – Ma (tu) --�Eq 7

This value of Fu (tu) corresponding to the Unloading Point is taken to be the

maximum static soil resistance, Fu(max) obtained in the Statnamic test.

The damping factor C is estimated from

C = [Fsoil (max) – Fu (max)] --�Eq 8

V*

Where Fsoil (max) is the maximum value of Fsoil determined from the Fsoil versus u

curve, and v* is the pile velocity at Fsoil (max).

68

The complete static load-deflection curve can then be obtained by using this value of

C and calculating the static load Fu(t) as follows:

Fu(t) = Fstn – Cv(t) – Ma(t) --�Eq 9

4.1.2 Matsumoto (1994) Method

This is a modification of the Initial Stiffness method. In this method, both the

spring and damping factors (K and C in Eq. 3) are assumed to vary during the

load/unloading stage.

The static tangent stiffness, k (i) is determined from

k(i) = Fu (i) – Fu (i-1)

u(i) – u(i-1) --�Eq 10

The initial value of k (1) is estimated from

k (1) = Fstat (1) / u (1) --�Eq 11

where Fstat (1) is the static resistance at the start of the test (t=0), which is equal to the

weight of the reaction mass, and u (1) is the initial displacement.

For the (i+1)th time step

k(i+1) = k(i) --�Eq 12

Fu(i+1) = Fu (i) + k(i+1) { u(i+1) – u(i) } --�Eq 13

69

The damping coefficient can be calculated from

C(i+1) = { Fstn(i+1) – Fu(i+1) – Ma(i+1) } / v(i+1) --�Eq 14

At the (i+2)th time step, the following equations are solved:

C(i+2) = C(i+1) --�Eq 15

Fu(i+2) = Fstn(i+2) – C(i+2) v(i+1) – M a(i+2) --�Eq 16

k(i+2) = Fu(i+2) – Fu(i+1)

u(i+2) – u(i+1) --�Eq 17

The Fu versus u curve can be constructed by iterative use of Eqs. 12 to 17. The values

of k and C are successively updated as the calculations proceed.

4.1.3 Simultaneous Equation method

This is further modification of the Matsumoto method of which at any one

time-step there are 2 unknowns, k (tangent stiffness) and C. hence, by assuming that

the values of k and C remain constant at time i+1 and i+2 and writing the equilibrium

equations at these two time steps, there will be 2 unknowns in 2 equations. The static

soil resistance can be written as

Fu(i+1) = Fu(i) + k {u(i+1) – u(i)} --�Eq 18

70

The 2 equilibrium equations can be written as

Fstn (i+1) = Ma(i+1) + Cv(i+1) + Fu(i) + k { u(i+) – u(i) } --�Eq 19

Fstn (i+2) = Ma(i+2) + Cv(i+2) + Fu(i) + k { u(i+2) – u(i) }

Solving the above simultaneous equations at any 2-time steps enables the

determination of k and C.

4.2 Interpretation of Maintained Load Test data.

From all data gained from the maintained load test, a load versus settlement is

plotted and is compared to the analysis from the statnamic test. All data from the

statnamic test and maintained load test is normalized to produce data that can be

compare together. From the graph produced by the maintained load test data and

statnamic test, a comparison on the effective method will be discussed.

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

In this chapter, all results will be shown and conclusion will be made. For this

project, data was collected from two different sites ad area. One was taken from a

project on a limestone area and one comes from a granite area. The results will be

discussed in the following part of this chapter.

5.1 Results for Bored Pile on Limestone Rock

This data was taken from an apartment project conducted by Syarikat Pembenaan

Yeoh Tiong Lay Sdn. Bhd. in Sentul, Kuala Lumpur. The bored pile was bored by

Geopancar Sdn. Bhd. The bored pile size for maintained load test was 1050mm diameter

and the bored pile for statnamic test was 900mm diameter. The calculation for the three

methods for statnamic test can be seen on Appendix 3, Appendix 4 and Appendix 5. For

maintained load test result, the calculation can be seen on Appendix 6. All data from

72

both test is normalized by dividing the capacity of the pile to the pile size. This is needed

to compare the two tests without much doubt. The summary for the ultimate capacity of

the pile achieved and the maximum settlement obtained for the two tests is presented in

Table 5.1

Test Ultimate Capacity

(Tonnes/m) Settlement (mm)

Statnamic Test:

Unloading Point Method 884.01 8.20

Statnamic Test:

Matsumoto Method 909.93 8.20

Statnamic Test:

Simultaneous Equation

Method

955.95 8.2

Maintained Load Test 1571.41 13.17

Table 5.1 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test for bored pile

cast on limestone rock

The residual settlement for statnamic test is 2.18mm and the residual settlement for

maintained load test is 0.36mm. Below are the results for the statnamic test and

maintained load test presented in charts.

73

Load (Tonnes) versus Displacement (mm)

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

-100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00

Load (Tonnes)

Displacement (mm)

unloading point method

Figure 5.1: Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method for Limestone rock

74


-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

-100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00

Load (Tonnes)

Displacement (mm)

matsumoto method

Figure 5.2: Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method for Limestone rock

75


-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

-100.000 0.000 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 500.000 600.000 700.000 800.000 900.000 1000.000

Load (Tonnes)

Displacement (mm)

simultaneous equation

Figure 5.3: Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation method for Limestone rock

76

Load (Tonnes/m) versus Settlement (mm)

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00

Load (Tonnes/m)

Settlement (mm)

1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle

Figure 5.4: Results for maintained load test for Limestone rock

77


-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00

Load (Tonnes/m)

Settlement (mm)

MLT Maple unloading point method simultaneous equation Matsumoto method

Figure 5.5: Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and maintained load test (3rd cycle) for Limestone rock

78

5.2 Results for Bored Pile on Granite Rock

This data was taken from a highway project conducted by Jabatan Kerja Raya

Pulau Pinang. The main contractor is Sri Meraga Sdn Bhd and the bored pile was piled

by BAUER (M) Sdn. Bhd. The bored pile size for maintained load test was 1200mm

diameter and the bored pile for statnamic test was 1800mm diameter. The calculation for

the three methods for statnamic test can be seen on Appendix 7, Appendix 8 and

Appendix 9. For maintained load test result, the calculation can be seen on Appendix 10.

All data from both test is normalized by dividing the capacity of the pile to the pile size.

This is needed to compare the two tests without much doubt. The summary for the

ultimate capacity of the pile achieved and the maximum settlement obtained for the two

tests is presented in Table 5.2

Test Ultimate Capacity

(Tonnes/m) Settlement (mm)

Statnamic Test:

Unloading Point Method 1520.20 8.64

Statnamic Test:

Matsumoto Method 1533.35 8.64

Statnamic Test:

Simultaneous Equation

Method

1528.62 8.64

Maintained Load Test 2540.00 133.45

Table 5.2 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test for bored pile

cast on granite rock

79

The residual settlement for statnamic test is 2.75mm and the residual settlement for

maintained load test is 97.10mm. Below are the results for the statnamic test and

maintained load test presented in charts.

80

Load (Tonnes/m) versus Displacement (mm)

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

-100.00 100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00 1100.00 1300.00 1500.00 1700.00

Load (Tonnes/m)

Displacement (mm)

unloading point method

Figure 5.6: Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method for Granite rock

81


-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

-350.00 150.00 650.00 1150.00 1650.00 2150.00

Load (Tonnes/m)

Displacement (mm)

matsumoto method

Figure 5.7: Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method for Granite rock

82


-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

-300.00 200.00 700.00 1200.00 1700.00

Load (Tonnes/m)

Displacement (mm)

simultaneous equation method

Figure 5.8: Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation method for Granite rock

83


-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

0.00 500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00

Load (Tonnes/m)

Displacement (mm)

1st cycle 2nd cycle

Figure 5.9: Results for maintained load test for Granite rock

84


-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

-200.00 300.00 800.00 1300.00 1800.00 2300.00 2800.00

Load (Tonnes/m)

Settlement (mm)

MLT data unloading point method simultaneous equation method matsumoto method

Figure 5.10: Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and maintained load test (2nd cycle) for Granite rock

5.3 Conclusions

From the calculation and data for both types of soils, several conclusions can be

made. The static load-settlement curves obtained from the results of the statnamic test

using the Unloading Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation

method are shown in Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.10.

For bored pile cast on limestone rock, it can be said that all three methods, in

spite of the differences in the calculation of the damping coefficient C, give load

settlement curves which are very similar. In Figure 5.5, it can be shown that the curves

for the three methods compare favorably with the maintained load test curves.

Therefore, it can be said that the Unloading Point method, Matsumoto method and

Simultaneous Equation method can be used to compare the statnamic test result with the

maintained load test result.

For bored pile cast on granite rock, it can be said that the statnamic test result

obtained from the three methods of calculation does not gives a good comparison o the

maintained load test result. Although the loading is high but the settlement in the

maintained load test is too high and does not give a logic comparison to the result from

the statnamic load test. This result happen might be due to the large difference in the

depth of bored pile for each test. From Figure 5.10, it can be said that the result is not

compared favorably. Thus, it can be concluded that for this type of soil for this project,

the data from the statnamic test can not be compared to the maintained load test result.

Although the statnamic test is new, there are several advantages of using this test

than the ordinary maintained load test such as the statnamic test applies loads up to 30

MN and higher. The statnamic test can also be tested on high capacity bored piles,

72

barrette piles, steel piles, augercast piles, timber piles, batter piles, in clay, silt, rock and

sand. This includes test on bridge foundations, pile groups, spread footings, and off-

shore piles. Statnamic can also be tested laterally and without planning. Another

advantages of statnamic is that no reaction piles are required and this will save a lot of

money in bored piling. Several statnamic test can be conducted for the cost of a single

static test. Other than that, statnamic’s built-in load cell and laser sensor provide direct

measurements of load-displacement behaviour and it produces load-displacement results

immediately on site.

But there are several limitations on the statnamic test. The main limitation is that

this test produces only 1 cycle load and though the test is very short, it does not

represent the actual settlement of the pile. The pile tested does not gives the actual

settlement because the settlement happen only due to several second of loading not like

the actual reaction where settlement takes a very long time to happen. Although the

statnamic is said to be cheap to be done on several pile but the cost of transportation of

the massive thing is quite expensive if the test need to be done in a remote area project.

Another limitations of statnamic is that for testing purposes, the analysis of statnamic

load testing signals is based on the Unloading Point method. This method assumed that

the pile can be modeled as a concentrated mass and springs. Modeling of the pile as a

concentrated mass and springs is only valid when stress waves phenomena are of

minimal. Deviations can occur with Unloading Point method when the following

phenomena are present and not taken into account.

a) Soils in which excessive pore water pressures are generated

during statnamic loading.

b) Soils with significant strain rate sensitive behaviour.

c) Stress wave phenomena introduced by too short of statnamic

loading duration relative to the pile length (100m and above).

73

Therefore, it can be concluded that the outcome of the statnamic test does not

produce identical result as the ordinary maintained load test. But, a thorough study

should be made in order to determined the differences of the results from the statnamic

test and maintained load test before it can be used in our construction industry.

REFERENCES

Amir, Joram M (1986) “Piling in Rock” A.A.Balkema

Chow, Y K and Chew, S H (1997) “Geotechnical Analysis of Statnamic Pile Load Test

on Bored Pile No W47/5 For The Proposed Ampang Kuala Lumpur Elevated

Highway”

Fleming et al (1992) “Piling Engineering” 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall

Geonamics (1998) “Statnamic – Load Testing Technology” Economy Express Printing

Goble G.G (1975) “Bearing Capacity of piles from dynamic measurements: Final

report” Ohio Department of Transportation

Housel, William (1966) “Pile Load Capacity: Estimates and Test Results” Journal of

The Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division

Kirkaldie, Louise (1988) “Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes”

Symposium on Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes 1987, ASTM

special technical publication

Peck et al (1974) “Foundation Engineering” 2nd Edition, Wiley International

Smith, G.N and Smith, G.N (2000) “Elements of Soil Mechanics” 2nd Edition,

Blackwell Science

APPENDIX 3

No Time (ms) Load (MN)

Displacement (mm)

Velocity (m/s)

Acceleration (m/s2)

M M a(t) C Cv Fu(t) MN to kN kN to Ton Ton to Tonnes

Normalised data

(Tonnes/m)

1 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00186 0.00 1.10 0.000 0.45 450.11 45.17 45.90 51.00

2 1.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99

3 2.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99

4 3.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99

5 4.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.11 45.17 45.90 51.00

6 5.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.15 45.18 45.90 51.00

7 6.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.09 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.17 45.18 45.90 51.00

8 7.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.11 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.20 45.18 45.91 51.01

9 8.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.22 45.18 45.91 51.01

10 9.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.22 45.18 45.91 51.01

11 10.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.13 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.24 45.19 45.91 51.01

12 11.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.32 45.29 46.02 51.13

13 12.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.10 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.29 45.29 46.02 51.13

14 13.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.15 45.18 45.90 51.00

15 14.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.13 45.18 45.90 51.00

16 15.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99

17 16.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.16 45.28 46.00 51.11

18 17.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.17 45.28 46.00 51.12

19 18.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.16 45.28 46.00 51.11

20 19.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.12 45.27 46.00 51.11

21 20.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.06 45.27 45.99 51.10

22 21.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.03 45.26 45.99 51.10

23 22.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.97 45.26 45.98 51.09

24 23.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.86 45.25 45.97 51.08

25 24.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.73 45.24 45.96 51.07

26 25.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.58 45.22 45.94 51.05

27 26.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.41 45.20 45.93 51.03

28 27.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.19 45.18 45.90 51.00

29 28.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.95 45.16 45.88 50.98

30 29.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.69 45.13 45.85 50.95

31 30.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.45 45.11 45.83 50.92

32 31.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.21 45.08 45.80 50.89

33 32.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.000 0.45 447.85 44.95 45.67 50.74

34 33.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.000 0.45 447.57 44.92 45.64 50.71

35 34.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.000 0.45 447.25 44.89 45.60 50.67

36 35.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.000 0.45 446.86 44.85 45.56 50.63

37 36.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.000 0.45 446.46 44.81 45.52 50.58

38 37.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.13 0.00 0.011 0.45 445.05 44.66 45.38 50.42

39 38.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.38 0.00 0.011 0.44 444.58 44.62 45.33 50.37

40 39.00 0.47 0.00 0.01 2.65 0.00 0.011 0.45 454.08 45.57 46.30 51.45

41 40.00 0.49 0.00 0.01 2.88 0.01 0.011 0.47 473.66 47.54 48.30 53.66

42 41.00 0.50 0.00 0.02 3.12 0.01 0.022 0.47 472.21 47.39 48.15 53.50

43 42.00 0.53 0.00 0.02 3.35 0.01 0.022 0.50 501.78 50.36 51.16 56.85

44 43.00 0.55 0.00 0.02 3.56 0.01 0.022 0.52 521.39 52.33 53.16 59.07

45 44.00 0.59 0.01 0.03 3.78 0.01 0.033 0.55 549.99 55.20 56.08 62.31

46 45.00 0.63 0.02 0.03 3.99 0.01 0.033 0.59 589.60 59.17 60.12 66.80

47 46.00 0.67 0.04 0.03 4.16 0.01 0.033 0.63 629.28 63.15 64.17 71.29

48 47.00 0.73 0.06 0.04 4.33 0.01 0.044 0.68 677.96 68.04 69.13 76.81

49 48.00 0.78 0.08 0.04 4.51 0.01 0.044 0.73 727.63 73.03 74.19 82.44

50 49.00 0.85 0.12 0.05 4.66 0.01 0.055 0.79 786.35 78.92 80.18 89.09

51 50.00 0.92 0.17 0.05 4.80 0.01 0.055 0.86 856.09 85.92 87.29 96.99

52 51.00 1.01 0.24 0.06 4.96 0.01 0.066 0.93 934.80 93.82 95.32 105.91

53 52.00 1.10 0.31 0.07 5.13 0.01 0.077 1.01 1013.48 101.71 103.34 114.82

54 53.00 1.19 0.39 0.07 5.28 0.01 0.077 1.10 1103.20 110.72 112.49 124.99

55 54.00 1.30 0.46 0.08 5.41 0.01 0.088 1.20 1201.96 120.63 122.56 136.18

56 55.00 1.41 0.52 0.09 5.56 0.01 0.099 1.30 1300.68 130.54 132.63 147.36

57 56.00 1.53 0.59 0.09 5.72 0.01 0.099 1.42 1420.39 142.55 144.83 160.92

58 57.00 1.65 0.66 0.10 5.85 0.01 0.110 1.53 1529.14 153.46 155.92 173.24

59 58.00 1.78 0.74 0.10 5.97 0.01 0.110 1.66 1658.92 166.49 169.15 187.95

60 59.00 1.92 0.83 0.11 6.04 0.01 0.121 1.79 1787.79 179.42 182.29 202.55

61 60.00 2.07 0.96 0.11 6.06 0.01 0.121 1.94 1937.75 194.47 197.58 219.54

62 61.00 2.23 1.10 0.12 6.02 0.01 0.132 2.09 2086.83 209.43 212.79 236.43

63 62.00 2.39 1.26 0.12 5.93 0.01 0.132 2.25 2247.00 225.51 229.12 254.57

64 63.00 2.56 1.43 0.13 5.77 0.01 0.143 2.41 2406.29 241.50 245.36 272.62

65 64.00 2.74 1.61 0.14 5.56 0.01 0.154 2.58 2575.68 258.50 262.63 291.81

66 65.00 2.92 1.76 0.14 5.35 0.01 0.154 2.76 2756.07 276.60 281.02 312.25

67 66.00 3.11 1.93 0.15 5.12 0.01 0.165 2.94 2935.50 294.61 299.32 332.58

68 67.00 3.31 2.08 0.16 4.91 0.01 0.176 3.12 3124.89 313.61 318.63 354.04

69 68.00 3.50 2.21 0.16 4.71 0.01 0.176 3.32 3315.26 332.72 338.04 375.60

70 69.00 3.71 2.39 0.17 4.46 0.01 0.187 3.51 3514.72 352.74 358.38 398.20

71 70.00 3.92 2.53 0.18 4.23 0.01 0.198 3.71 3714.15 372.75 378.72 420.80

72 71.00 4.13 2.66 0.18 4.00 0.01 0.198 3.92 3924.58 393.87 400.17 444.64

73 72.00 4.34 2.82 0.19 3.69 0.01 0.209 4.12 4124.15 413.90 420.52 467.25

74 73.00 4.56 2.98 0.19 3.33 0.01 0.209 4.34 4344.82 436.05 443.02 492.25

75 74.00 4.78 3.15 0.20 2.93 0.01 0.220 4.55 4554.56 457.10 464.41 516.01

76 75.00 5.00 3.35 0.20 2.45 0.00 0.220 4.78 4775.45 479.26 486.93 541.04

77 76.00 5.23 3.57 0.20 1.89 0.00 0.220 5.01 5006.49 502.45 510.49 567.21

78 77.00 5.45 3.82 0.20 1.27 0.00 0.220 5.23 5227.64 524.65 533.04 592.27

79 78.00 5.67 4.08 0.21 0.63 0.00 0.231 5.44 5437.83 545.74 554.47 616.08

80 79.00 5.89 4.31 0.21 -0.01 0.00 0.231 5.66 5659.02 567.94 577.03 641.14

81 80.00 6.11 4.54 0.21 -0.65 0.00 0.231 5.88 5880.21 590.14 599.58 666.20

82 81.00 6.32 4.77 0.21 -1.30 0.00 0.231 6.09 6091.41 611.33 621.12 690.13

83 82.00 6.52 5.02 0.21 -1.96 0.00 0.231 6.29 6292.64 631.53 641.63 712.93

84 83.00 6.71 5.25 0.21 -2.62 0.00 0.231 6.48 6483.86 650.72 661.13 734.59

85 84.00 6.89 5.50 0.20 -3.29 -0.01 0.220 6.68 6676.11 670.01 680.73 756.37

86 85.00 7.04 5.76 0.20 -3.96 -0.01 0.220 6.83 6827.35 685.19 696.16 773.51

87 86.00 7.19 6.01 0.20 -4.62 -0.01 0.220 6.98 6978.57 700.37 711.58 790.64

88 87.00 7.32 6.26 0.19 -5.26 -0.01 0.209 7.12 7120.76 714.64 726.07 806.75

89 88.00 7.46 6.50 0.18 -5.84 -0.01 0.198 7.27 7272.84 729.90 741.58 823.98

90 89.00 7.57 6.69 0.18 -6.37 -0.01 0.198 7.38 7383.82 741.04 752.90 836.55

91 90.00 7.67 6.89 0.17 -6.89 -0.01 0.187 7.50 7495.79 752.28 764.31 849.24

92 91.00 7.75 7.06 0.16 -7.39 -0.01 0.176 7.59 7587.71 761.50 773.69 859.65

93 92.00 7.81 7.22 0.15 -7.88 -0.01 0.165 7.66 7659.62 768.72 781.02 867.80

94 93.00 7.85 7.38 0.14 -8.35 -0.02 0.154 7.71 7711.50 773.93 786.31 873.68

95 94.00 7.88 7.54 0.13 -8.76 -0.02 0.143 7.75 7753.26 778.12 790.57 878.41

96 95.00 7.90 7.68 0.12 -9.10 -0.02 0.132 7.78 7784.89 781.29 793.79 881.99

97 96.00 7.90 7.81 0.11 -9.37 -0.02 0.121 7.80 7796.39 782.45 794.96 883.29

98 97.00 7.91 7.90 0.10 -9.59 -0.02 0.110 7.82 7817.80 784.59 797.15 885.72

99 98.00 7.90 7.96 0.09 -9.80 -0.02 0.099 7.82 7819.19 784.73 797.29 885.88

100 99.00 7.88 8.02 0.07 -9.98 -0.02 0.077 7.82 7821.52 784.97 797.53 886.14

101 100.00 7.85 8.06 0.06 -10.08 -0.02 0.066 7.80 7802.71 783.08 795.61 884.01

102 101.00 7.80 8.09 0.05 -10.17 -0.02 0.055 7.76 7763.87 779.18 791.65 879.61

103 102.00 7.74 8.13 0.04 -10.26 -0.02 0.044 7.72 7715.04 774.28 786.67 874.08

104 103.00 7.68 8.15 0.03 -10.34 -0.02 0.033 7.67 7666.19 769.38 781.69 868.54

105 104.00 7.61 8.20 0.01 -10.33 -0.02 0.011 7.62 7618.17 764.56 776.79 863.10

106 105.00 7.53 8.16 0.00 -10.23 -0.02 0.000 7.55 7548.98 757.62 769.74 855.26

107 106.00 7.45 8.14 -0.01 -10.10 -0.02 -0.011 7.48 7479.74 750.67 762.68 847.42

108 107.00 7.36 8.14 -0.02 -10.03 -0.02 -0.022 7.40 7400.61 742.73 754.61 838.45

109 108.00 7.26 8.13 -0.03 -9.96 -0.02 -0.033 7.31 7311.48 733.78 745.52 828.36

110 109.00 7.16 8.10 -0.03 -9.85 -0.02 -0.033 7.21 7211.28 723.72 735.30 817.00

111 110.00 7.05 8.07 -0.04 -9.69 -0.02 -0.044 7.11 7111.98 713.76 725.18 805.75

112 111.00 6.94 8.03 -0.05 -9.49 -0.02 -0.055 7.01 7012.61 703.79 715.05 794.50

113 112.00 6.82 7.97 -0.06 -9.24 -0.02 -0.066 6.90 6903.15 692.80 703.88 782.09

114 113.00 6.70 7.90 -0.07 -8.95 -0.02 -0.077 6.79 6793.61 681.81 692.72 769.68

115 114.00 6.58 7.81 -0.08 -8.57 -0.02 -0.088 6.68 6683.90 670.80 681.53 757.25

116 115.00 6.44 7.69 -0.09 -8.10 -0.02 -0.099 6.55 6554.03 657.76 668.29 742.54

117 116.00 6.29 7.58 -0.10 -7.58 -0.01 -0.110 6.41 6414.07 643.72 654.02 726.68

118 117.00 6.14 7.44 -0.11 -7.05 -0.01 -0.121 6.27 6274.08 629.67 639.74 710.82

119 118.00 5.97 7.31 -0.11 -6.55 -0.01 -0.121 6.10 6103.15 612.51 622.31 691.46

120 119.00 5.79 7.22 -0.12 -6.10 -0.01 -0.132 5.93 5933.32 595.47 605.00 672.22

121 120.00 5.61 7.13 -0.13 -5.73 -0.01 -0.143 5.76 5763.63 578.44 587.69 652.99

122 121.00 5.42 7.08 -0.14 -5.43 -0.01 -0.154 5.58 5584.08 560.42 569.38 632.65

123 122.00 5.22 6.99 -0.15 -5.07 -0.01 -0.165 5.39 5394.41 541.38 550.04 611.16

124 123.00 5.01 6.81 -0.15 -4.58 -0.01 -0.165 5.18 5183.50 520.22 528.54 587.27

125 124.00 4.79 6.65 -0.16 -4.05 -0.01 -0.176 4.97 4973.52 499.14 507.13 563.48

126 125.00 4.56 6.48 -0.17 -3.51 -0.01 -0.187 4.75 4753.51 477.06 484.70 538.55

127 126.00 4.33 6.26 -0.17 -2.87 -0.01 -0.187 4.52 4522.33 453.86 461.12 512.36

128 127.00 4.10 6.03 -0.17 -2.13 0.00 -0.187 4.29 4290.95 430.64 437.53 486.14

129 128.00 3.87 5.75 -0.17 -1.36 0.00 -0.187 4.06 4059.52 407.41 413.93 459.92

130 129.00 3.63 5.52 -0.17 -0.72 0.00 -0.187 3.82 3818.34 383.21 389.34 432.60

131 130.00 3.40 5.38 -0.17 -0.25 0.00 -0.187 3.59 3587.46 360.04 365.80 406.44

132 131.00 3.17 5.21 -0.17 0.21 0.00 -0.187 3.36 3356.61 336.87 342.26 380.29

133 132.00 2.96 5.00 -0.16 0.79 0.00 -0.176 3.13 3134.53 314.58 319.62 355.13

134 133.00 2.74 4.78 -0.16 1.41 0.00 -0.176 2.91 2913.38 292.39 297.07 330.07

135 134.00 2.54 4.55 -0.16 2.02 0.00 -0.176 2.71 2712.25 272.20 276.56 307.29

136 135.00 2.34 4.33 -0.16 2.60 0.00 -0.176 2.51 2511.18 252.02 256.05 284.50

137 136.00 2.15 4.11 -0.16 3.15 0.01 -0.176 2.32 2320.15 232.85 236.58 262.86

138 137.00 1.98 3.90 -0.15 3.66 0.01 -0.165 2.14 2138.21 214.59 218.02 242.25

139 138.00 1.81 3.69 -0.15 4.09 0.01 -0.165 1.97 1967.41 197.45 200.61 222.90

140 139.00 1.65 3.54 -0.14 4.37 0.01 -0.154 1.80 1795.89 180.24 183.12 203.47

141 140.00 1.50 3.44 -0.13 4.50 0.01 -0.143 1.63 1634.65 164.05 166.68 185.20

142 141.00 1.36 3.35 -0.13 4.57 0.01 -0.143 1.49 1494.52 149.99 152.39 169.32

143 142.00 1.24 3.26 -0.12 4.64 0.01 -0.132 1.36 1363.39 136.83 139.02 154.47

144 143.00 1.12 3.16 -0.12 4.72 0.01 -0.132 1.24 1243.24 124.77 126.77 140.85

145 144.00 1.01 3.09 -0.11 4.83 0.01 -0.121 1.12 1122.04 112.61 114.41 127.12

146 145.00 0.91 3.01 -0.10 4.94 0.01 -0.110 1.01 1010.83 101.45 103.07 114.52

147 146.00 0.82 2.95 -0.10 5.06 0.01 -0.110 0.92 920.61 92.39 93.87 104.30

148 147.00 0.74 2.88 -0.09 5.14 0.01 -0.099 0.83 829.46 83.24 84.58 93.97

149 148.00 0.66 2.80 -0.08 5.15 0.01 -0.088 0.74 738.44 74.11 75.30 83.66

150 149.00 0.60 2.74 -0.07 5.10 0.01 -0.077 0.67 667.54 66.99 68.07 75.63

151 150.00 0.53 2.68 -0.07 5.02 0.01 -0.077 0.60 597.68 59.98 60.94 67.71

152 151.00 0.47 2.62 -0.06 4.87 0.01 -0.066 0.53 526.96 52.89 53.73 59.70

153 152.00 0.42 2.58 -0.06 4.66 0.01 -0.066 0.48 477.35 47.91 48.67 54.08

154 153.00 0.38 2.52 -0.06 4.42 0.01 -0.066 0.44 437.80 43.94 44.64 49.60

155 154.00 0.33 2.48 -0.05 4.24 0.01 -0.055 0.38 377.13 37.85 38.45 42.73

156 155.00 0.30 2.43 -0.05 4.13 0.01 -0.055 0.35 347.34 34.86 35.42 39.35

157 156.00 0.26 2.38 -0.05 4.02 0.01 -0.055 0.31 307.54 30.86 31.36 34.84

158 157.00 0.23 2.35 -0.04 3.85 0.01 -0.044 0.27 266.86 26.78 27.21 30.23

159 158.00 0.20 2.31 -0.04 3.66 0.01 -0.044 0.24 237.21 23.81 24.19 26.87

160 159.00 0.18 2.26 -0.04 3.48 0.01 -0.044 0.22 217.54 21.83 22.18 24.65

161 160.00 0.16 2.21 -0.03 3.30 0.01 -0.033 0.19 186.88 18.75 19.05 21.17

162 161.00 0.15 2.17 -0.03 3.11 0.01 -0.033 0.18 177.23 17.79 18.07 20.08

163 162.00 0.13 2.12 -0.03 2.92 0.01 -0.033 0.16 157.58 15.81 16.07 17.85

164 163.00 0.12 2.08 -0.02 2.76 0.01 -0.022 0.14 136.88 13.74 13.96 15.51

165 164.00 0.11 2.03 -0.02 2.65 0.00 -0.022 0.13 127.08 12.75 12.96 14.40

166 165.00 0.10 2.00 -0.02 2.57 0.00 -0.022 0.12 117.23 11.77 11.95 13.28

167 166.00 0.10 1.99 -0.02 2.49 0.00 -0.022 0.12 117.38 11.78 11.97 13.30

168 167.00 0.10 1.97 -0.02 2.39 0.00 -0.022 0.12 117.56 11.80 11.99 13.32

169 168.00 0.09 1.96 -0.01 2.27 0.00 -0.011 0.10 96.79 9.71 9.87 10.97

170 169.00 0.09 1.97 -0.01 2.12 0.00 -0.011 0.10 97.07 9.74 9.90 11.00

171 170.00 0.09 1.98 -0.01 1.96 0.00 -0.011 0.10 97.36 9.77 9.93 11.03

172 171.00 0.10 1.99 -0.01 1.81 0.00 -0.011 0.11 107.64 10.80 10.98 12.20

173 172.00 0.10 2.01 0.00 1.66 0.00 -0.001 0.10 98.02 9.84 9.99 11.11

174 173.00 0.10 2.02 0.00 1.53 0.00 -0.001 0.10 98.26 9.86 10.02 11.13

175 174.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.000 0.10 97.38 9.77 9.93 11.03

176 175.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.000 0.10 97.57 9.79 9.95 11.05

177 176.00 0.10 2.04 0.00 1.21 0.00 0.000 0.10 97.75 9.81 9.97 11.08

178 177.00 0.09 2.04 0.01 1.12 0.00 0.011 0.08 76.92 7.72 7.84 8.71

179 178.00 0.09 2.05 0.01 1.02 0.00 0.011 0.08 77.11 7.74 7.86 8.74

180 179.00 0.09 2.06 0.01 0.92 0.00 0.011 0.08 77.29 7.76 7.88 8.76

181 180.00 0.09 2.08 0.01 0.82 0.00 0.011 0.08 77.48 7.78 7.90 8.78

182 181.00 0.08 2.08 0.01 0.72 0.00 0.011 0.07 67.66 6.79 6.90 7.67

183 182.00 0.07 2.11 0.01 0.59 0.00 0.011 0.06 57.91 5.81 5.90 6.56

184 183.00 0.07 2.13 0.01 0.45 0.00 0.011 0.06 58.16 5.84 5.93 6.59

185 184.00 0.06 2.14 0.01 0.32 0.00 0.011 0.05 48.41 4.86 4.94 5.48

186 185.00 0.06 2.15 0.01 0.20 0.00 0.011 0.05 48.63 4.88 4.96 5.51

187 186.00 0.05 2.16 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.011 0.04 38.85 3.90 3.96 4.40

188 187.00 0.04 2.17 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.011 0.03 29.00 2.91 2.96 3.29

189 188.00 0.04 2.18 0.01 -0.08 0.00 0.011 0.03 29.15 2.93 2.97 3.30

190 189.00 0.03 2.18 0.01 -0.17 0.00 0.011 0.02 19.32 1.94 1.97 2.19

191 190.00 0.03 2.17 0.01 -0.23 0.00 0.011 0.02 19.43 1.95 1.98 2.20

192 191.00 0.02 2.18 0.01 -0.29 0.00 0.011 0.01 9.54 0.96 0.97 1.08

193 192.00 0.02 2.19 0.01 -0.35 0.00 0.011 0.01 9.65 0.97 0.98 1.09

194 193.00 0.01 2.19 0.01 -0.38 0.00 0.011 0.00 -0.29 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03

195 194.00 0.01 2.17 0.01 -0.38 0.00 0.011 0.00 -0.29 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03

196 195.00 0.01 2.18 0.00 -0.37 0.00 0.000 0.01 10.69 1.07 1.09 1.21

197 196.00 0.00 2.16 0.00 -0.35 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.65 0.07 0.07 0.07

198 197.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 -0.34 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.63 0.06 0.06 0.07

199 198.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 -0.36 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.67 0.07 0.07 0.08

200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

APPENDIX 4

No Time (ms)

Load (MN)

Displacement (mm)

Velocity (m/s)

Acceleration (m/s2)

k(i + 1) u(i + 1) - u(i)

G * H Fu(i+1) M Ma(i+1)

C-J-L C(i+1) C(i+2) C(i+2)*v(i+1)

Fu(i+2) Fu(i+2) - Fu(i+1)

u(i+2)-u(i+1)

k(i+2) Fu MN to kN kN to Ton

Ton to Tonnes

Normalised data (Tonnes/m)

0.00 0.00186

1 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

2 1.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!



















21 20.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.02 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

22 21.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!























45 44.00 0.59 0.01 0.03 3.78 59.000 0.010 0.590 1.140 0.007 -0.557 -18.567 1.14 1140.00 114.41 116.24 129.16

46 45.00 0.63 0.02 0.03 3.99 0.007 -18.567 -0.557 1.180 0.040 0.010 3.961 1.18 1179.61 118.39 120.28 133.64

47 46.00 0.67 0.04 0.03 4.16 16.750 0.020 0.335 0.965 0.008 -0.303 -10.091 0.97 965.00 96.85 98.40 109.33

48 47.00 0.73 0.06 0.04 4.33 0.008 -10.091 -0.404 1.126 0.161 0.020 8.030 1.13 1125.59 112.96 114.77 127.52

49 48.00 0.78 0.08 0.04 4.51 9.750 0.020 0.195 0.925 0.008 -0.153 -3.834 0.93 925.00 92.83 94.32 104.80

50 49.00 0.85 0.12 0.05 4.66 0.009 -3.834 -0.192 1.033 0.108 0.040 2.702 1.03 1033.06 103.68 105.34 117.04

51 50.00 0.92 0.17 0.05 4.80 5.412 0.050 0.271 1.121 0.009 -0.209 -4.190 1.12 1120.59 112.46 114.26 126.96

52 51.00 1.01 0.24 0.06 4.96 0.009 -4.190 -0.251 1.252 0.132 0.070 1.880 1.25 1252.19 125.67 127.68 141.87

53 52.00 1.10 0.31 0.07 5.13 3.548 0.070 0.248 1.258 0.010 -0.168 -2.399 1.26 1258.39 126.29 128.31 142.57

54 53.00 1.19 0.39 0.07 5.28 0.010 -2.399 -0.168 1.348 0.090 0.080 1.122 1.35 1348.11 135.30 137.46 152.73

55 54.00 1.30 0.46 0.08 5.41 2.826 0.070 0.198 1.388 0.010 -0.098 -1.223 1.39 1387.83 139.28 141.51 157.23

56 55.00 1.41 0.52 0.09 5.56 0.010 -1.223 -0.110 1.510 0.122 0.060 2.033 1.51 1509.78 151.52 153.95 171.05

57 56.00 1.53 0.59 0.09 5.72 2.593 0.070 0.182 1.592 0.011 -0.072 -0.802 1.59 1591.53 159.73 162.28 180.31

58 57.00 1.65 0.66 0.10 5.85 0.011 -0.802 -0.080 1.719 0.128 0.070 1.825 1.72 1719.30 172.55 175.31 194.79

59 58.00 1.78 0.74 0.10 5.97 2.405 0.080 0.192 1.842 0.011 -0.074 -0.735 1.84 1842.43 184.91 187.87 208.74

60 59.00 1.92 0.83 0.11 6.04 0.011 -0.735 -0.081 1.990 0.147 0.090 1.636 1.99 1989.65 199.68 202.88 225.42

61 60.00 2.07 0.96 0.11 6.06 2.156 0.130 0.280 2.200 0.011 -0.142 -1.287 2.20 2200.31 220.82 224.36 249.29

62 61.00 2.23 1.10 0.12 6.02 0.011 -1.287 -0.154 2.373 0.173 0.140 1.235 2.37 2373.26 238.18 241.99 268.88

63 62.00 2.39 1.26 0.12 5.93 1.897 0.160 0.303 2.533 0.011 -0.154 -1.287 2.53 2533.49 254.26 258.33 287.03

64 63.00 2.56 1.43 0.13 5.77 0.011 -1.287 -0.167 2.717 0.183 0.170 1.077 2.72 2716.66 272.64 277.01 307.79

65 64.00 2.74 1.61 0.14 5.56 1.702 0.180 0.306 2.866 0.010 -0.137 -0.976 2.87 2866.34 287.67 292.27 324.74

66 65.00 2.92 1.76 0.14 5.35 0.010 -0.976 -0.137 3.047 0.180 0.150 1.203 3.05 3046.73 305.77 310.66 345.18

67 66.00 3.11 1.93 0.15 5.12 1.611 0.170 0.274 3.194 0.010 -0.093 -0.623 3.19 3193.94 320.54 325.67 361.86

68 67.00 3.31 2.08 0.16 4.91 0.009 -0.623 -0.100 3.401 0.207 0.150 1.377 3.40 3400.56 341.28 346.74 385.27

69 68.00 3.50 2.21 0.16 4.71 1.584 0.130 0.206 3.516 0.009 -0.025 -0.154 3.52 3515.88 352.85 358.50 398.33

70 69.00 3.71 2.39 0.17 4.46 0.008 -0.154 -0.026 3.728 0.212 0.180 1.178 3.73 3727.89 374.13 380.12 422.35

71 70.00 3.92 2.53 0.18 4.23 1.549 0.140 0.217 3.927 0.008 -0.015 -0.082 3.93 3926.92 394.11 400.41 444.90

72 71.00 4.13 2.66 0.18 4.00 0.007 -0.082 -0.015 4.137 0.210 0.130 1.619 4.14 4137.34 415.22 421.87 468.74

73 72.00 4.34 2.82 0.19 3.69 1.539 0.160 0.246 4.376 0.007 -0.043 -0.227 4.38 4376.24 439.20 446.23 495.81

74 73.00 4.56 2.98 0.19 3.33 0.006 -0.227 -0.043 4.597 0.221 0.160 1.379 4.60 4596.91 461.35 468.73 520.81

75 74.00 4.78 3.15 0.20 2.93 1.517 0.170 0.258 4.818 0.005 -0.043 -0.217 4.82 4817.97 483.53 491.27 545.85

76 75.00 5.00 3.35 0.20 2.45 0.005 -0.217 -0.043 5.039 0.221 0.200 1.104 5.04 5038.86 505.70 513.79 570.88

77 76.00 5.23 3.57 0.20 1.89 1.465 0.220 0.322 5.322 0.004 -0.096 -0.479 5.32 5322.30 534.15 542.69 602.99

78 77.00 5.45 3.82 0.20 1.27 0.002 -0.479 -0.096 5.543 0.221 0.250 0.885 5.54 5543.45 556.34 565.24 628.05

79 78.00 5.67 4.08 0.21 0.63 1.390 0.260 0.361 5.811 0.001 -0.142 -0.679 5.81 5811.32 583.22 592.56 658.40

80 79.00 5.89 4.31 0.21 -0.01 0.000 -0.679 -0.142 6.033 0.221 0.230 0.962 6.03 6032.51 605.42 615.11 683.46

81 80.00 6.11 4.54 0.21 -0.65 1.346 0.230 0.310 6.200 -0.001 -0.088 -0.421 6.20 6199.54 622.19 632.14 702.38

82 81.00 6.32 4.77 0.21 -1.30 -0.002 -0.421 -0.088 6.411 0.211 0.230 0.918 6.41 6410.74 643.38 653.68 726.31

83 82.00 6.52 5.02 0.21 -1.96 1.299 0.250 0.325 6.645 -0.004 -0.121 -0.576 6.64 6644.70 666.86 677.53 752.81

84 83.00 6.71 5.25 0.21 -2.62 -0.005 -0.576 -0.121 6.836 0.191 0.230 0.831 6.84 6835.93 686.05 697.03 774.48

85 84.00 6.89 5.50 0.20 -3.29 1.253 0.250 0.313 7.023 -0.006 -0.127 -0.635 7.02 7023.18 704.85 716.12 795.69

86 85.00 7.04 5.76 0.20 -3.96 -0.007 -0.635 -0.127 7.174 0.151 0.260 0.582 7.17 7174.43 720.03 731.55 812.83

87 86.00 7.19 6.01 0.20 -4.62 1.196 0.250 0.299 7.339 -0.009 -0.141 -0.703 7.34 7339.08 736.55 748.34 831.48

88 87.00 7.32 6.26 0.19 -5.26 -0.010 -0.703 -0.133 7.463 0.124 0.250 0.497 7.46 7463.25 749.01 761.00 845.55

89 88.00 7.46 6.50 0.18 -5.84 1.148 0.240 0.275 7.595 -0.011 -0.125 -0.692 7.60 7595.45 762.28 774.48 860.53

90 89.00 7.57 6.69 0.18 -6.37 -0.012 -0.692 -0.125 7.706 0.111 0.190 0.584 7.71 7706.43 773.42 785.79 873.10

91 90.00 7.67 6.89 0.17 -6.89 1.113 0.200 0.223 7.793 -0.013 -0.110 -0.646 7.79 7792.64 782.07 794.58 882.87

92 91.00 7.75 7.06 0.16 -7.39 -0.014 -0.646 -0.103 7.867 0.074 0.170 0.438 7.87 7867.11 789.54 802.18 891.31

93 92.00 7.81 7.22 0.15 -7.88 1.082 0.160 0.173 7.923 -0.015 -0.098 -0.656 7.92 7923.07 795.16 807.88 897.65

94 93.00 7.85 7.38 0.14 -8.35 -0.015 -0.656 -0.092 7.957 0.034 0.160 0.214 7.96 7957.38 798.60 811.38 901.53

95 94.00 7.88 7.54 0.13 -8.76 1.045 0.160 0.167 8.017 -0.016 -0.121 -0.930 8.02 8017.21 804.61 817.48 908.31

96 95.00 7.90 7.68 0.12 -9.10 -0.017 -0.930 -0.112 8.029 0.011 0.140 0.081 8.03 8028.54 805.74 818.64 909.60

97 96.00 7.90 7.81 0.11 -9.37 1.012 0.130 0.131 8.031 -0.017 -0.114 -1.037 8.03 8031.50 806.04 818.94 909.93

98 97.00 7.91 7.90 0.10 -9.59 -0.018 -1.037 -0.104 8.032 0.000 0.090 0.000 8.03 8031.53 806.04 818.94 909.93

99 98.00 7.90 7.96 0.09 -9.80 0.992 0.060 0.060 7.970 -0.018 -0.051 -0.571 7.97 7969.55 799.82 812.62 902.91

100 99.00 7.88 8.02 0.07 -9.98 -0.019 -0.571 -0.040 7.938 -0.031 0.060 -0.518 7.94 7938.47 796.70 809.45 899.39

101 100.00 7.85 8.06 0.06 -10.08 0.974 0.040 0.039 7.919 -0.019 -0.050 -0.838 7.92 7918.96 794.75 807.46 897.18

102 101.00 7.80 8.09 0.05 -10.17 -0.019 -0.838 -0.042 7.861 -0.058 0.030 -1.940 7.86 7860.75 788.90 801.53 890.59

103 102.00 7.74 8.13 0.04 -10.26 0.952 0.040 0.038 7.838 -0.019 -0.079 -1.976 7.84 7838.08 786.63 799.22 888.02

104 103.00 7.68 8.15 0.03 -10.34 -0.019 -1.976 -0.059 7.758 -0.080 0.020 -3.981 7.76 7758.47 778.64 791.10 879.00

105 104.00 7.61 8.20 0.01 -10.33 0.928 0.050 0.046 7.726 -0.019 -0.097 -9.723 7.73 7726.40 775.42 787.83 875.36

106 105.00 7.53 8.16 0.00 -10.23 -0.019 -9.723 0.000 7.549 -0.177 -0.040 4.435 7.55 7548.98 757.62 769.74 855.26

107 106.00 7.45 8.14 -0.01 -10.10 0.915 -0.020 -0.018 7.512 -0.019 -0.043 4.295 7.51 7511.70 753.87 765.94 851.04

108 107.00 7.36 8.14 -0.02 -10.03 -0.019 4.295 -0.086 7.465 -0.047 0.000 #DIV/0! 7.46 7464.52 749.14 761.13 845.69

109 108.00 7.26 8.13 -0.03 -9.96 0.893 -0.010 -0.009 7.351 -0.018 -0.073 2.420 7.35 7351.07 737.75 749.56 832.84

110 109.00 7.16 8.10 -0.03 -9.85 -0.018 2.420 -0.073 7.251 -0.100 -0.030 3.340 7.25 7250.87 727.70 739.34 821.49

111 110.00 7.05 8.07 -0.04 -9.69 0.874 -0.030 -0.026 7.134 -0.018 -0.066 1.645 7.13 7133.79 715.95 727.40 808.23

112 111.00 6.94 8.03 -0.05 -9.49 -0.018 1.645 -0.082 7.040 -0.094 -0.040 2.348 7.04 7039.87 706.52 717.83 797.58

113 112.00 6.82 7.97 -0.06 -9.24 0.856 -0.060 -0.051 6.889 -0.017 -0.052 0.859 6.89 6888.66 691.35 702.41 780.45

114 113.00 6.70 7.90 -0.07 -8.95 -0.017 0.859 -0.060 6.777 -0.112 -0.070 1.599 6.78 6776.70 680.11 690.99 767.77

115 114.00 6.58 7.81 -0.08 -8.57 0.843 -0.090 -0.076 6.624 -0.016 -0.028 0.353 6.62 6624.17 664.80 675.44 750.49

116 115.00 6.44 7.69 -0.09 -8.10 -0.015 0.353 -0.032 6.487 -0.137 -0.120 1.144 6.49 6486.84 651.02 661.44 734.93

117 116.00 6.29 7.58 -0.10 -7.58 0.830 -0.110 -0.091 6.349 -0.014 -0.045 0.447 6.35 6348.72 637.16 647.35 719.28

118 117.00 6.14 7.44 -0.11 -7.05 -0.013 0.447 -0.049 6.202 -0.147 -0.140 1.047 6.20 6202.20 622.45 632.41 702.68

119 118.00 5.97 7.31 -0.11 -6.55 0.817 -0.130 -0.106 6.034 -0.012 -0.052 0.470 6.03 6033.83 605.56 615.24 683.60

120 119.00 5.79 7.22 -0.12 -6.10 -0.011 0.470 -0.056 5.858 -0.176 -0.090 1.957 5.86 5857.69 587.88 597.28 663.65

121 120.00 5.61 7.13 -0.13 -5.73 0.787 -0.090 -0.071 5.719 -0.011 -0.099 0.758 5.72 5719.19 573.98 583.16 647.96

122 121.00 5.42 7.08 -0.14 -5.43 -0.010 0.758 -0.106 5.536 -0.183 -0.050 3.660 5.54 5536.21 555.61 564.50 627.23

123 122.00 5.22 6.99 -0.15 -5.07 0.747 -0.090 -0.067 5.353 -0.009 -0.123 0.823 5.35 5352.79 537.21 545.80 606.45

124 123.00 5.01 6.81 -0.15 -4.58 -0.008 0.823 -0.123 5.142 -0.211 -0.180 1.172 5.14 5141.88 516.04 524.30 582.55

125 124.00 4.79 6.65 -0.16 -4.05 0.720 -0.160 -0.115 4.895 -0.008 -0.097 0.608 4.89 4894.75 491.24 499.10 554.55

126 125.00 4.56 6.48 -0.17 -3.51 -0.007 0.608 -0.103 4.670 -0.225 -0.170 1.323 4.67 4669.83 468.66 476.16 529.07

127 126.00 4.33 6.26 -0.17 -2.87 0.692 -0.220 -0.152 4.408 -0.005 -0.073 0.426 4.41 4407.83 442.37 449.45 499.39

128 127.00 4.10 6.03 -0.17 -2.13 -0.004 0.426 -0.073 4.176 -0.231 -0.230 1.006 4.18 4176.45 419.15 425.86 473.17

129 128.00 3.87 5.75 -0.17 -1.36 0.673 -0.280 -0.188 3.912 -0.003 -0.039 0.230 3.91 3911.55 392.56 398.84 443.16

130 129.00 3.63 5.52 -0.17 -0.72 -0.001 0.230 -0.039 3.670 -0.241 -0.230 1.049 3.67 3670.36 368.36 374.25 415.83

131 130.00 3.40 5.38 -0.17 -0.25 0.632 -0.140 -0.088 3.542 0.000 -0.141 0.830 3.54 3541.52 355.43 361.11 401.24

132 131.00 3.17 5.21 -0.17 0.21 0.000 0.830 -0.141 3.311 -0.231 -0.170 1.358 3.31 3310.67 332.26 337.58 375.08

133 132.00 2.96 5.00 -0.16 0.79 0.592 -0.210 -0.124 3.046 0.001 -0.087 0.545 3.05 3045.68 305.66 310.56 345.06

134 133.00 2.74 4.78 -0.16 1.41 0.003 0.545 -0.087 2.825 -0.221 -0.220 1.005 2.82 2824.53 283.47 288.01 320.01

135 134.00 2.54 4.55 -0.16 2.02 0.558 -0.230 -0.128 2.612 0.004 -0.075 0.471 2.61 2611.60 262.10 266.29 295.88

136 135.00 2.34 4.33 -0.16 2.60 0.005 0.471 -0.075 2.411 -0.201 -0.220 0.914 2.41 2410.53 241.92 245.79 273.10

137 136.00 2.15 4.11 -0.16 3.15 0.523 -0.220 -0.115 2.225 0.006 -0.081 0.505 2.22 2224.91 223.29 226.87 252.07

138 137.00 1.98 3.90 -0.15 3.66 0.007 0.505 -0.076 2.049 -0.176 -0.210 0.838 2.05 2048.92 205.63 208.92 232.13

139 138.00 1.81 3.69 -0.15 4.09 0.491 -0.210 -0.103 1.877 0.008 -0.075 0.497 1.88 1876.99 188.37 191.39 212.65

140 139.00 1.65 3.54 -0.14 4.37 0.008 0.497 -0.070 1.712 -0.165 -0.150 1.103 1.71 1711.50 171.77 174.51 193.90

141 140.00 1.50 3.44 -0.13 4.50 0.436 -0.100 -0.044 1.606 0.008 -0.115 0.883 1.61 1606.40 161.22 163.80 182.00

142 141.00 1.36 3.35 -0.13 4.57 0.008 0.883 -0.115 1.466 -0.140 -0.090 1.557 1.47 1466.27 147.15 149.51 166.12

143 142.00 1.24 3.26 -0.12 4.64 0.380 -0.090 -0.034 1.326 0.009 -0.094 0.786 1.33 1325.77 133.05 135.18 150.20

144 143.00 1.12 3.16 -0.12 4.72 0.009 0.786 -0.094 1.206 -0.120 -0.100 1.201 1.21 1205.62 121.00 122.93 136.59

145 144.00 1.01 3.09 -0.11 4.83 0.327 -0.070 -0.023 1.097 0.009 -0.096 0.873 1.10 1097.12 110.11 111.87 124.30

146 145.00 0.91 3.01 -0.10 4.94 0.009 0.873 -0.087 0.988 -0.109 -0.080 1.362 0.99 988.18 99.17 100.76 111.96

147 146.00 0.82 2.95 -0.10 5.06 0.278 -0.060 -0.017 0.893 0.009 -0.083 0.827 0.89 893.32 89.65 91.09 101.21

148 147.00 0.74 2.88 -0.09 5.14 0.010 0.827 -0.074 0.805 -0.088 -0.070 1.263 0.80 804.90 80.78 82.07 91.19

149 148.00 0.66 2.80 -0.08 5.15 0.236 -0.080 -0.019 0.721 0.010 -0.071 0.884 0.72 721.14 72.37 73.53 81.70

150 149.00 0.60 2.74 -0.07 5.10 0.009 0.884 -0.062 0.652 -0.069 -0.060 1.146 0.65 652.40 65.47 66.52 73.91

151 150.00 0.53 2.68 -0.07 5.02 0.198 -0.060 -0.012 0.588 0.009 -0.067 0.964 0.59 588.13 59.03 59.97 66.63

152 151.00 0.47 2.62 -0.06 4.87 0.009 0.964 -0.058 0.519 -0.069 -0.060 1.156 0.52 518.78 52.06 52.90 58.77

153 152.00 0.42 2.58 -0.06 4.66 0.163 -0.040 -0.007 0.463 0.009 -0.052 0.869 0.46 463.49 46.52 47.26 52.51

154 153.00 0.38 2.52 -0.06 4.42 0.008 0.869 -0.052 0.424 -0.040 -0.060 0.659 0.42 423.93 42.55 43.23 48.03

155 154.00 0.33 2.48 -0.05 4.24 0.133 -0.040 -0.005 0.375 0.008 -0.053 1.051 0.37 374.68 37.60 38.20 42.45

156 155.00 0.30 2.43 -0.05 4.13 0.008 1.051 -0.053 0.345 -0.030 -0.050 0.596 0.34 344.88 34.61 35.17 39.07

157 156.00 0.26 2.38 -0.05 4.02 0.109 -0.050 -0.005 0.295 0.007 -0.042 0.840 0.29 294.54 29.56 30.03 33.37

158 157.00 0.23 2.35 -0.04 3.85 0.007 0.840 -0.034 0.256 -0.038 -0.030 1.269 0.26 256.45 25.74 26.15 29.06

159 158.00 0.20 2.31 -0.04 3.66 0.087 -0.040 -0.003 0.227 0.007 -0.033 0.833 0.23 226.54 22.74 23.10 25.67

160 159.00 0.18 2.26 -0.04 3.48 0.006 0.833 -0.033 0.207 -0.020 -0.050 0.393 0.21 206.87 20.76 21.09 23.44

161 160.00 0.16 2.21 -0.03 3.30 0.072 -0.050 -0.004 0.176 0.006 -0.023 0.750 0.18 176.38 17.70 17.98 19.98

162 161.00 0.15 2.17 -0.03 3.11 0.006 0.750 -0.023 0.167 -0.010 -0.040 0.241 0.17 166.73 16.73 17.00 18.89

163 162.00 0.13 2.12 -0.03 2.92 0.061 -0.050 -0.003 0.147 0.005 -0.022 0.745 0.15 146.93 14.75 14.98 16.65

164 163.00 0.12 2.08 -0.02 2.76 0.005 0.745 -0.015 0.130 -0.017 -0.040 0.429 0.13 129.78 13.02 13.23 14.70

165 164.00 0.11 2.03 -0.02 2.65 0.054 -0.050 -0.003 0.117 0.005 -0.012 0.610 0.12 117.29 11.77 11.96 13.29

166 165.00 0.10 2.00 -0.02 2.57 0.005 0.610 -0.012 0.107 -0.010 -0.030 0.328 0.11 107.44 10.78 10.96 12.17

167 166.00 0.10 1.99 -0.02 2.49 0.050 -0.010 -0.001 0.099 0.005 -0.004 0.206 0.10 99.50 9.99 10.15 11.27

168 167.00 0.10 1.97 -0.02 2.39 0.004 0.206 -0.004 0.100 0.000 -0.020 -0.009 0.10 99.68 10.00 10.16 11.29

169 168.00 0.09 1.96 -0.01 2.27 0.046 -0.010 0.000 0.100 0.004 -0.014 1.375 0.10 99.54 9.99 10.15 11.28

170 169.00 0.09 1.97 -0.01 2.12 0.004 1.375 -0.014 0.100 0.000 0.010 0.028 0.10 99.82 10.02 10.18 11.31

171 170.00 0.09 1.98 -0.01 1.96 0.045 0.010 0.000 0.090 0.004 -0.004 0.409 0.09 90.45 9.08 9.22 10.25

172 171.00 0.10 1.99 -0.01 1.81 0.003 0.409 -0.004 0.101 0.010 0.010 1.028 0.10 100.73 10.11 10.27 11.41

173 172.00 0.10 2.01 0.00 1.66 0.050 0.020 0.001 0.101 0.003 -0.004 4.075 0.10 101.00 10.14 10.30 11.44

174 173.00 0.10 2.02 0.00 1.53 0.003 4.075 -0.004 0.101 0.000 0.010 0.024 0.10 101.24 10.16 10.32 11.47

175 174.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.41 0.049 0.010 0.000 0.100 0.003 -0.003 #DIV/0! 0.10 100.49 10.09 10.25 11.39


177 176.00 0.10 2.04 0.00 1.21 0.049 0.010 0.000 0.100 0.002 -0.003 #DIV/0! 0.10 100.49 10.09 10.25 11.39


179 178.00 0.09 2.05 0.01 1.02 0.044 0.010 0.000 0.090 0.002 -0.002 -0.233 0.09 90.44 9.08 9.22 10.25

180 179.00 0.09 2.06 0.01 0.92 0.002 -0.233 -0.002 0.091 0.000 0.010 0.019 0.09 90.62 9.10 9.24 10.27

181 180.00 0.09 2.08 0.01 0.82 0.043 0.020 0.001 0.091 0.002 -0.002 -0.239 0.09 90.87 9.12 9.27 10.29

182 181.00 0.08 2.08 0.01 0.72 0.001 -0.239 -0.002 0.081 -0.010 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.08 81.05 8.13 8.26 9.18

183 182.00 0.07 2.11 0.01 0.59 0.033 0.030 0.001 0.081 0.001 -0.012 -1.209 0.08 81.00 8.13 8.26 9.18

184 183.00 0.07 2.13 0.01 0.45 0.001 -1.209 -0.012 0.081 0.000 0.020 0.013 0.08 81.26 8.15 8.29 9.21

185 184.00 0.06 2.14 0.01 0.32 0.028 0.010 0.000 0.070 0.001 -0.011 -1.087 0.07 70.28 7.05 7.17 7.96

186 185.00 0.06 2.15 0.01 0.20 0.000 -1.087 -0.011 0.071 0.000 0.010 0.022 0.07 70.50 7.08 7.19 7.99

187 186.00 0.05 2.16 0.01 0.08 0.023 0.010 0.000 0.060 0.000 -0.010 -1.038 0.06 60.23 6.04 6.14 6.82

188 187.00 0.04 2.17 0.01 0.00 0.000 -1.038 -0.010 0.050 -0.010 0.010 -0.985 0.05 50.38 5.06 5.14 5.71

189 188.00 0.04 2.18 0.01 -0.08 0.018 0.010 0.000 0.040 0.000 0.000 -0.004 0.04 40.18 4.03 4.10 4.55

190 189.00 0.03 2.18 0.01 -0.17 0.000 -0.004 0.000 0.030 -0.010 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.03 30.35 3.05 3.09 3.44

191 190.00 0.03 2.17 0.01 -0.23 0.014 -0.010 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.001 0.057 0.03 29.86 3.00 3.04 3.38

192 191.00 0.02 2.18 0.01 -0.29 -0.001 0.057 0.001 0.020 -0.010 0.010 -0.989 0.02 19.97 2.00 2.04 2.26

193 192.00 0.02 2.19 0.01 -0.35 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.020 -0.001 0.001 0.056 0.02 20.09 2.02 2.05 2.28

194 193.00 0.01 2.19 0.01 -0.38 -0.001 0.056 0.001 0.010 -0.010 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.01 10.15 1.02 1.03 1.15

195 194.00 0.01 2.17 0.01 -0.38 0.005 -0.020 0.000 0.010 -0.001 0.001 0.080 0.01 9.91 0.99 1.01 1.12

196 195.00 0.01 2.18 0.00 -0.37 -0.001 0.080 0.000 0.011 0.001 0.010 0.078 0.01 10.69 1.07 1.09 1.21

197 196.00 0.00 2.16 0.00 -0.35 0.000 -0.020 0.000 0.010 -0.001 -0.009 #DIV/0! 0.01 10.00 1.00 1.02 1.13

198 197.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 -0.34 -0.001 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.010 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

199 198.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 -0.36 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.001 #DIV/0! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! -2.180 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

APPENDIX 5

No Time (ms)

Load (MN)

Displacement (mm)

Velocity

(m/s)

Acceleration (m/s2)

M Ma(i+1) u(i+1) - u(i)

Fstat - Ma

Cv Ku Fu Formula

Constant

C K Fu(i) Ku Fu MN to kN

kN to Ton

Ton to Tonnes


0.00

1 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00186 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994

2 1.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994

3 2.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994

4 3.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994

5 4.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.112 45.173 45.896 50.996

6 5.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.112 45.173 45.896 50.996

7 6.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.09 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.168 45.179 45.902 51.002

8 7.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.11 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.168 45.179 45.902 51.002

9 8.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.224 45.184 45.907 51.008

10 9.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.224 45.184 45.907 51.008

11 10.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.13 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.019 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.242 45.186 45.909 51.010

12 11.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.242 45.186 45.909 51.010

13 12.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.10 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 -0.037 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.149 45.177 45.900 51.000

14 13.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.149 45.177 45.900 51.000

15 14.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.07 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994

16 15.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994

17 16.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.056 45.168 45.890 50.989

18 17.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.04 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.056 45.168 45.890 50.989

19 18.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.019 45.164 45.887 50.985

20 19.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.0000 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.019 45.164 45.887 50.985

21 20.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.0000 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.926 45.155 45.877 50.975

22 21.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.926 45.155 45.877 50.975

23 22.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.759 45.138 45.860 50.956

24 23.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.759 45.138 45.860 50.956

25 24.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.0004 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.481 45.110 45.832 50.924

26 25.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.0005 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.481 45.110 45.832 50.924

27 26.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.0007 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.000 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.091 45.071 45.792 50.880

28 27.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.0009 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.091 45.071 45.792 50.880

29 28.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.0012 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.000 0.449 0.000 0.449 448.590 45.021 45.741 50.823

30 29.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.0014 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.449 448.590 45.021 45.741 50.823

31 30.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.0017 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.000 0.448 0.000 0.448 448.108 44.972 45.692 50.768

32 31.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.0019 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.448 448.108 44.972 45.692 50.768

33 32.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.0022 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.000 0.448 0.000 0.448 447.570 44.918 45.637 50.708

34 33.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.0024 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.448 447.570 44.918 45.637 50.708

35 34.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.48 0.0027 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.447 0.447 0.000 0.000 0.447 0.000 0.447 446.865 44.847 45.565 50.628

36 35.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.0031 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.447 0.447 0.000 0.447 446.865 44.847 45.565 50.628

37 36.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.0035 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.446 0.446 0.959 0.000 0.446 0.000 0.446 446.457 44.806 45.523 50.581

38 37.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.13 0.0040 0.00 0.46 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.456 0.456 0.000 0.446 446.457 44.806 45.523 50.581

39 38.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.38 0.0044 0.00 0.46 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.456 0.456 0.005 0.000 0.456 0.000 0.456 455.539 45.718 46.449 51.610

40 39.00 0.47 0.00 0.01 2.65 0.0049 0.00 0.47 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.456 0.465 0.000 0.456 455.539 45.718 46.449 51.610

41 40.00 0.49 0.00 0.01 2.88 0.0053 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.485 0.485 0.956 0.000 0.475 0.000 0.475 475.100 47.681 48.444 53.827

42 41.00 0.50 0.00 0.02 3.12 0.0058 0.00 0.49 0.02 0.00 1.00 0.494 0.494 0.000 0.475 475.100 47.681 48.444 53.827

43 42.00 0.53 0.00 0.02 3.35 0.0062 0.00 0.52 0.02 0.00 1.00 0.524 0.524 0.010 0.000 0.524 0.000 0.524 523.575 52.546 53.387 59.319

44 43.00 0.55 0.00 0.02 3.56 0.0066 0.00 0.54 0.02 0.00 1.00 0.524 0.543 0.000 0.524 523.575 52.546 53.387 59.319

45 44.00 0.59 0.01 0.03 3.78 0.0070 0.01 0.58 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.583 0.583 0.017 0.006 0.582 0.000 0.582 582.461 58.456 59.391 65.990

46 45.00 0.63 0.02 0.03 3.99 0.0074 0.01 0.62 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.583 0.623 0.000 0.582 582.461 58.456 59.391 65.990

47 46.00 0.67 0.04 0.03 4.16 0.0077 0.02 0.66 0.03 0.02 1.00 0.662 0.662 5.968 0.013 0.483 0.000 0.483 483.227 48.497 49.273 54.747

48 47.00 0.73 0.06 0.04 4.33 0.0080 0.02 0.72 0.04 0.02 1.00 0.722 0.722 0.000 0.483 483.227 48.497 49.273 54.747

49 48.00 0.78 0.08 0.04 4.51 0.0084 0.02 0.77 0.04 0.02 1.00 0.772 0.772 1.413 2.780 0.660 0.056 0.715 715.114 71.769 72.917 81.019

50 49.00 0.85 0.12 0.05 4.66 0.0086 0.04 0.84 0.05 0.04 1.00 0.841 0.841 0.111 0.771 770.707 77.348 78.586 87.317

51 50.00 0.92 0.17 0.05 4.80 0.0089 0.05 0.91 0.05 0.05 1.00 0.911 0.911 1.812 3.579 0.642 0.179 0.820 820.483 82.344 83.661 92.957

52 51.00 1.01 0.24 0.06 4.96 0.0092 0.07 1.00 0.06 0.07 1.00 1.001 1.001 0.251 0.892 892.065 89.528 90.960 101.067

53 52.00 1.10 0.31 0.07 5.13 0.0095 0.07 1.09 0.07 0.07 1.00 1.090 1.090 0.076 8.972 0.457 0.628 1.085 1085.19 108.91 110.65 122.94

1 0 2 7

54 53.00 1.19 0.39 0.07 5.28 0.0098 0.08 1.18 0.07 0.08 1.00 1.180 1.180 0.718 1.175 1174.91

3 117.914

119.801

133.112

55 54.00 1.30 0.46 0.08 5.41 0.0100 0.07 1.29 0.08 0.07 1.00 1.290 1.290 5.582 -5.390 1.221 -0.377 0.843 843.417 84.645 86.000 95.555

56 55.00 1.41 0.52 0.09 5.56 0.0103 0.06 1.40 0.09 0.06 1.00 1.400 1.400 -0.323 0.897 897.322 90.055 91.496 101.662

57 56.00 1.53 0.59 0.09 5.72 0.0106 0.07 1.52 0.09 0.07 1.00 1.519 1.519 11.976 0.105 0.434 0.007 0.442 441.557 44.315 45.024 50.026

58 57.00 1.65 0.66 0.10 5.85 0.0109 0.07 1.64 0.10 0.07 1.00 1.639 1.639 0.007 0.442 441.557 44.315 45.024 50.026

59 58.00 1.78 0.74 0.10 5.97 0.0111 0.08 1.77 0.10 0.08 1.00 1.769 1.769 7.011 6.976 0.510 0.558 1.068 1067.82

7 107.167

108.882

120.980

60 59.00 1.92 0.83 0.11 6.04 0.0112 0.09 1.91 0.11 0.09 1.00 1.909 1.909 0.628 1.138 1137.58

9 114.168

115.995

128.883

61 60.00 2.07 0.96 0.11 6.06 0.0112 0.13 2.06 0.11 0.13 1.00 2.059 2.059 7.984 8.024 0.137 1.043 1.181 1180.54

5 118.479

120.375

133.750

62 61.00 2.23 1.10 0.12 6.02 0.0112 0.14 2.22 0.12 0.14 1.00 2.219 2.219 1.123 1.261 1260.78

2 126.532

128.557

142.841

63 62.00 2.39 1.26 0.12 5.93 0.0110 0.16 2.38 0.12 0.16 1.00 2.379 2.379 8.469 8.561 -0.007 1.370 1.363 1362.69

7 136.760

138.948

154.387

64 63.00 2.56 1.43 0.13 5.77 0.0107 0.17 2.55 0.13 0.17 1.00 2.549 2.549 1.455 1.448 1448.30

3 145.352

147.677

164.086

65 64.00 2.74 1.61 0.14 5.56 0.0103 0.18 2.73 0.14 0.18 1.00 2.730 2.730 0.364 -6.013 3.761 -1.082 2.679 2678.69

4 268.834

273.135

303.483

66 65.00 2.92 1.76 0.14 5.35 0.0099 0.15 2.91 0.14 0.15 1.00 2.910 2.910 -0.902 2.859 2859.08

4 286.938

291.529

323.921

67 66.00 3.11 1.93 0.15 5.12 0.0095 0.17 3.10 0.15 0.17 1.00 3.100 3.100 4.563 -7.738 3.732 -1.315 2.416 2416.09

5 242.479

246.359

273.732

68 67.00 3.31 2.08 0.16 4.91 0.0091 0.15 3.30 0.16 0.15 1.00 3.301 3.301 -1.161 2.571 2570.85

8 258.011

262.139

291.266

69 68.00 3.50 2.21 0.16 4.71 0.0087 0.13 3.49 0.16 0.13 1.00 3.491 3.491 1.239 3.961 2.778 0.515 3.293 3292.97

1 330.483

335.770

373.078

70 69.00 3.71 2.39 0.17 4.46 0.0083 0.18 3.70 0.17 0.18 1.00 3.702 3.702 0.713 3.491 3491.04

2 350.361

355.967

395.519

71 70.00 3.92 2.53 0.18 4.23 0.0078 0.14 3.91 0.18 0.14 1.00 3.912 3.912 0.670

-21.043 6.738 -2.946 3.792

3791.582

380.523

386.612

429.568

72 71.00 4.13 2.66 0.18 4.00 0.0074 0.13 4.12 0.18 0.13 1.00 4.123 4.123 -2.736 4.002 4002.00

9 401.642

408.068

453.409

73 72.00 4.34 2.82 0.19 3.69 0.0068 0.16 4.33 0.19 0.16 1.00 4.333 4.333 0.775 0.653 4.081 0.104 4.186 4185.81

6 420.089

426.810

474.233

74 73.00 4.56 2.98 0.19 3.33 0.0062 0.16 4.55 0.19 0.16 1.00 4.333 4.554 0.104 4.186 4185.81

6 420.089

426.810

474.233

75 74.00 4.78 3.15 0.20 2.93 0.0054 0.17 4.77 0.20 0.17 1.00 4.775 4.775 0.891 7.363 3.345 1.252 4.596 4596.31

6 461.286

468.667

520.741

76 75.00 5.00 3.35 0.20 2.45 0.0045 0.20 5.00 0.20 0.20 1.00 4.995 4.995 1.473 4.817 4817.20

7 483.455

491.190

545.767

77 76.00 5.23 3.57 0.20 1.89 0.0035 0.22 5.23 0.20 0.22 1.00 5.226 5.226 0.957 7.372 3.413 1.622 5.035 5034.99

3 505.312

513.397

570.441

78 77.00 5.45 3.82 0.20 1.27 0.0024 0.25 5.45 0.20 0.25 1.00 5.448 5.448 1.843 5.256 5256.14

4 527.507

535.947

595.496

79 78.00 5.67 4.08 0.21 0.63 0.0012 0.26 5.67 0.21 0.26 1.00 5.669 5.669 1.075 -7.373 7.360 -1.917 5.443 5443.16

2 546.276

555.016

616.685

80 79.00 5.89 4.31 0.21 -0.01 0.0000 0.23 5.89 0.21 0.23 1.00 5.890 5.890 -1.696 5.664 5664.35

1 568.474

577.570

641.744

81 80.00 6.11 4.54 0.21 -0.65 -0.0012 0.23 6.11 0.21 0.23 1.00 6.111 6.111 1.170 1.281 5.571 0.295 5.866 5865.53

2 588.665

598.083

664.537

82 81.00 6.32 4.77 0.21 -1.30 -0.0024 0.23 6.32 0.21 0.23 1.00 6.111 6.322 0.295 5.866 5865.53

2 588.665

598.083

664.537

83 82.00 6.52 5.02 0.21 -1.96 -0.0036 0.25 6.52 0.21 0.25 1.00 6.524 6.524 1.241 -9.561 8.653 -2.390 6.263 6263.07

0 628.562

638.619

709.576

84 83.00 6.71 5.25 0.21 -2.62 -0.0049 0.23 6.71 0.21 0.23 1.00 6.715 6.715 -2.199 6.454 6454.29

5 647.753

658.117

731.241

85 84.00 6.89 5.50 0.20 -3.29 -0.0061 0.25 6.90 0.20 0.25 1.00 6.896 6.896 1.250 15.124 2.865 3.781 6.646

6646.190

667.012

677.684

752.982

86 85.00 7.04 5.76 0.20 -3.96 -0.0073 0.26 7.05 0.20 0.26 1.00 7.047 7.047 3.932 6.797 6797.43

3 682.190

693.105

770.117

87 86.00 7.19 6.01 0.20 -4.62 -0.0086 0.25 7.20 0.20 0.25 1.00 4.028 7.199 -

13.119 1.634 6.244 0.408 6.652 6652.02

1 667.597

678.278

753.643

88 87.00 7.32 6.26 0.19 -5.26 -0.0098 0.25 7.33 0.19 0.25 1.00 4.159 7.330 0.408 6.652 6652.02

1 667.597

678.278

753.643

89 88.00 7.46 6.50 0.18 -5.84 -0.0108 0.24 7.47 0.18 0.24 1.00 7.471 7.471 1.241 -2.220 7.780 -0.533 7.248 7247.53 727.36 739.00 821.11

9 3 1 2

90 89.00 7.57 6.69 0.18 -6.37 -0.0118 0.19 7.58 0.18 0.19 1.00 7.582 7.582 -0.422 7.359 7358.52

3 738.501

750.317

833.686

91 90.00 7.67 6.89 0.17 -6.89 -0.0128 0.20 7.68 0.17 0.20 1.00 7.683 7.683 -0.138 -2.651 8.237 -0.530 7.706 7706.31

7 773.406

785.780

873.089

92 91.00 7.75 7.06 0.16 -7.39 -0.0137 0.17 7.76 0.16 0.17 1.00 7.764 7.764 -0.451 7.786 7785.86

1 781.389

793.891

882.101

93 92.00 7.81 7.22 0.15 -7.88 -0.0146 0.16 7.82 0.15 0.16 1.00 7.825 7.825 -4.087 1.195 8.246 0.191 8.438 8437.72

0 846.810

860.359

955.954

94 93.00 7.85 7.38 0.14 -8.35 -0.0155 0.16 7.87 0.14 0.16 1.00 7.865 7.865 0.191 8.438 8437.72

0 846.810

860.359

955.954

95 94.00 7.88 7.54 0.13 -8.76 -0.0163 0.16 7.90 0.13 0.16 1.00 7.896 7.896 -0.109 -0.977 8.067 -0.156 7.910 7910.42

7 793.890

806.593

896.214

96 95.00 7.90 7.68 0.12 -9.10 -0.0169 0.14 7.92 0.12 0.14 1.00 7.917 7.917 -0.137 7.930 7929.96

9 795.852

808.585

898.428

97 96.00 7.90 7.81 0.11 -9.37 -0.0174 0.13 7.92 0.11 0.13 1.00 7.917 7.917 0.502 -0.386 7.912 -0.050 7.862 7862.19

8 789.050

801.675

890.750

98 97.00 7.91 7.90 0.10 -9.59 -0.0178 0.09 7.93 0.10 0.09 1.00 7.928 7.928 -0.035 7.878 7877.62

4 790.598

803.248

892.498

99 98.00 7.90 7.96 0.09 -9.80 -0.0182 0.06 7.92 0.09 0.06 1.00 7.918 7.918 0.983 0.470 7.802 0.028 7.830 7829.68

9 785.788

798.360

887.067

100 99.00 7.88 8.02 0.07 -9.98 -0.0185 0.06 7.90 0.07 0.06 1.00 7.899 7.899 0.028 7.830 7829.68

9 785.788

798.360

887.067

101 100.00 7.85 8.06 0.06 -10.08 -0.0187 0.04 7.87 0.06 0.04 1.00 7.869 7.869 2.570 2.414 7.618 0.097 7.715 7714.53

3 774.231

786.618

874.020

102 101.00 7.80 8.09 0.05 -10.17 -0.0189 0.03 7.82 0.05 0.03 1.00 7.819 7.819 0.072 7.690 7690.39

5 771.808

784.157

871.286

103 102.00 7.74 8.13 0.04 -10.26 -0.0190 0.04 7.76 0.04 0.04 1.00 7.759 7.759 1.320 2.333 7.613 0.093 7.706 7706.23

9 773.398

785.773

873.081

104 103.00 7.68 8.15 0.03 -10.34 -0.0192 0.02 7.70 0.03 0.02 1.00 7.699 7.699 0.047 7.660 7659.58

7 768.716

781.016

867.795

105 104.00 7.61 8.20 0.01 -10.33 -0.0192 0.05 7.63 0.01 0.05 1.00 7.629 7.629 0.131 0.876 7.584 0.044 7.628 7627.86

0 765.532

777.781

864.201

106 105.00 7.53 8.16 0.00 -10.23 -0.0190 -0.04 7.55 0.00 -0.04 1.00 7.549 7.549 -0.035 7.549 7548.98

4 757.616

769.738

855.264

107 106.00 7.45 8.14 -0.01 -10.10 -0.0187 -0.02 7.47 -0.01 -0.02 1.00 7.469 7.469 1.685 -3.664 7.412 0.073 7.486 7485.58

8 751.254

763.274

848.082

108 107.00 7.36 8.14 -0.02 -10.03 -0.0186 0.00 7.38 -0.02 0.00 1.00 7.379 7.379 0.000 7.412 7412.30

4 743.899

755.801

839.779

109 108.00 7.26 8.13 -0.03 -9.96 -0.0185 -0.01 7.28 -0.03 -0.01 1.00 7.278 7.278 -0.215 5.010 7.322 -0.050 7.272 7272.03

2 729.821

741.498

823.887

110 109.00 7.16 8.10 -0.03 -9.85 -0.0183 -0.03 7.18 -0.03 -0.03 1.00 7.178 7.178 -0.150 7.172 7171.82

8 719.765

731.281

812.534

111 110.00 7.05 8.07 -0.04 -9.69 -0.0180 -0.03 7.07 -0.04 -0.03 1.00 7.068 7.068 5.484 5.553 7.454 -0.167 7.287 7287.33

8 731.357

743.059

825.621

112 111.00 6.94 8.03 -0.05 -9.49 -0.0176 -0.04 6.96 -0.05 -0.04 1.00 6.958 6.958 -0.222 7.232 7231.80

5 725.784

737.397

819.329

113 112.00 6.82 7.97 -0.06 -9.24 -0.0171 -0.06 6.84 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 6.837 6.837 6.027 6.027 7.560 -0.362 7.199 7198.76

1 722.468

734.027

815.586

114 113.00 6.70 7.90 -0.07 -8.95 -0.0166 -0.07 6.72 -0.07 -0.07 1.00 6.717 6.717 -0.422 7.138 7138.49

2 716.419

727.882

808.758

115 114.00 6.58 7.81 -0.08 -8.57 -0.0159 -0.09 6.60 -0.08 -0.09 1.00 6.596 6.596 1.124 4.321 7.075 -0.389 6.686 6685.82

4 670.989

681.725

757.472

116 115.00 6.44 7.69 -0.09 -8.10 -0.0150 -0.12 6.46 -0.09 -0.12 1.00 6.455 6.455 -0.519 6.556 6556.19

2 657.979

668.507

742.786

117 116.00 6.29 7.58 -0.10 -7.58 -0.0141 -0.11 6.30 -0.10 -0.11 1.00 6.304 6.304 1.169 4.643 6.932 -0.511 6.421 6420.96

7 644.408

654.719

727.465

118 117.00 6.14 7.44 -0.11 -7.05 -0.0131 -0.14 6.15 -0.11 -0.14 1.00 6.153 6.153 -0.650 6.282 6281.67

4 630.429

640.516

711.684

119 118.00 5.97 7.31 -0.11 -6.55 -0.0122 -0.13 5.98 -0.11 -0.13 1.00 5.982 5.982 0.304 -4.445 5.438 0.578 6.016 6015.56

1 603.722

613.381

681.535

120 119.00 5.79 7.22 -0.12 -6.10 -0.0113 -0.09 5.80 -0.12 -0.09 1.00 5.801 5.801 0.400 5.838 5837.76

2 585.878

595.252

661.391

121 120.00 5.61 7.13 -0.13 -5.73 -0.0106 -0.09 5.62 -0.13 -0.09 1.00 5.621 5.621 0.359 -4.674 5.247 0.421 5.667 5667.25

4 568.766

577.866

642.073

122 121.00 5.42 7.08 -0.14 -5.43 -0.0101 -0.05 5.43 -0.14 -0.05 1.00 5.430 5.430 0.234 5.480 5480.28

4 550.001

558.801

620.890

123 122.00 5.22 6.99 -0.15 -5.07 -0.0094 -0.09 5.23 -0.15 -0.09 1.00 5.229 5.229 -0.719 2.343 5.332 -0.211 5.122 5121.54

0 513.998

522.222

580.246

124 123.00 5.01 6.81 -0.15 -4.58 -0.0085 -0.18 5.02 -0.15 -0.18 1.00 5.018 5.018 -0.422 4.911 4910.63 492.83 500.71 556.35

1 1 6 1

125 124.00 4.79 6.65 -0.16 -4.05 -0.0075 -0.16 4.80 -0.16 -0.16 1.00 3.945 4.798 11.550 16.879 8.494 -2.701 5.793

5792.925

581.378

590.680

656.311

126 125.00 4.56 6.48 -0.17 -3.51 -0.0065 -0.17 4.57 -0.17 -0.17 1.00 3.661 4.567 -2.869 5.624 5624.13

5 564.438

573.469

637.188

127 126.00 4.33 6.26 -0.17 -2.87 -0.0053 -0.22 4.34 -0.17 -0.22 1.00 4.335 4.335 -0.646 23.137 9.316 -5.090 4.226

4225.573

424.079

430.864

478.738

128 127.00 4.10 6.03 -0.17 -2.13 -0.0040 -0.23 4.10 -0.17 -0.23 1.00 4.104 4.104 -5.322 3.994 3994.20

0 400.858

407.272

452.524

129 128.00 3.87 5.75 -0.17 -1.36 -0.0025 -0.28 3.87 -0.17 -0.28 1.00 3.873 3.873 -0.568 -4.824 2.425 1.351 3.776 3776.02

6 378.962

385.025

427.806

130 129.00 3.63 5.52 -0.17 -0.72 -0.0013 -0.23 3.63 -0.17 -0.23 1.00 3.631 3.631 1.109 3.535 3534.83

9 354.756

360.433

400.481

131 130.00 3.40 5.38 -0.17 -0.25 -0.0005 -0.14 3.40 -0.17 -0.14 1.00 3.400 3.400 -0.511 7.695 4.391 -1.077 3.314 3313.65

8 332.559

337.880

375.422

132 131.00 3.17 5.21 -0.17 0.21 0.0004 -0.17 3.17 -0.17 -0.17 1.00 3.170 3.170 -1.308 3.083 3082.80

5 309.390

314.341

349.267

133 132.00 2.96 5.00 -0.16 0.79 0.0015 -0.21 2.96 -0.16 -0.21 1.00 2.959 2.959 -0.408 22.115 7.537 -4.644 2.893

2893.218

290.363

295.009

327.788

134 133.00 2.74 4.78 -0.16 1.41 0.0026 -0.22 2.74 -0.16 -0.22 1.00 2.737 2.737 -4.865 2.672 2672.06

8 268.169

272.459

302.733

135 134.00 2.54 4.55 -0.16 2.02 0.0037 -0.23 2.54 -0.16 -0.23 1.00 2.536 2.536 -0.348

-20.108 -2.144 4.625 2.481

2480.648

248.958

252.941

281.046

136 135.00 2.34 4.33 -0.16 2.60 0.0048 -0.22 2.34 -0.16 -0.22 1.00 2.335 2.335 4.424 2.280 2279.57

1 228.778

232.438

258.265

137 136.00 2.15 4.11 -0.16 3.15 0.0058 -0.22 2.14 -0.16 -0.22 1.00 2.144 2.144 -8.492 -8.603 -1.107 1.893 0.785 785.449 78.828 80.089 88.988

138 137.00 1.98 3.90 -0.15 3.66 0.0068 -0.21 1.97 -0.15 -0.21 1.00 1.973 1.973 1.807 0.699 699.422 70.194 71.317 79.241

139 138.00 1.81 3.69 -0.15 4.09 0.0076 -0.21 1.80 -0.15 -0.21 1.00 1.802 1.802 -0.609 -2.574 1.171 0.540 1.711 1711.02

3 171.718

174.466

193.851

140 139.00 1.65 3.54 -0.14 4.37 0.0081 -0.15 1.64 -0.14 -0.15 1.00 1.642 1.642 0.386 1.557 1556.59

6 156.220

158.719

176.355

141 140.00 1.50 3.44 -0.13 4.50 0.0084 -0.10 1.49 -0.13 -0.10 1.00 1.492 1.492 -0.171

-14.013 0.068 1.401 1.469

1469.377

147.467

149.826

166.473

142 141.00 1.36 3.35 -0.13 4.57 0.0085 -0.09 1.35 -0.13 -0.09 1.00 1.352 1.352 1.261 1.329 1329.24

6 133.403

135.538

150.597

143 142.00 1.24 3.26 -0.12 4.64 0.0086 -0.09 1.23 -0.12 -0.09 1.00 1.231 1.231 -0.130 12.015 2.297 -1.081 1.216

1215.762

122.014

123.966

137.740

144 143.00 1.12 3.16 -0.12 4.72 0.0088 -0.10 1.11 -0.12 -0.10 1.00 1.111 1.111 -1.201 1.096 1095.61

3 109.956

111.715

124.128

145 144.00 1.01 3.09 -0.11 4.83 0.0090 -0.07 1.00 -0.11 -0.07 1.00 1.001 1.001 -5.090 4.930 0.786 -0.345 0.441 441.136 44.272 44.981 49.979

146 145.00 0.91 3.01 -0.10 4.94 0.0092 -0.08 0.90 -0.10 -0.08 1.00 0.901 0.901 -0.394 0.392 391.831 39.324 39.953 44.393

147 146.00 0.82 2.95 -0.10 5.06 0.0094 -0.06 0.81 -0.10 -0.06 1.00 0.811 0.811 -4.065 3.950 0.641 -0.237 0.404 404.100 40.555 41.204 45.783

148 147.00 0.74 2.88 -0.09 5.14 0.0095 -0.07 0.73 -0.09 -0.07 1.00 0.730 0.730 -0.276 0.365 364.602 36.591 37.177 41.308

149 148.00 0.66 2.80 -0.08 5.15 0.0096 -0.08 0.65 -0.08 -0.08 1.00 0.650 0.650 -1.217 -2.387 0.362 0.191 0.553 553.094 55.509 56.397 62.663

150 149.00 0.60 2.74 -0.07 5.10 0.0095 -0.06 0.59 -0.07 -0.06 1.00 0.591 0.591 0.143 0.505 505.355 50.717 51.529 57.254

151 150.00 0.53 2.68 -0.07 5.02 0.0093 -0.06 0.52 -0.07 -0.06 1.00 0.521 0.521 -5.972 -0.027 0.101 0.002 0.103 102.633 10.300 10.465 11.628

152 151.00 0.47 2.62 -0.06 4.87 0.0090 -0.06 0.46 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 0.461 0.461 0.002 0.103 102.633 10.300 10.465 11.628

153 152.00 0.42 2.58 -0.06 4.66 0.0086 -0.04 0.41 -0.06 -0.04 1.00 0.411 0.411 -0.022 1.978 0.489 -0.079 0.410 410.024 41.150 41.808 46.454

154 153.00 0.38 2.52 -0.06 4.42 0.0082 -0.06 0.37 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 0.372 0.372 -0.119 0.370 370.469 37.180 37.775 41.972

155 154.00 0.33 2.48 -0.05 4.24 0.0079 -0.04 0.32 -0.05 -0.04 1.00 0.322 0.322 -0.015 2.980 0.441 -0.119 0.321 321.404 32.256 32.772 36.414

156 155.00 0.30 2.43 -0.05 4.13 0.0077 -0.05 0.29 -0.05 -0.05 1.00 0.292 0.292 -0.149 0.292 291.609 29.266 29.734 33.038

157 156.00 0.26 2.38 -0.05 4.02 0.0075 -0.05 0.25 -0.05 -0.05 1.00 0.253 0.253 -0.598 -1.185 0.163 0.059 0.223 222.633 22.343 22.701 25.223

158 157.00 0.23 2.35 -0.04 3.85 0.0071 -0.03 0.22 -0.04 -0.03 1.00 0.223 0.223 0.036 0.199 198.929 19.965 20.284 22.538

159 158.00 0.20 2.31 -0.04 3.66 0.0068 -0.04 0.19 -0.04 -0.04 1.00 0.193 0.193 -0.007 1.967 0.272 -0.079 0.193 192.932 19.363 19.672 21.858

160 159.00 0.18 2.26 -0.04 3.48 0.0065 -0.05 0.17 -0.04 -0.05 1.00 0.174 0.174 -0.098 0.173 173.266 17.389 17.667 19.630

161 160.00 0.16 2.21 -0.03 3.30 0.0061 -0.05 0.15 -0.03 -0.05 1.00 0.154 0.154 -0.004 -0.965 0.106 0.048 0.154 153.747 15.430 15.677 17.419

162 161.00 0.15 2.17 -0.03 3.11 0.0058 -0.04 0.14 -0.03 -0.04 1.00 0.144 0.144 0.039 0.144 144.099 14.462 14.693 16.326

163 162.00 0.13 2.12 -0.03 2.92 0.0054 -0.05 0.12 -0.03 -0.05 1.00 0.125 0.125 -0.484 -0.486 0.086 0.024 0.110 110.061 11.046 11.222 12.469

164 163.00 0.12 2.08 -0.02 2.76 0.0051 -0.04 0.11 -0.02 -0.04 1.00 0.115 0.115 0.019 0.105 105.198 10.558 10.727 11.918

165 164.00 0.11 2.03 -0.02 2.65 0.0049 -0.05 0.11 -0.02 -0.05 1.00 0.105 0.105 -0.002 -0.493 0.080 0.025 0.105 105.044 10.542 10.711 11.901

166 165.00 0.10 2.00 -0.02 2.57 0.0048 -0.03 0.10 -0.02 -0.03 1.00 0.095 0.095 0.015 0.095 95.193 9.554 9.706 10.785

167 166.00 0.10 1.99 -0.02 2.49 0.0046 -0.01 0.10 -0.02 -0.01 1.00 0.095 0.095 -0.002 -0.019 0.095 0.000 0.095 95.341 9.568 9.722 10.802

168 167.00 0.10 1.97 -0.02 2.39 0.0044 -0.02 0.10 -0.02 -0.02 1.00 0.096 0.096 0.000 0.096 95.528 9.587 9.741 10.823

169 168.00 0.09 1.96 -0.01 2.27 0.0042 -0.01 0.09 -0.01 -0.01 1.00 0.086 0.086 -0.001 0.014 0.086 0.000 0.086 85.779 8.609 8.747 9.718

170 169.00 0.09 1.97 -0.01 2.12 0.0039 0.01 0.09 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.086 0.086 0.000 0.086 86.057 8.637 8.775 9.750

171 170.00 0.09 1.98 -0.01 1.96 0.0036 0.01 0.09 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.086 0.086 -0.001 0.001 0.086 0.000 0.086 86.354 8.667 8.805 9.784

172 171.00 0.10 1.99 -0.01 1.81 0.0034 0.01 0.10 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.086 0.097 0.000 0.086 86.354 8.667 8.805 9.784

173 172.00 0.10 2.01 0.00 1.66 0.0031 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.02 1.00 0.097 0.097 0.000 -0.024 0.097 0.000 0.097 96.919 9.727 9.882 10.981

174 173.00 0.10 2.02 0.00 1.53 0.0028 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.097 0.097 0.000 0.097 97.161 9.751 9.907 11.008

175 174.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.41 0.0026 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.097 0.097 0.000 -0.019 0.098 0.000 0.097 97.383 9.773 9.930 11.033

176 175.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.31 0.0024 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.098 0.098 0.000 0.098 97.569 9.792 9.949 11.054

177 176.00 0.10 2.04 0.00 1.21 0.0022 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.098 0.098 -0.491 0.492 0.093 0.005 0.098 97.755 9.811 9.968 11.075

178 177.00 0.09 2.04 0.01 1.12 0.0021 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.000 0.093 92.834 9.317 9.466 10.518

179 178.00 0.09 2.05 0.01 1.02 0.0019 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.001 0.001 0.088 0.000 0.088 88.098 8.842 8.983 9.981

180 179.00 0.09 2.06 0.01 0.92 0.0017 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.000 0.088 88.098 8.842 8.983 9.981

181 180.00 0.09 2.08 0.01 0.82 0.0015 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.02 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.001 0.491 0.079 0.010 0.088 88.470 8.879 9.021 10.023

182 181.00 0.08 2.08 0.01 0.72 0.0013 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.079 0.079 0.000 0.079 78.656 7.894 8.020 8.911

183 182.00 0.07 2.11 0.01 0.59 0.0011 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 1.00 0.069 0.069 0.001 -0.026 0.070 -0.001 0.069 68.898 6.915 7.025 7.806

184 183.00 0.07 2.13 0.01 0.45 0.0008 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.02 1.00 0.069 0.069 -0.001 0.069 69.158 6.941 7.052 7.835

185 184.00 0.06 2.14 0.01 0.32 0.0006 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.059 0.059 0.001 0.001 0.059 0.000 0.059 59.400 5.961 6.057 6.730

186 185.00 0.06 2.15 0.01 0.20 0.0004 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.059 0.060 0.000 0.059 59.400 5.961 6.057 6.730

187 186.00 0.05 2.16 0.01 0.08 0.0001 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.000 0.000 0.040 0.000 0.040 39.998 4.014 4.078 4.532

188 187.00 0.04 2.17 0.01 0.00 0.0000 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.040 0.040 0.000 0.040 39.998 4.014 4.078 4.532

189 188.00 0.04 2.18 0.01 -0.08 -0.0001 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.040 0.040 0.000 0.983 0.030 0.010 0.040 40.145 4.029 4.093 4.548

190 189.00 0.03 2.18 0.01 -0.17 -0.0003 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.030 0.030 0.000 0.030 30.312 3.042 3.091 3.434

191 190.00 0.03 2.17 0.01 -0.23 -0.0004 -0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.01 1.00 0.030 0.030 0.000 -0.494 0.025 0.005 0.030 30.425 3.053 3.102 3.447

192 191.00 0.02 2.18 0.01 -0.29 -0.0005 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.021 0.021 -0.005 0.021 20.536 2.061 2.094 2.327

193 192.00 0.02 2.19 0.01 -0.35 -0.0006 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.021 0.021 0.000 0.994 0.011 0.010 0.021 20.648 2.072 2.105 2.339

194 193.00 0.01 2.19 0.01 -0.38 -0.0007 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.011 0.011 0.000 0.011 10.704 1.074 1.091 1.213

195 194.00 0.01 2.17 0.01 -0.38 -0.0007 -0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.02 1.00 0.011 0.011 0.000 -0.001 0.011 0.000 0.011 10.704 1.074 1.091 1.213

196 195.00 0.01 2.18 0.00 -0.37 -0.0007 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.011 0.011 0.000 0.011 10.687 1.073 1.090 1.211

197 196.00 0.00 2.16 0.00 -0.35 -0.0006 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.02 1.00 0.001 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.649 0.065 0.066 0.074

198 197.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 -0.34 -0.0006 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.631 0.063 0.064 0.071

199 198.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 -0.36 -0.0007 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.668 0.067 0.068 0.076

200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 -2.18 0.00 0.00 -2.18 1.00 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

APPENDIX 6

No Load (ton)

Dial Gauge 1

Dial Gauge 2

Dial Gauge 3

Dial Gauge 4

c+d+e+f Average

Settlement Ton to Tonnes

Normalised data

(Tonnes/m)

1 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 163.0 1.10 0.99 0.52 0.84 3.45 0.86 165.61 157.72

3 163.0 1.10 1.01 0.52 0.84 3.47 0.87 165.61 157.72

4 163.0 1.16 1.05 0.58 0.89 3.68 0.92 165.61 157.72

5 163.0 1.17 1.07 0.59 0.89 3.72 0.93 165.61 157.72

6 163.0 1.16 1.07 0.58 0.90 3.71 0.93 165.61 157.72

7 163.0 1.16 1.06 0.58 0.91 3.71 0.93 165.61 157.72

8 325.0 2.22 2.33 1.79 1.87 8.21 2.05 330.20 314.48

9 325.0 2.28 2.41 1.88 1.95 8.52 2.13 330.20 314.48

10 325.0 2.30 2.42 1.90 1.97 8.59 2.15 330.20 314.48

11 325.0 2.33 2.45 1.94 2.01 8.73 2.18 330.20 314.48

12 325.0 2.34 2.45 1.94 2.02 8.75 2.19 330.20 314.48

13 325.0 2.37 2.48 1.97 2.04 8.86 2.22 330.20 314.48

14 488.0 3.39 3.66 3.23 3.14 13.42 3.36 495.81 472.20

15 488.0 3.47 3.75 3.34 3.24 13.80 3.45 495.81 472.20

16 488.0 3.48 3.76 3.36 3.27 13.87 3.47 495.81 472.20

17 488.0 3.50 3.78 3.37 3.29 13.94 3.49 495.81 472.20

18 488.0 3.54 3.82 3.42 3.34 14.12 3.53 495.81 472.20

19 488.0 3.60 3.86 3.47 3.38 14.31 3.58 495.81 472.20

20 650.0 4.62 4.97 4.74 4.56 18.89 4.72 660.40 628.95

21 650.0 4.71 5.08 4.86 4.67 19.32 4.83 660.40 628.95

22 650.0 4.74 5.11 4.89 4.70 19.44 4.86 660.40 628.95

23 650.0 4.80 5.16 4.95 4.77 19.68 4.92 660.40 628.95

24 650.0 4.80 5.17 4.97 4.78 19.72 4.93 660.40 628.95

25 650.0 4.86 5.22 5.03 4.84 19.95 4.99 660.40 628.95

26 650.0 4.86 5.23 5.03 4.85 19.97 4.99 660.40 628.95

27 650.0 4.94 5.33 5.14 4.95 20.36 5.09 660.40 628.95

28 650.0 5.03 5.39 5.21 5.04 20.67 5.17 660.40 628.95

29 650.0 5.05 5.40 5.24 5.05 20.74 5.19 660.40 628.95

30 650.0 5.04 5.40 5.24 5.08 20.76 5.19 660.40 628.95

31 488.0 4.39 4.65 4.34 4.20 17.58 4.40 495.81 472.20

32 488.0 4.39 4.64 4.33 4.19 17.55 4.39 495.81 472.20

33 488.0 4.39 4.64 4.33 4.19 17.55 4.39 495.81 472.20

34 488.0 4.38 4.63 4.33 4.18 17.52 4.38 495.81 472.20

35 488.0 4.38 4.64 4.33 4.19 17.54 4.39 495.81 472.20

36 488.0 4.31 4.56 4.25 4.11 17.23 4.31 495.81 472.20

37 488.0 4.31 4.56 4.24 4.09 17.20 4.30 495.81 472.20

38 325.0 3.52 3.71 3.30 3.23 13.76 3.44 330.20 314.48

39 325.0 3.52 3.71 3.29 3.23 13.75 3.44 330.20 314.48

40 325.0 3.45 3.63 3.21 3.15 13.44 3.36 330.20 314.48

41 325.0 3.45 3.63 3.19 3.12 13.39 3.35 330.20 314.48

42 325.0 3.44 3.62 3.19 3.12 13.37 3.34 330.20 314.48

43 325.0 3.44 3.62 3.19 3.13 13.38 3.35 330.20 314.48

44 163.0 2.51 2.54 2.07 2.13 9.25 2.31 165.61 157.72

45 163.0 2.51 2.53 2.06 2.12 9.22 2.31 165.61 157.72

46 163.0 2.42 2.44 1.96 2.12 8.94 2.24 165.61 157.72

47 163.0 2.42 2.44 1.96 2.01 8.83 2.21 165.61 157.72

48 163.0 2.42 2.43 1.95 2.01 8.81 2.20 165.61 157.72

49 163.0 2.43 2.43 1.94 2.00 8.80 2.20 165.61 157.72

50 0.0 0.90 1.05 0.85 0.66 3.46 0.87 0.00 0.00

51 0.0 0.85 1.00 0.81 0.62 3.28 0.82 0.00 0.00

52 0.0 0.81 0.97 0.77 0.58 3.13 0.78 0.00 0.00

53 0.0 0.77 0.91 0.67 0.53 2.88 0.72 0.00 0.00

54 0.0 0.75 0.88 0.68 0.52 2.83 0.71 0.00 0.00

55 0.0 0.73 0.87 0.67 0.50 2.77 0.69 0.00 0.00

56 0.0 0.71 0.85 0.66 0.48 2.70 0.68 0.00 0.00

57 0.0 0.70 0.83 0.65 0.47 2.65 0.66 0.00 0.00

58 0.0 0.68 0.83 0.63 0.46 2.60 0.65 0.00 0.00

59 0.0 0.68 0.82 0.63 0.46 2.59 0.65 0.00 0.00

60 0.0 0.66 0.80 0.61 0.43 2.50 0.63 0.00 0.00

61 0.0 0.64 0.78 0.59 0.41 2.42 0.61 0.00 0.00

62 0.0 0.64 0.77 0.56 0.42 2.39 0.60 0.00 0.00

63 0.0 0.63 0.76 0.55 0.40 2.34 0.59 0.00 0.00

64 0.0 0.61 0.77 0.56 0.38 2.32 0.58 0.00 0.00

65 0.0 0.61 0.76 0.56 0.39 2.32 0.58 0.00 0.00

66 163.0 1.36 1.81 1.59 1.30 6.06 1.52 165.61 157.72

67 163.0 1.37 1.82 1.59 1.30 6.08 1.52 165.61 157.72

68 163.0 1.36 1.83 1.60 1.30 6.09 1.52 165.61 157.72

69 163.0 1.37 1.83 1.59 1.30 6.09 1.52 165.61 157.72

70 163.0 1.37 1.83 1.60 1.32 6.12 1.53 165.61 157.72

71 163.0 1.37 1.84 1.60 1.31 6.12 1.53 165.61 157.72

72 325.0 2.33 3.01 2.76 2.21 10.31 2.58 330.20 314.48

73 325.0 2.33 3.02 2.77 2.23 10.35 2.59 330.20 314.48

74 325.0 2.37 3.06 2.81 2.26 10.50 2.63 330.20 314.48

75 325.0 2.37 3.06 2.82 2.26 10.51 2.63 330.20 314.48

76 325.0 2.36 3.05 2.80 2.25 10.46 2.62 330.20 314.48

77 325.0 2.41 3.09 2.84 2.29 10.63 2.66 330.20 314.48

78 488.0 3.33 4.14 3.97 3.28 14.72 3.68 495.81 472.20

79 488.0 3.35 4.17 4.00 3.31 14.83 3.71 495.81 472.20

80 488.0 3.34 4.16 4.00 3.31 14.81 3.70 495.81 472.20

81 488.0 3.35 4.18 4.02 3.33 14.88 3.72 495.81 472.20

82 488.0 3.35 4.19 4.03 3.33 14.90 3.73 495.81 472.20

83 488.0 3.37 4.19 4.03 3.34 14.93 3.73 495.81 472.20

84 650.0 4.35 5.21 5.18 4.40 19.14 4.79 660.40 628.95

85 650.0 4.40 5.26 5.24 4.45 19.35 4.84 660.40 628.95

86 650.0 4.40 5.27 5.26 4.46 19.39 4.85 660.40 628.95

87 650.0 4.43 5.30 5.29 4.50 19.52 4.88 660.40 628.95

88 650.0 4.45 5.31 5.31 4.51 19.58 4.90 660.40 628.95

89 650.0 4.45 5.31 5.31 4.51 19.58 4.90 660.40 628.95

90 812.0 5.41 6.20 6.50 5.83 23.94 5.99 824.99 785.71

91 812.0 5.44 6.24 6.55 5.85 24.08 6.02 824.99 785.71

92 812.0 5.49 6.29 6.61 5.91 24.30 6.08 824.99 785.71

93 812.0 5.53 6.33 6.65 5.96 24.47 6.12 824.99 785.71

94 812.0 5.56 6.36 6.67 5.99 24.58 6.15 824.99 785.71

95 812.0 5.56 6.38 6.71 6.01 24.66 6.17 824.99 785.71

96 975.0 6.72 7.13 7.96 7.72 29.53 7.38 990.60 943.43

97 975.0 6.77 7.20 8.02 7.77 29.76 7.44 990.60 943.43

98 975.0 6.84 7.26 8.08 7.86 30.04 7.51 990.60 943.43

99 975.0 6.88 7.31 8.15 7.92 30.26 7.57 990.60 943.43

100 975.0 6.90 7.32 8.16 7.93 30.31 7.58 990.60 943.43

101 1137.0 8.15 8.09 9.35 9.58 35.17 8.79 1155.19 1100.18

102 1137.0 8.28 8.21 9.47 9.71 35.67 8.92 1155.19 1100.18

103 1137.0 8.31 8.25 9.52 9.76 35.84 8.96 1155.19 1100.18

104 1137.0 8.34 8.28 9.55 9.79 35.96 8.99 1155.19 1100.18

105 1137.0 8.38 8.33 9.62 9.85 36.18 9.05 1155.19 1100.18

106 1137.0 8.41 8.35 9.64 9.86 36.26 9.07 1155.19 1100.18

107 1299.0 9.67 9.25 10.92 11.53 41.37 10.34 1319.78 1256.94

108 1299.0 9.74 9.33 11.01 11.61 41.69 10.42 1319.78 1256.94

109 1299.0 9.78 9.38 11.06 11.67 41.89 10.47 1319.78 1256.94

110 1299.0 9.86 9.44 11.15 11.78 42.23 10.56 1319.78 1256.94

111 1299.0 9.89 9.48 11.18 11.81 42.36 10.59 1319.78 1256.94

112 1299.0 9.91 9.50 11.20 11.83 42.44 10.61 1319.78 1256.94

113 1299.0 9.93 9.51 11.22 11.86 42.52 10.63 1319.78 1256.94

114 1299.0 9.97 9.54 11.26 11.90 42.67 10.67 1319.78 1256.94

115 1299.0 9.97 9.55 11.27 11.90 42.69 10.67 1319.78 1256.94

116 1299.0 9.98 9.56 11.27 11.92 42.73 10.68 1319.78 1256.94

117 1299.0 10.00 9.57 11.29 11.92 42.78 10.70 1319.78 1256.94

118 1299.0 10.03 9.59 11.30 11.94 42.86 10.72 1319.78 1256.94

119 1299.0 10.03 9.60 11.31 11.95 42.89 10.72 1319.78 1256.94

120 1299.0 10.07 9.62 11.35 11.99 43.03 10.76 1319.78 1256.94

121 1299.0 10.06 9.64 11.36 11.99 43.05 10.76 1319.78 1256.94

122 1299.0 10.06 9.64 11.37 12.00 43.07 10.77 1319.78 1256.94

123 1299.0 10.08 9.65 11.38 12.01 43.12 10.78 1319.78 1256.94

124 1299.0 10.08 9.66 11.38 12.01 43.13 10.78 1319.78 1256.94

125 1299.0 10.15 9.72 11.45 12.08 43.40 10.85 1319.78 1256.94

126 1299.0 10.21 9.78 11.51 12.14 43.64 10.91 1319.78 1256.94

127 1299.0 10.21 9.78 11.51 12.14 43.64 10.91 1319.78 1256.94

128 1299.0 10.39 9.97 11.70 12.34 44.40 11.10 1319.78 1256.94

129 1299.0 10.53 10.11 11.90 12.50 45.04 11.26 1319.78 1256.94

130 1299.0 10.55 10.16 11.96 12.55 45.22 11.31 1319.78 1256.94

131 1299.0 10.63 10.24 12.05 12.63 45.55 11.39 1319.78 1256.94

132 1299.0 10.71 10.30 12.11 12.72 45.84 11.46 1319.78 1256.94

133 1299.0 10.75 10.36 12.16 12.76 46.03 11.51 1319.78 1256.94

134 1299.0 10.78 10.37 12.18 12.78 46.11 11.53 1319.78 1256.94

135 1299.0 10.83 10.48 12.28 12.88 46.47 11.62 1319.78 1256.94

136 1299.0 10.98 10.65 12.51 13.05 47.19 11.80 1319.78 1256.94

137 1299.0 11.07 10.75 12.61 13.16 47.59 11.90 1319.78 1256.94

138 1299.0 11.14 10.84 12.69 13.23 47.90 11.98 1319.78 1256.94

139 1299.0 11.23 10.93 12.78 13.33 48.27 12.07 1319.78 1256.94

140 1299.0 11.25 10.97 12.82 13.35 48.39 12.10 1319.78 1256.94

141 1299.0 11.31 11.03 12.89 13.41 48.64 12.16 1319.78 1256.94

142 1299.0 11.34 11.06 12.94 13.46 48.80 12.20 1319.78 1256.94

143 1299.0 11.39 11.06 12.95 13.47 48.87 12.22 1319.78 1256.94

144 1299.0 11.41 11.05 12.95 13.49 48.90 12.23 1319.78 1256.94

145 1299.0 11.36 10.98 12.89 13.41 48.64 12.16 1319.78 1256.94

146 1299.0 11.32 10.92 12.84 13.37 48.45 12.11 1319.78 1256.94

147 1299.0 11.21 10.82 12.74 13.25 48.02 12.01 1319.78 1256.94

148 1299.0 11.15 10.76 12.68 13.20 47.79 11.95 1319.78 1256.94

149 1299.0 11.01 10.61 12.53 13.11 47.26 11.82 1319.78 1256.94

150 1299.0 11.06 10.68 12.59 13.16 47.49 11.87 1319.78 1256.94

151 1137.0 10.33 10.14 11.94 12.32 44.73 11.18 1155.19 1100.18

152 1137.0 10.33 10.14 11.94 12.32 44.73 11.18 1155.19 1100.18

153 1137.0 10.30 10.12 11.92 12.28 44.62 11.16 1155.19 1100.18

154 1137.0 10.30 10.12 11.92 12.28 44.62 11.16 1155.19 1100.18

155 1137.0 10.31 10.12 11.92 12.28 44.63 11.16 1155.19 1100.18

156 1137.0 10.30 10.12 11.91 12.27 44.60 11.15 1155.19 1100.18

157 975.0 9.34 9.45 11.09 11.15 41.03 10.26 990.60 943.43

158 975.0 9.32 9.44 11.08 11.14 40.98 10.25 990.60 943.43

159 975.0 9.32 9.44 11.08 11.13 40.97 10.24 990.60 943.43

160 975.0 9.32 9.43 11.08 11.13 40.96 10.24 990.60 943.43

161 975.0 9.30 9.41 11.06 11.09 40.86 10.22 990.60 943.43

162 975.0 9.30 9.42 11.06 11.09 40.87 10.22 990.60 943.43

163 812.0 8.29 8.66 10.10 9.89 36.94 9.24 824.99 785.71

164 812.0 8.29 8.65 10.10 9.89 36.93 9.23 824.99 785.71

165 812.0 8.29 8.66 10.10 9.89 36.94 9.24 824.99 785.71

166 812.0 8.29 8.66 10.10 9.89 36.94 9.24 824.99 785.71

167 812.0 8.27 8.63 10.07 9.86 36.83 9.21 824.99 785.71

168 812.0 8.27 8.63 10.07 9.86 36.83 9.21 824.99 785.71

169 650.0 7.21 7.75 8.98 8.62 32.56 8.14 660.40 628.95

170 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.91 8.55 32.28 8.07 660.40 628.95

171 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.91 8.54 32.27 8.07 660.40 628.95

172 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.90 8.54 32.26 8.07 660.40 628.95

173 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.90 8.54 32.26 8.07 660.40 628.95

174 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.90 8.54 32.26 8.07 660.40 628.95

175 488.0 6.11 6.67 7.69 7.31 27.78 6.95 495.81 472.20

176 488.0 6.07 6.63 7.64 7.26 27.60 6.90 495.81 472.20

177 488.0 6.03 6.60 7.59 7.22 27.44 6.86 495.81 472.20

178 488.0 6.01 6.57 7.57 7.19 27.34 6.84 495.81 472.20

179 488.0 6.00 6.57 7.56 7.19 27.32 6.83 495.81 472.20

180 488.0 6.00 6.57 7.57 7.19 27.33 6.83 495.81 472.20

181 325.0 4.89 5.41 6.24 5.91 22.45 5.61 330.20 314.48

182 325.0 4.89 5.42 6.24 5.91 22.46 5.62 330.20 314.48

183 325.0 4.83 5.37 6.17 5.83 22.20 5.55 330.20 314.48

184 325.0 4.83 5.37 6.17 5.83 22.20 5.55 330.20 314.48

185 325.0 4.75 5.30 6.08 5.72 21.85 5.46 330.20 314.48

186 325.0 4.75 5.29 6.08 5.72 21.84 5.46 330.20 314.48

187 163.0 3.56 3.97 4.60 4.34 16.47 4.12 165.61 157.72

188 163.0 3.52 3.93 4.54 4.28 16.27 4.07 165.61 157.72

189 163.0 3.52 3.93 4.54 4.27 16.26 4.07 165.61 157.72

190 163.0 3.44 3.85 4.45 4.19 15.93 3.98 165.61 157.72

191 163.0 3.37 3.78 4.36 4.12 15.63 3.91 165.61 157.72

192 163.0 3.37 3.77 4.36 4.11 15.61 3.90 165.61 157.72

193 0.0 2.26 2.31 2.66 2.83 10.06 2.52 0.00 0.00

194 0.0 2.16 2.20 2.55 2.73 9.64 2.41 0.00 0.00

195 0.0 2.10 2.13 2.47 2.66 9.36 2.34 0.00 0.00

196 0.0 2.04 2.08 2.41 2.61 9.14 2.29 0.00 0.00

197 0.0 1.99 2.03 2.36 2.55 8.93 2.23 0.00 0.00

198 0.0 1.95 1.99 2.32 2.52 8.78 2.20 0.00 0.00

199 0.0 1.92 1.95 2.28 2.48 8.63 2.16 0.00 0.00

200 0.0 1.90 1.93 2.25 2.46 8.54 2.14 0.00 0.00

201 0.0 1.89 1.91 2.23 2.44 8.47 2.12 0.00 0.00

202 0.0 1.66 1.71 2.03 2.18 7.58 1.90 0.00 0.00

203 0.0 1.52 1.57 1.89 2.05 7.03 1.76 0.00 0.00

204 0.0 1.50 1.56 1.88 2.04 6.98 1.75 0.00 0.00

205 0.0 1.13 1.17 1.48 1.66 5.44 1.36 0.00 0.00

206 0.0 0.90 0.92 1.21 1.36 4.39 1.10 0.00 0.00

207 0.0 0.67 0.71 0.99 1.16 3.53 0.88 0.00 0.00

208 0.0 0.46 0.53 0.76 0.94 2.69 0.67 0.00 0.00

209 0.0 0.01 0.09 0.31 0.47 0.88 0.22 0.00 0.00

210 325.0 1.06 2.16 2.49 1.55 7.26 1.82 330.20 314.48

211 325.0 1.14 2.21 2.55 1.63 7.53 1.88 330.20 314.48

212 325.0 1.17 2.25 2.60 1.67 7.69 1.92 330.20 314.48

213 325.0 1.24 2.31 2.67 1.75 7.97 1.99 330.20 314.48

214 325.0 1.26 2.37 2.73 1.77 8.13 2.03 330.20 314.48

215 325.0 1.26 2.37 2.75 1.79 8.17 2.04 330.20 314.48

216 650.0 3.42 4.68 5.28 4.11 17.49 4.37 660.40 628.95

217 650.0 3.45 4.71 5.32 4.16 17.64 4.41 660.40 628.95

218 650.0 3.50 4.76 5.37 4.23 17.86 4.47 660.40 628.95

219 650.0 3.56 4.82 5.44 4.29 18.11 4.53 660.40 628.95

220 650.0 3.58 4.82 5.45 4.30 18.15 4.54 660.40 628.95

221 650.0 3.61 4.86 5.47 4.36 18.30 4.58 660.40 628.95

222 975.0 5.62 6.69 7.65 6.66 26.62 6.66 990.60 943.43

223 975.0 5.77 6.80 7.78 6.84 27.19 6.80 990.60 943.43

224 975.0 5.83 6.87 7.85 6.93 27.48 6.87 990.60 943.43

225 975.0 5.87 6.91 7.88 6.97 27.63 6.91 990.60 943.43

226 975.0 5.87 6.94 7.89 6.98 27.68 6.92 990.60 943.43

227 975.0 5.88 6.94 7.90 7.00 27.72 6.93 990.60 943.43

228 975.0 5.91 6.96 7.93 7.05 27.85 6.96 990.60 943.43

229 1299.0 7.97 8.51 9.93 9.55 35.96 8.99 1319.78 1256.94

230 1299.0 8.07 8.61 10.04 9.67 36.39 9.10 1319.78 1256.94

231 1299.0 8.08 8.63 10.06 9.69 36.46 9.12 1319.78 1256.94

232 1299.0 8.17 8.72 10.16 9.80 36.85 9.21 1319.78 1256.94

233 1299.0 8.22 8.77 10.21 9.85 37.05 9.26 1319.78 1256.94

234 1299.0 8.25 8.81 10.25 9.88 37.19 9.30 1319.78 1256.94

235 1299.0 8.29 8.85 10.29 9.93 37.36 9.34 1319.78 1256.94

236 1299.0 8.31 8.86 10.30 9.95 37.42 9.36 1319.78 1256.94

237 1400.0 9.24 9.76 11.50 11.14 41.64 10.41 1422.40 1354.67

238 1400.0 9.63 10.19 12.13 11.73 43.68 10.92 1422.40 1354.67

239 1400.0 9.92 10.55 12.68 12.25 45.40 11.35 1422.40 1354.67

240 1400.0 10.07 10.72 12.90 12.45 46.14 11.54 1422.40 1354.67

241 1400.0 10.14 10.81 13.04 12.59 46.58 11.65 1422.40 1354.67

242 1624.0 10.19 10.85 13.14 12.66 46.84 11.71 1649.98 1571.41

243 1624.0 10.24 10.94 13.23 12.75 47.16 11.79 1649.98 1571.41

244 1624.0 10.30 11.00 13.29 12.81 47.40 11.85 1649.98 1571.41

245 1624.0 10.34 11.04 13.36 12.88 47.62 11.91 1649.98 1571.41

246 1624.0 10.40 11.10 13.44 12.96 47.90 11.98 1649.98 1571.41

247 1624.0 10.47 11.14 13.51 13.05 48.17 12.04 1649.98 1571.41

248 1624.0 10.47 11.16 13.53 13.05 48.21 12.05 1649.98 1571.41

249 1624.0 10.50 11.19 13.57 13.11 48.37 12.09 1649.98 1571.41

250 1624.0 10.50 11.19 13.56 13.11 48.36 12.09 1649.98 1571.41

251 1624.0 10.64 11.30 13.69 13.28 48.91 12.23 1649.98 1571.41

252 1624.0 10.80 11.42 13.84 13.46 49.52 12.38 1649.98 1571.41

253 1624.0 10.80 11.43 13.84 13.46 49.53 12.38 1649.98 1571.41

254 1624.0 11.09 11.74 14.18 13.80 50.81 12.70 1649.98 1571.41

255 1624.0 11.24 11.91 14.36 13.99 51.50 12.88 1649.98 1571.41

256 1624.0 11.31 11.98 14.46 14.07 51.82 12.96 1649.98 1571.41

257 1624.0 11.40 12.08 14.58 14.19 52.25 13.06 1649.98 1571.41

258 1624.0 11.49 12.18 14.70 14.31 52.68 13.17 1649.98 1571.41

259 1299.0 10.36 10.82 12.79 12.60 46.57 11.64 1319.78 1256.94

260 1299.0 10.35 10.81 12.78 12.56 46.50 11.63 1319.78 1256.94

261 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.75 12.52 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94

262 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.74 12.53 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94

263 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.75 12.52 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94

264 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.75 12.52 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94

265 975.0 8.40 9.38 10.95 10.24 38.97 9.74 990.60 943.43

266 975.0 8.35 9.34 10.90 10.18 38.77 9.69 990.60 943.43

267 975.0 8.31 9.31 10.87 10.14 38.63 9.66 990.60 943.43

268 975.0 8.27 9.28 10.83 10.09 38.47 9.62 990.60 943.43

269 975.0 8.28 9.27 10.83 10.09 38.47 9.62 990.60 943.43

270 975.0 8.27 9.27 10.83 10.09 38.46 9.62 990.60 943.43

271 650.0 6.10 7.21 8.48 7.61 29.40 7.35 660.40 628.95

272 650.0 6.05 7.17 8.44 7.51 29.17 7.29 660.40 628.95

273 650.0 6.01 7.13 8.39 7.47 29.00 7.25 660.40 628.95

274 650.0 6.01 7.12 8.39 7.47 28.99 7.25 660.40 628.95

275 650.0 5.97 7.09 8.35 7.42 28.83 7.21 660.40 628.95

276 650.0 5.96 7.07 8.33 7.41 28.77 7.19 660.40 628.95

277 325.0 3.61 4.61 5.60 4.85 18.67 4.67 330.20 314.48

278 325.0 3.55 4.54 5.54 4.74 18.37 4.59 330.20 314.48

279 325.0 3.55 4.55 5.54 4.74 18.38 4.60 330.20 314.48

280 325.0 3.55 4.55 5.54 4.74 18.38 4.60 330.20 314.48

281 325.0 3.41 4.39 5.38 4.60 17.78 4.45 330.20 314.48

282 325.0 3.42 4.39 5.38 4.60 17.79 4.45 330.20 314.48

283 0.0 0.90 1.41 1.83 1.64 5.78 1.45 0.00 0.00

284 0.0 0.71 1.23 1.63 1.45 5.02 1.26 0.00 0.00

285 0.0 0.62 1.12 1.51 1.33 4.58 1.15 0.00 0.00

286 0.0 0.52 1.03 1.41 1.23 4.19 1.05 0.00 0.00

287 0.0 0.42 0.94 1.31 1.09 3.76 0.94 0.00 0.00

288 0.0 0.37 0.89 1.24 1.02 3.52 0.88 0.00 0.00

289 0.0 0.32 0.84 1.19 0.95 3.30 0.83 0.00 0.00

290 0.0 0.25 0.78 1.12 0.89 3.04 0.76 0.00 0.00

291 0.0 0.19 0.74 1.05 0.78 2.76 0.69 0.00 0.00

292 0.0 0.17 0.72 1.03 0.77 2.69 0.67 0.00 0.00

293 0.0 0.07 0.50 0.79 0.52 1.88 0.47 0.00 0.00

294 0.0 0.07 0.34 0.58 0.28 1.27 0.32 0.00 0.00

295 0.0 0.07 0.15 0.37 0.07 0.66 0.17 0.00 0.00

296 0.0 0.06 0.15 0.36 0.06 0.63 0.16 0.00 0.00

297 0.0 0.05 0.32 0.17 0.04 0.58 0.15 0.00 0.00

298 0.0 0.03 0.77 0.63 0.02 1.45 0.36 0.00 0.00

APPENDIX 7

No Time (ms)

Load (MN)

Displacement (mm)

Velocity

(m/s)

Acceleration (m/s2)

M Ma(t) C Cv(t) Fu(t) MN to kN

kN to Ton

Ton to Tonne

s

Normalised data

(Tonnes/m)

1 0.00 1.42 -0.06 0.05 -35.16 0.0213754 -0.75 4.40 0.22 1.95 1951.56 195.86 198.99 110.55

2 1.00 1.33 -0.01 0.02 -43.95 -0.94 0.09 2.18 2181.45 218.93 222.43 123.57

3 2.00 1.52 -0.03 -0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.18 1.70 1696.00 170.21 172.93 96.07

4 3.00 1.49 -0.08 0.02 52.73 1.13 0.09 0.27 274.88 27.59 28.03 15.57

5 4.00 1.52 0.01 0.07 -13.18 -0.28 0.31 1.49 1493.73 149.91 152.31 84.62

6 5.00 1.45 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 -0.04 2.53 2527.29 253.64 257.70 143.16

7 6.00 1.36 -0.01 -0.03 21.97 0.47 -0.13 1.02 1022.38 102.61 104.25 57.92

8 7.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 0.81 808.22 81.11 82.41 45.78

9 8.00 1.23 0.06 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.04 1.84 1843.51 185.01 187.97 104.43

10 9.00 1.49 0.03 -0.03 4.39 0.09 -0.13 1.53 1528.16 153.37 155.82 86.57

11 10.00 1.36 0.01 0.02 26.37 0.56 0.09 0.71 708.33 71.09 72.23 40.13

12 11.00 1.58 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.45 1448.00 145.32 147.65 82.03

13 12.00 1.36 0.06 0.02 -13.18 -0.28 0.09 1.55 1553.73 155.93 158.43 88.02

14 13.00 1.42 0.10 0.00 -17.58 -0.38 0.00 1.80 1795.78 180.22 183.11 101.73

15 14.00 1.20 0.06 -0.02 -13.18 -0.28 -0.09 1.57 1569.73 157.54 160.06 88.92

16 15.00 1.42 0.06 -0.03 8.79 0.19 -0.13 1.36 1364.11 136.90 139.09 77.27

17 16.00 1.36 0.01 0.00 17.58 0.38 0.00 0.98 984.22 98.78 100.36 55.75

18 17.00 1.55 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 1.51 1506.00 151.14 153.56 85.31

19 18.00 1.36 0.03 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 0.00 1.45 1453.84 145.91 148.24 82.36

20 19.00 1.55 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 1550.00 155.56 158.05 87.80

21 20.00 1.45 0.03 0.00 -8.79 -0.19 0.00 1.64 1637.89 164.38 167.01 92.78

22 21.00 1.36 0.06 -0.02 -30.76 -0.66 -0.09 2.11 2105.51 211.31 214.69 119.27

23 22.00 1.42 -0.01 -0.06 0.00 0.00 -0.26 1.68 1684.00 169.01 171.71 95.39

24 23.00 1.45 -0.06 -0.02 35.16 0.75 -0.09 0.79 786.44 78.93 80.19 44.55

25 24.00 1.49 -0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 1.45 1446.00 145.12 147.44 81.91

26 25.00 1.36 -0.04 -0.02 -8.79 -0.19 -0.09 1.64 1635.89 164.18 166.80 92.67

27 26.00 1.58 -0.08 -0.01 17.58 0.38 -0.04 1.25 1248.22 125.27 127.28 70.71

28 27.00 1.42 -0.06 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.09 0.96 956.22 95.97 97.50 54.17

29 28.00 1.61 -0.04 0.03 -4.39 -0.09 0.13 1.57 1571.84 157.75 160.27 89.04

30 29.00 1.36 -0.01 0.01 -8.79 -0.19 0.04 1.50 1503.89 150.93 153.35 85.19

31 30.00 1.52 -0.03 0.01 17.58 0.38 0.04 1.10 1100.22 110.42 112.18 62.32

32 31.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.18 1.37 1371.89 137.68 139.89 77.71

33 32.00 1.71 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 -0.04 2.79 2787.29 279.73 284.21 157.89

34 33.00 1.61 -0.01 -0.05 -4.39 -0.09 -0.22 1.92 1923.84 193.08 196.17 108.98

35 34.00 1.77 -0.04 -0.02 17.58 0.38 -0.09 1.48 1482.22 148.76 151.14 83.96

36 35.00 1.68 -0.04 -0.02 8.79 0.19 -0.09 1.58 1580.11 158.58 161.12 89.51

37 36.00 1.74 -0.08 0.00 26.37 0.56 0.00 1.18 1176.33 118.06 119.95 66.64

38 37.00 1.77 -0.04 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 1.22 1218.22 122.26 124.22 69.01

39 38.00 1.87 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.69 1694.00 170.01 172.73 95.96

40 39.00 2.19 0.03 0.04 -4.39 -0.09 0.18 2.11 2107.84 211.54 214.93 119.40

41 40.00 2.25 0.06 0.03 -13.18 -0.28 0.13 2.40 2399.73 240.84 244.69 135.94

42 41.00 2.47 0.08 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.04 2.71 2707.73 271.75 276.10 153.39

43 42.00 2.57 0.08 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.00 2.29 2288.27 229.65 233.33 129.63

44 43.00 2.73 0.08 0.04 30.76 0.66 0.18 1.90 1896.49 190.33 193.38 107.43

45 44.00 2.85 0.15 0.06 -13.18 -0.28 0.26 2.87 2867.73 287.81 292.41 162.45

46 45.00 3.17 0.20 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.04 3.78 3783.51 379.71 385.79 214.33

47 46.00 3.17 0.17 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 0.00 3.26 3263.84 327.56 332.80 184.89

48 47.00 3.55 0.20 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.00 3.27 3268.27 328.00 333.25 185.14

49 48.00 3.46 0.17 0.03 8.79 0.19 0.13 3.14 3140.11 315.14 320.18 177.88

50 49.00 4.06 0.26 0.02 8.79 0.19 0.09 3.78 3784.11 379.77 385.85 214.36

51 50.00 4.13 0.20 0.04 35.16 0.75 0.18 3.20 3202.44 321.40 326.54 181.41

52 51.00 4.48 0.34 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.40 4.08 4084.00 409.87 416.43 231.35

53 52.00 4.79 0.38 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.18 5.27 5271.51 529.05 537.51 298.62

54 53.00 4.89 0.43 0.03 8.79 0.19 0.13 4.57 4570.11 458.66 465.99 258.89

55 54.00 5.30 0.43 0.06 26.37 0.56 0.26 4.47 4472.33 448.84 456.02 253.35

56 55.00 5.69 0.55 0.08 -4.39 -0.09 0.35 5.43 5431.84 545.14 553.86 307.70

57 56.00 6.04 0.59 0.05 8.79 0.19 0.22 5.63 5632.11 565.24 574.28 319.05

58 57.00 6.32 0.66 0.10 35.16 0.75 0.44 5.13 5128.44 514.69 522.93 290.51

59 58.00 6.83 0.78 0.12 21.97 0.47 0.53 5.83 5832.38 585.34 594.70 330.39

60 59.00 7.12 0.91 0.14 -17.58 -0.38 0.62 6.88 6879.78 690.45 701.50 389.72

61 60.00 7.53 1.06 0.09 -35.16 -0.75 0.40 7.89 7885.56 791.39 804.06 446.70

62 61.00 7.85 1.08 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.31 7.54 7542.00 756.92 769.03 427.24

63 62.00 8.61 1.20 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.40 8.12 8120.16 814.94 827.98 459.99

64 63.00 9.06 1.26 0.08 8.79 0.19 0.35 8.52 8520.11 855.08 868.76 482.64

65 64.00 9.66 1.36 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.48 8.99 8988.11 902.05 916.48 509.16

66 65.00 10.11 1.47 0.10 4.39 0.09 0.44 9.58 9576.16 961.06 976.44 542.47

67 66.00 10.71 1.56 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.48 10.04

10038.11

1007.42

1023.54 568.64

68 67.00 11.29 1.70 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.48 10.81

10806.00

1084.49

1101.84 612.13

69 68.00 12.05 1.78 0.11 39.55 0.85 0.48 10.72

10720.60

1075.92

1093.13 607.30

70 69.00 12.56 1.93 0.19 57.13 1.22 0.84 10.50

10502.82

1054.06

1070.93 594.96

71 70.00 13.26 2.17 0.23 -8.79 -0.19 1.01 12.44

12435.89

1248.07

1268.03 704.46

72 71.00 13.83 2.38 0.18 -21.97 -0.47 0.79 13.51

13507.62

1355.62

1377.31 765.17

73 72.00 14.60 2.52 0.18 17.58 0.38 0.79 13.43

13432.22

1348.06

1369.63 760.90

74 73.00 15.33 2.75 0.21 -8.79 -0.19 0.92 14.59

14593.89

1464.64

1488.08 826.71

75 74.00 16.12 2.95 0.17 -17.58 -0.38 0.75 15.75

15747.78

1580.45

1605.73 892.07

76 75.00 16.57 3.09 0.18 48.34 1.03 0.79 14.74

14744.71

1479.78

1503.46 835.25

77 76.00 17.30 3.30 0.26 65.92 1.41 1.14 14.75

14746.93

1480.00

1503.68 835.38

78 77.00 17.84 3.61 0.31 -35.16 -0.75 1.36 17.23

17227.56

1728.96

1756.62 975.90

79 78.00 18.73 3.91 0.19 -87.89 -1.88 0.84 19.77

19772.68

1984.39

2016.14 1120.08

80 79.00 19.43 4.00 0.13 4.39 0.09 0.57 18.76

18764.16

1883.17

1913.30 1062.95

81 80.00 20.20 4.18 0.20 74.71 1.60 0.88 17.72

17723.04

1778.68

1807.14 1003.97

82 81.00 20.87 4.40 0.28 79.10 1.69 1.23 17.95

17947.21

1801.18

1830.00 1016.67

83 82.00 21.53 4.74 0.36 8.79 0.19 1.58 19.76

19758.11

1982.92

2014.65 1119.25

84 83.00 22.20 5.12 0.30 -74.71 -1.60 1.32 22.48

22476.96

2255.79

2291.88 1273.27

85 84.00 22.84 5.34 0.21 -52.73 -1.13 0.92 23.04

23043.12

2312.61

2349.61 1305.34

86 85.00 23.48 5.55 0.19 -17.58 -0.38 0.84 23.0 23019.7 2310.2 2347.2 1304.02

2 8 7 3

87 86.00 23.89 5.72 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.79 23.10

23098.00

2318.12

2355.21 1308.45

88 87.00 24.14 5.90 0.19 35.16 0.75 0.84 22.55

22552.44

2263.36

2299.58 1277.54

89 88.00 24.33 6.11 0.25 35.16 0.75 1.10 22.48

22478.44

2255.94

2292.03 1273.35

90 89.00 24.46 6.39 0.26 17.58 0.38 1.14 22.94

22940.22

2302.28

2339.12 1299.51

91 90.00 24.56 6.64 0.28 21.97 0.47 1.23 22.86

22858.38

2294.07

2330.77 1294.87

92 91.00 24.62 6.95 0.31 -65.92 -1.41 1.36 24.67

24665.07

2475.39

2514.99 1397.22

93 92.00 24.49 7.25 0.15 -140.63 -3.01 0.66 26.84

26836.02

2693.26

2736.36 1520.20

94 93.00 24.53 7.25 0.03 -26.37 -0.56 0.13 24.96

24961.67

2505.15

2545.24 1414.02

95 94.00 24.37 7.30 0.10 74.71 1.60 0.44 22.33

22333.04

2241.34

2277.21 1265.11

96 95.00 24.24 7.45 0.18 13.18 0.28 0.79 23.17

23166.27

2324.97

2362.17 1312.31

97 96.00 24.11 7.66 0.12 -43.95 -0.94 0.53 24.52

24521.45

2460.97

2500.35 1389.08

98 97.00 23.83 7.69 0.09 8.79 0.19 0.40 23.25

23246.11

2332.98

2370.31 1316.84

99 98.00 23.57 7.83 0.14 17.58 0.38 0.62 22.58

22578.22

2265.95

2302.21 1279.00

100 99.00 23.44 7.97 0.12 -26.37 -0.56 0.53 23.48

23475.67

2356.02

2393.71 1329.84

101 100.00 23.32 8.08 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.40 22.83

22830.16

2291.24

2327.89 1293.27

102 101.00 23.19 8.15 0.13 35.16 0.75 0.57 21.87

21866.44

2194.52

2229.63 1238.68

103 102.00 23.06 8.34 0.16 8.79 0.19 0.70 22.17

22168.11

2224.79

2260.39 1255.77

104 103.00 22.74 8.46 0.15 -52.73 -1.13 0.66 23.21

23207.12

2329.07

2366.33 1314.63

105 104.00 22.58 8.64 0.05 -74.71 -1.60 0.22 23.96

23956.96

2404.32

2442.79 1357.11

106 105.00 22.23 8.57 0.00 -21.97 -0.47 0.00 22.70

22699.62

2278.13

2314.58 1285.88

107 106.00 22.23 8.64 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.04 22.47

22467.73

2254.86

2290.94 1272.74

108 107.00 21.98 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 -0.13 22.21

22205.84

2228.58

2264.24 1257.91

109 108.00 21.82 8.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.82

21820.00

2189.86

2224.89 1236.05

110 109.00 21.47 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 -0.13 21.70

21695.84

2177.39

2212.23 1229.02

111 110.00 21.28 8.53 -0.01 -13.18 -0.28 -0.04 21.61

21605.73

2168.35

2203.04 1223.91

112 111.00 21.02 8.57 -0.05 -65.92 -1.41 -0.22 22.65

22649.07

2273.06

2309.43 1283.02

113 112.00 20.77 8.43 -0.14 -17.58 -0.38 -0.62 21.76

21761.78

2184.01

2218.96 1232.75

114 113.00 20.64 8.29 -0.09 4.39 0.09 -0.40 20.94

20942.16

2101.76

2135.38 1186.32

115 114.00 20.48 8.25 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.57 21.62

21615.67

2169.35

2204.06 1224.48

116 115.00 20.13 8.03 -0.14 -8.79 -0.19 -0.62 20.93

20933.89

2100.93

2134.54 1185.86

117 116.00 19.78 7.97 -0.15 8.79 0.19 -0.66 20.25

20252.11

2032.50

2065.02 1147.23

118 117.00 19.18 7.73 -0.12 30.76 0.66 -0.53 19.05

19050.49

1911.91

1942.50 1079.17

119 118.00 18.80 7.73 -0.09 -13.18 -0.28 -0.40 19.48

19477.73

1954.78

1986.06 1103.37

120 119.00 18.29 7.55 -0.15 -26.37 -0.56 -0.66 19.51

19513.67

1958.39

1989.73 1105.40

121 120.00 17.49 7.43 -0.14 43.95 0.94 -0.62 17.17

17166.55

1722.84

1750.40 972.44

122 121.00 17.05 7.27 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.26 15.62

15623.21

1567.94

1593.03 885.02

123 122.00 16.38 7.30 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.09 15.92

15916.22

1597.35

1622.91 901.62

124 123.00 15.93 7.30 -0.03 -61.52 -1.32 -0.13 17.38

17377.01

1743.96

1771.86 984.37

125 124.00 15.20 7.25 -0.11 -26.37 -0.56 -0.48 16.25

16247.67

1630.62

1656.71 920.39

126 125.00 14.31 7.09 -0.08 21.97 0.47 -0.35 14.19

14192.38

1424.35

1447.14 803.97

127 126.00 13.77 7.09 -0.06 -74.71 -1.60 -0.26 15.63

15630.96

1568.72

1593.82 885.46

128 127.00 12.94 6.97 -0.23 -57.13 -1.22 -1.01 15.17

15173.18

1522.78

1547.14 859.52

129 128.00 12.05 6.64 -0.18 21.97 0.47 -0.79 12.37

12372.38

1241.69

1261.56 700.87

130 129.00 12.11 6.62 -0.18 -52.73 -1.13 -0.79 14.03

14029.12

1407.96

1430.49 794.72

131 130.00 11.25 6.27 -0.28 17.58 0.38 -1.23 12.11

12106.22

1214.98

1234.42 685.79

132 131.00 10.81 6.06 -0.15 92.29 1.97 -0.66 9.50 9497.26 953.15 968.40 538.00

133 132.00 10.17 5.97 -0.10 -48.34 -1.03 -0.44 11.64

11643.29

1168.52

1187.22 659.56

134 133.00 8.68 5.86 -0.25 -30.76 -0.66 -1.10 10.44

10437.51

1047.51

1064.27 591.26

135 134.00 8.10 5.48 -0.16 140.62 3.01 -0.70 5.80 5798.19 581.91 591.22 328.45

136 135.00 8.26 5.55 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 7.71 7708.22 773.60 785.97 436.65

137 136.00 7.12 5.55 -0.12 -175.78 -3.76 -0.53 11.41

11405.37

1144.64

1162.96 646.09

138 137.00 6.42 5.30 -0.32 -52.73 -1.13 -1.41 8.96 8955.12 898.74 913.12 507.29

139 138.00 6.00 4.91 -0.23 70.31 1.50 -1.01 5.51 5509.10 552.89 561.74 312.08

140 139.00 5.75 4.84 -0.18 30.76 0.66 -0.79 5.88 5884.49 590.57 600.02 333.34

141 140.00 5.40 4.56 -0.17 21.97 0.47 -0.75 5.68 5678.38 569.88 579.00 321.67

142 141.00 4.70 4.51 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.57 5.84 5835.67 585.67 595.04 330.58

143 142.00 4.32 4.30 -0.22 8.79 0.19 -0.97 5.10 5100.11 511.85 520.04 288.91

144 143.00 3.65 4.07 -0.11 8.79 0.19 -0.48 3.95 3946.11 396.03 402.37 223.54

145 144.00 3.52 4.07 -0.20 -35.16 -0.75 -0.88 5.15 5151.56 517.01 525.28 291.82

146 145.00 2.95 3.67 -0.18 87.89 1.88 -0.79 1.86 1863.32 187.00 189.99 105.55

147 146.00 3.46 3.70 -0.03 79.10 1.69 -0.13 1.90 1901.21 190.81 193.86 107.70

148 147.00 2.98 3.61 -0.03 -83.50 -1.78 -0.13 4.90 4896.85 491.45 499.31 277.39

149 148.00 2.54 3.65 -0.19 -105.47 -2.25 -0.84 5.63 5630.46 565.07 574.11 318.95

150 149.00 1.80 3.23 -0.24 65.92 1.41 -1.06 1.45 1446.93 145.21 147.54 81.97

151 150.00 2.44 3.17 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.26 1.01 1013.21 101.69 103.31 57.40

152 151.00 2.12 3.10 -0.08 -26.37 -0.56 -0.35 3.04 3035.67 304.66 309.53 171.96

153 152.00 1.74 3.02 -0.11 21.97 0.47 -0.48 1.75 1754.38 176.07 178.89 99.38

154 153.00 1.55 2.87 -0.04 74.71 1.60 -0.18 0.13 129.04 12.95 13.16 7.31

155 154.00 2.03 2.95 0.04 -26.37 -0.56 0.18 2.42 2417.67 242.64 246.52 136.96

156 155.00 1.36 2.95 -0.09 -35.16 -0.75 -0.40 2.51 2507.56 251.66 255.69 142.05

157 156.00 1.29 2.77 -0.04 70.31 1.50 -0.18 -

0.04 -36.90 -3.70 -3.76 -2.09

158 157.00 1.55 2.87 0.05 21.97 0.47 0.22 0.86 860.38 86.35 87.73 48.74

159 158.00 1.17 2.87 0.01 -57.13 -1.22 0.04 2.35 2347.18 235.56 239.33 132.96

160 159.00 1.01 2.89 -0.06 -4.39 -0.09 -0.26 1.37 1367.84 137.28 139.47 77.48

161 160.00 0.59 2.75 0.00 79.10 1.69 0.00 -

1.10 -

1100.79 -110.48 -

112.24 -62.36

162 161.00 0.98 2.89 0.10 17.58 0.38 0.44 0.16 164.22 16.48 16.74 9.30

163 162.00 0.98 2.95 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.18 1.46 1461.51 146.68 149.02 82.79

164 163.00 0.85 2.96 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.67 674.00 67.64 68.72 38.18

165 164.00 0.79 3.02 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.18 1.08 1083.62 108.75 110.49 61.38

166 165.00 0.53 3.03 -0.01 -4.39 -0.09 -0.04 0.67 667.84 67.02 68.10 37.83

167 166.00 0.82 3.00 0.03 43.95 0.94 0.13 -

0.25 -251.45 -25.24 -25.64 -14.24

168 167.00 0.59 3.09 0.08 4.39 0.09 0.35 0.14 144.16 14.47 14.70 8.17

169 168.00 0.91 3.16 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.18 1.20 1203.62 120.80 122.73 68.18

170 169.00 0.69 3.16 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.18 0.70 701.89 70.44 71.57 39.76

171 170.00 0.72 3.23 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.63 632.00 63.43 64.44 35.80

172 171.00 0.91 3.19 0.04 -13.18 -0.28 0.18 1.02 1015.73 101.94 103.57 57.54

173 172.00 0.56 3.30 -0.01 -35.16 -0.75 -0.04 1.36 1355.56 136.04 138.22 76.79

174 173.00 0.59 3.17 -0.04 21.97 0.47 -0.18 0.30 296.38 29.74 30.22 16.79

175 174.00 0.69 3.23 0.04 57.13 1.22 0.18 -

0.71 -707.18 -70.97 -72.11 -40.06

176 175.00 0.82 3.24 0.08 13.18 0.28 0.35 0.19 186.27 18.69 18.99 10.55

177 176.00 0.98 3.38 0.06 -26.37 -0.56 0.26 1.28 1279.67 128.43 130.48 72.49

178 177.00 0.91 3.37 0.03 -30.76 -0.66 0.13 1.44 1435.51 144.07 146.37 81.32

179 178.00 0.85 3.44 0.00 -26.37 -0.56 0.00 1.41 1413.67 141.88 144.15 80.08

180 179.00 0.47 3.37 -0.03 17.58 0.38 -0.13 0.23 226.22 22.70 23.07 12.81

181 180.00 0.79 3.38 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.18 0.05 50.33 5.05 5.13 2.85

182 181.00 0.85 3.44 0.03 -17.58 -0.38 0.13 1.09 1093.78 109.77 111.53 61.96

183 182.00 0.75 3.44 0.00 8.79 0.19 0.00 0.56 562.11 56.41 57.32 31.84

184 183.00 0.79 3.44 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 0.24 238.22 23.91 24.29 13.49

185 184.00 0.66 3.53 0.04 -17.58 -0.38 0.18 0.86 859.78 86.29 87.67 48.70

186 185.00 0.66 3.51 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.62 616.00 61.82 62.81 34.89

187 186.00 0.72 3.54 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.18 -

0.02 -19.67 -1.97 -2.01 -1.11

188 187.00 0.72 3.58 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.46 456.00 45.76 46.50 25.83

189 188.00 0.59 3.67 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.18 1.07 1071.51 107.54 109.26 60.70

190 189.00 0.66 3.65 0.00 17.58 0.38 0.00 0.28 284.22 28.52 28.98 16.10

191 190.00 0.98 3.67 0.07 70.31 1.50 0.31 -

0.83 -830.90 -83.39 -84.72 -47.07

192 191.00 0.69 3.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.07 74.00 7.43 7.55 4.19

193 192.00 0.47 3.95 0.07 -127.44 -2.72 0.31 2.89 2886.08 289.65 294.28 163.49

194 193.00 0.02 3.93 -0.11 -65.92 -1.41 -0.48 1.91 1913.07 192.00 195.07 108.37

195 194.00 0.34 3.72 -0.06 74.71 1.60 -0.26 -

0.99 -992.96 -99.65 -

101.25 -56.25

196 195.00 1.04 3.81 0.04 39.55 0.85 0.18 0.02 18.60 1.87 1.90 1.05

197 196.00 0.69 3.79 0.02 -17.58 -0.38 0.09 0.98 977.78 98.13 99.70 55.39

198 197.00 0.53 3.84 0.00 -35.16 -0.75 0.00 1.28 1281.56 128.62 130.68 72.60

199 198.00 0.40 3.79 -0.05 -52.73 -1.13 -0.22 1.75 1747.12 175.34 178.15 98.97

200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

APPENDIX 8

No Time (ms)

Load (MN)

Displacement (mm)

Velocity

(m/s)

Acceleration (m/s2)

k(i + 1) u(i + 1) - u(i)

G * H Fu(i+1) M Ma(i+1) C-J-L C(i+1) C(i+2) C(i+2)*v(i+1)

Fu(i+2) Fu(i+2) -

Fu(i+1)

u(i+2)-u(i+1)

k(i+2) Fu MN to kN kN to Ton Ton to Tonnes

Normalised data

(Tonnes/m)

0.0213754

1 0.00 1.42 -0.06 0.05 -35.16 -23.667 -0.060 1.420 1.420 -0.752 0.752 15.031 1.420 1420.00 142.51 144.79 80.44

2 1.00 1.33 -0.01 0.02 -43.95 -0.939 15.031 0.301 1.969 0.549 0.050 10.977 1.969 1968.83 197.59 200.75 111.53

3 2.00 1.52 -0.03 -0.04 0.00 -50.667 -0.020 1.013 2.343 0.000 -0.823 20.583 2.343 2343.33 235.18 238.94 132.74

4 3.00 1.49 -0.08 0.02 52.73 1.127 20.583 0.412 -0.049 -2.392 -0.050 47.842 -0.049 -48.79 -4.90 -4.98 -2.76

5 4.00 1.52 0.01 0.07 -13.18 152.000 0.090 13.680 15.170 -0.282 -13.368 -190.975 15.170 15170.00 1522.46 1546.82 859.34

6 5.00 1.45 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.033 -190.975 1.910 0.574 -14.596 0.050 -291.929 0.574 573.53 57.56 58.48 32.49

7 6.00 1.36 -0.01 -0.03 21.97 -136.000 -0.070 9.520 10.970 0.470 -10.080 335.987 10.970 10970.00 1100.95 1118.56 621.42

8 7.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 17.58 0.376 335.987 13.439 -12.455 -23.425 0.020 -1171.263 -12.455 -12455.27 -1250.01 -1270.01 -100.00

9 8.00 1.23 0.06 0.01 -30.76 20.500 0.050 1.025 2.385 -0.658 -0.497 -49.749 2.385 2385.00 239.36 243.19 135.10

10 9.00 1.49 0.03 -0.03 4.39 0.094 -49.749 1.492 -0.096 -2.481 -0.030 82.711 -0.096 -96.32 -9.67 -9.82 -5.46

11 10.00 1.36 0.01 0.02 26.37 136.000 -0.020 -2.720 -1.230 0.564 2.026 101.317 -1.230 -1230.00 -123.44 -125.42 -69.68

12 11.00 1.58 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.000 101.317 3.039 -1.459 -0.229 0.050 -4.590 -1.459 -1459.50 -146.48 -148.82 -82.68

13 12.00 1.36 0.06 0.02 -13.18 22.667 0.000 0.000 1.580 -0.282 0.062 3.086 1.580 1580.00 158.57 161.11 89.50

14 13.00 1.42 0.10 0.00 -17.58 -0.376 3.086 0.000 1.796 0.216 0.040 5.394 1.796 1795.78 180.22 183.11 101.73

15 14.00 1.20 0.06 -0.02 -13.18 20.000 -0.040 -0.800 0.620 -0.282 0.862 -43.086 0.620 620.00 62.22 63.22 35.12

16 15.00 1.42 0.06 -0.03 8.79 0.188 -43.086 1.293 -0.060 -0.680 0.000 #DIV/0! -0.060 -60.48 -6.07 -6.17 -3.43

17 16.00 1.36 0.01 0.00 17.58 136.000 -0.050 -6.800 -5.380 0.376 6.364 #DIV/0! -5.380 -5380.00 -539.94 -548.58 -304.76


19 18.00 1.36 0.03 0.00 -4.39 45.333 -0.030 -1.360 0.190 -0.094 1.264 #DIV/0! 0.190 190.00 19.07 19.37 10.76


21 20.00 1.45 0.03 0.00 -8.79 48.333 -0.030 -1.450 0.100 -0.188 1.538 #DIV/0! 0.100 100.00 10.04 10.20 5.66

22 21.00 1.36 0.06 -0.02 -30.76 -0.658 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.030 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

23 22.00 1.42 -0.01 -0.06 0.00 -142.000 -0.070 9.940 11.300 0.000 -9.880 164.667 11.300 11300.00 1134.07 1152.21 640.12

24 23.00 1.45 -0.06 -0.02 35.16 0.752 164.667 -3.293 3.992 -7.308 -0.050 146.165 3.992 3991.77 400.61 407.02 226.12

25 24.00 1.49 -0.04 0.01 0.00 -37.250 0.020 -0.745 0.705 0.000 0.785 78.500 0.705 705.00 70.75 71.89 39.94

26 25.00 1.36 -0.04 -0.02 -8.79 -0.188 78.500 -1.570 3.118 2.413 0.000 #DIV/0! 3.118 3117.89 312.91 317.92 176.62

27 26.00 1.58 -0.08 -0.01 17.58 -19.750 -0.040 0.790 2.150 0.376 -0.946 94.578 2.150 2150.00 215.77 219.23 121.79

28 27.00 1.42 -0.06 0.02 17.58 0.376 94.578 1.892 -0.847 -2.997 0.020 -149.867 -0.847 -847.34 -85.04 -86.40 -48.00

29 28.00 1.61 -0.04 0.03 -4.39 -40.250 0.020 -0.805 0.615 -0.094 1.089 36.295 0.615 615.00 61.72 62.71 34.84

30 29.00 1.36 -0.01 0.01 -8.79 -0.188 36.295 0.363 1.185 0.570 0.030 18.998 1.185 1184.94 118.92 120.82 67.12

31 30.00 1.52 -0.03 0.01 17.58 -50.667 -0.020 1.013 2.373 0.376 -1.229 -122.911 2.373 2373.33 238.19 242.00 134.44

32 31.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 -8.79 -0.188 -122.911 -4.916 6.464 4.091 0.040 102.275 6.464 6464.34 648.76 659.14 366.19

33 32.00 1.71 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 28.500 0.050 1.425 2.785 -1.033 -0.042 4.171 2.785 2785.00 279.50 283.97 157.76

34 33.00 1.61 -0.01 -0.05 -4.39 -0.094 4.171 -0.209 1.912 -0.873 -0.070 12.466 1.912 1912.40 191.93 195.00 108.33

35 34.00 1.77 -0.04 -0.02 17.58 -44.250 -0.030 1.328 2.938 0.376 -1.543 77.164 2.938 2937.50 294.81 299.52 166.40

36 35.00 1.68 -0.04 -0.02 8.79 0.188 77.164 -1.543 3.035 0.098 0.000 #DIV/0! 3.035 3035.39 304.63 309.51 171.95

37 36.00 1.74 -0.08 0.00 26.37 -21.750 -0.040 0.870 2.550 0.564 -1.374 #DIV/0! 2.550 2550.00 255.92 260.01 144.45

38 37.00 1.77 -0.04 0.04 17.58 0.376 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.040 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

39 38.00 1.87 -0.01 0.04 0.00 -187.000 0.030 -5.610 -3.840 0.000 5.710 142.750 -3.840 -3840.00 -385.38 -391.55 -217.53

40 39.00 2.19 0.03 0.04 -4.39 -0.094 142.750 5.710 -3.426 0.414 0.040 10.346 -3.426 -3426.16 -343.85 -349.35 -194.08

41 40.00 2.25 0.06 0.03 -13.18 37.500 0.030 1.125 3.315 -0.282 -0.783 -26.109 3.315 3315.00 332.69 338.02 187.79

42 41.00 2.47 0.08 0.01 -13.18 -0.282 -26.109 -0.261 3.013 -0.302 0.020 -15.109 3.013 3012.82 302.37 307.20 170.67

43 42.00 2.57 0.08 0.00 13.18 32.125 0.000 0.000 2.470 0.282 -0.182 #DIV/0! 2.470 2470.00 247.89 251.86 139.92


45 44.00 2.85 0.15 0.06 -13.18 19.000 0.070 1.330 4.060 -0.282 -0.928 -15.471 4.060 4060.00 407.46 413.98 229.99

46 45.00 3.17 0.20 0.01 -30.76 -0.658 -15.471 -0.155 3.982 -0.078 0.050 -1.556 3.982 3982.22 399.66 406.05 225.58

47 46.00 3.17 0.17 0.00 -4.39 18.647 -0.030 -0.559 2.611 -0.094 0.653 #DIV/0! 2.611 2610.59 262.00 266.19 147.88


49 48.00 3.46 0.17 0.03 8.79 20.353 -0.030 -0.611 2.939 0.188 0.333 11.090 2.939 2939.41 295.00 299.72 166.51

50 49.00 4.06 0.26 0.02 8.79 0.188 11.090 0.222 3.650 0.711 0.090 7.899 3.650 3650.31 366.35 372.21 206.78

51 50.00 4.13 0.20 0.04 35.16 20.650 -0.060 -1.239 2.821 0.752 0.557 13.936 2.821 2821.00 283.12 287.65 159.80

52 51.00 4.48 0.34 0.09 0.00 0.000 13.936 1.254 3.226 0.405 0.140 2.891 3.226 3225.76 323.74 328.92 182.73

53 52.00 4.79 0.38 0.04 -30.76 12.605 0.040 0.504 4.984 -0.658 0.463 11.582 4.984 4984.21 500.22 508.22 282.34

54 53.00 4.89 0.43 0.03 8.79 0.188 11.582 0.347 4.355 -0.630 0.050 -12.591 4.355 4354.64 437.03 444.02 246.68

55 54.00 5.30 0.43 0.06 26.37 12.326 0.000 0.000 4.890 0.564 -0.154 -2.561 4.890 4890.00 490.76 498.61 277.01

56 55.00 5.69 0.55 0.08 -4.39 -0.094 -2.561 -0.205 5.989 1.099 0.120 9.156 5.989 5988.73 601.03 610.65 339.25

57 56.00 6.04 0.59 0.05 8.79 10.237 0.040 0.409 6.099 0.188 -0.247 -4.948 6.099 6099.49 612.14 621.94 345.52

58 57.00 6.32 0.66 0.10 35.16 0.752 -4.948 -0.495 6.063 -0.036 0.070 -0.518 6.063 6063.20 608.50 618.24 343.47

59 58.00 6.83 0.78 0.12 21.97 8.756 0.120 1.051 7.371 0.470 -1.010 -8.420 7.371 7370.77 739.73 751.57 417.54

60 59.00 7.12 0.91 0.14 -17.58 -0.376 -8.420 -1.179 8.675 1.304 0.130 10.029 8.675 8674.56 870.58 884.51 491.39

61 60.00 7.53 1.06 0.09 -35.16 7.104 0.150 1.066 8.186 -0.752 0.096 1.067 8.186 8185.57 821.50 834.65 463.69

62 61.00 7.85 1.08 0.07 0.00 0.000 1.067 0.075 7.775 -0.410 0.020 -20.511 7.775 7775.34 780.33 792.82 440.45

63 62.00 8.61 1.20 0.09 4.39 7.175 0.120 0.861 8.711 0.094 -0.195 -2.165 8.711 8711.00 874.24 888.22 493.46

64 63.00 9.06 1.26 0.08 8.79 0.188 -2.165 -0.173 9.045 0.334 0.060 5.572 9.045 9045.30 907.79 922.31 512.39

65 64.00 9.66 1.36 0.11 8.79 7.103 0.100 0.710 9.770 0.188 -0.298 -2.711 9.770 9770.29 980.55 996.24 553.46

66 65.00 10.11 1.47 0.10 4.39 0.094 -2.711 -0.271 10.287 0.517 0.110 4.699 10.287 10287.24 1032.43 1048.95 582.75

67 66.00 10.71 1.56 0.11 8.79 6.865 0.090 0.618 10.728 0.188 -0.206 -1.871 10.728 10727.88 1076.65 1093.88 607.71

68 67.00 11.29 1.70 0.11 0.00 0.000 -1.871 -0.206 11.496 0.768 0.140 5.485 11.496 11495.77 1153.72 1172.18 651.21

69 68.00 12.05 1.78 0.11 39.55 6.770 0.080 0.542 11.832 0.845 -0.627 -5.700 11.832 11831.57 1187.42 1206.42 670.23

70 69.00 12.56 1.93 0.19 57.13 1.221 -5.700 -1.083 12.422 0.590 0.150 3.935 12.422 12421.77 1246.65 1266.60 703.66

71 70.00 13.26 2.17 0.23 -8.79 6.111 0.240 1.467 14.027 -0.188 -0.579 -2.516 14.027 14026.54 1407.70 1430.23 794.57

72 71.00 13.83 2.38 0.18 -21.97 -0.470 -2.516 -0.453 14.752 0.726 0.210 3.457 14.752 14752.48 1480.56 1504.25 835.69

73 72.00 14.60 2.52 0.18 17.58 5.794 0.140 0.811 14.641 0.376 -0.417 -2.316 14.641 14641.11 1469.38 1492.89 829.38

74 73.00 15.33 2.75 0.21 -8.79 -0.188 -2.316 -0.486 16.004 1.363 0.230 5.927 16.004 16004.26 1606.19 1631.89 906.60

75 74.00 16.12 2.95 0.17 -17.58 5.464 0.200 1.093 16.423 -0.376 0.073 0.429 16.423 16422.88 1648.20 1674.57 930.32

76 75.00 16.57 3.09 0.18 48.34 1.033 0.429 0.077 15.460 -0.963 0.140 -6.881 15.460 15459.53 1551.52 1576.34 875.75

77 76.00 17.30 3.30 0.26 65.92 5.242 0.210 1.101 17.671 1.409 -1.780 -6.846 17.671 17670.91 1773.45 1801.83 1001.02

78 77.00 17.84 3.61 0.31 -35.16 -0.752 -6.846 -2.122 20.714 3.043 0.310 9.816 20.714 20713.84 2078.84 2112.10 1173.39

79 78.00 18.73 3.91 0.19 -87.89 4.790 0.300 1.437 19.277 -1.879 1.332 7.008 19.277 19277.08 1934.65 1965.60 1092.00

80 79.00 19.43 4.00 0.13 4.39 0.094 7.008 0.911 18.425 -0.852 0.090 -9.467 18.425 18425.07 1849.14 1878.73 1043.74

81 80.00 20.20 4.18 0.20 74.71 4.833 0.180 0.870 20.300 1.597 -1.697 -8.484 20.300 20299.86 2037.29 2069.89 1149.94

82 81.00 20.87 4.40 0.28 79.10 1.691 -8.484 -2.376 21.555 1.255 0.220 5.704 21.555 21554.74 2163.23 2197.85 1221.03

83 82.00 21.53 4.74 0.36 8.79 4.542 0.340 1.544 22.414 0.188 -1.072 -2.978 22.414 22414.35 2249.50 2285.50 1269.72

84 83.00 22.20 5.12 0.30 -74.71 -1.597 -2.978 -0.894 24.690 2.276 0.380 5.990 24.690 24690.49 2477.94 2517.58 1398.66

85 84.00 22.84 5.34 0.21 -52.73 4.277 0.220 0.941 23.141 -1.127 0.826 3.934 23.141 23140.97 2322.43 2359.59 1310.88

86 85.00 23.48 5.55 0.19 -17.58 -0.376 3.934 0.747 23.108 -0.033 0.210 -0.156 23.108 23108.31 2319.15 2356.26 1309.03

87 86.00 23.89 5.72 0.18 0.00 4.177 0.170 0.710 24.190 0.000 -0.300 -1.667 24.190 24190.02 2427.71 2466.55 1370.31

88 87.00 24.14 5.90 0.19 35.16 0.752 -1.667 -0.317 23.705 -0.485 0.180 -2.694 23.705 23705.13 2379.05 2417.11 1342.84

89 88.00 24.33 6.11 0.25 35.16 3.982 0.210 0.836 24.976 0.752 -1.398 -5.591 24.976 24976.22 2506.61 2546.72 1414.84

90 89.00 24.46 6.39 0.26 17.58 0.376 -5.591 -1.454 25.538 0.562 0.280 2.006 25.538 25537.91 2562.98 2603.99 1446.66

91 90.00 24.56 6.64 0.28 21.97 3.699 0.250 0.925 25.385 0.470 -1.294 -4.623 25.385 25384.70 2547.61 2588.37 1437.98

92 91.00 24.62 6.95 0.31 -65.92 -1.409 -4.623 -1.433 27.462 2.077 0.310 6.701 27.462 27462.06 2756.09 2800.19 1555.66

93 92.00 24.49 7.25 0.15 -

140.63 3.378 0.300 1.013 25.633 -3.006 1.863 12.418 25.633 25633.38 2572.57 2613.73 1452.07

94 93.00 24.53 7.25 0.03 -26.37 -0.564 12.418 0.373 24.721 -0.912 0.000 #DIV/0! 24.721 24721.14 2481.01 2520.71 1400.39

95 94.00 24.37 7.30 0.10 74.71 3.338 0.050 0.167 24.697 1.597 -1.924 -19.239 24.697 24696.92 2478.58 2518.24 1399.02

96 95.00 24.24 7.45 0.18 13.18 0.282 -19.239 -3.463 27.421 2.724 0.150 18.162 27.421 27421.25 2752.00 2796.03 1553.35

97 96.00 24.11 7.66 0.12 -43.95 3.148 0.210 0.661 24.901 -0.939 0.148 1.237 24.901 24900.98 2499.06 2539.05 1410.58

98 97.00 23.83 7.69 0.09 8.79 0.188 1.237 0.111 23.531 -1.370 0.030 -45.674 23.531 23530.76 2361.55 2399.33 1332.96

99 98.00 23.57 7.83 0.14 17.58 3.010 0.140 0.421 24.251 0.376 -1.057 -7.551 24.251 24251.43 2433.87 2472.82 1373.79

100 99.00 23.44 7.97 0.12 -26.37 -0.564 -7.551 -0.906 24.910 0.658 0.140 4.703 24.910 24909.85 2499.95 2539.95 1411.08

101 100.00 23.32 8.08 0.09 4.39 2.886 0.110 0.317 23.757 0.094 -0.531 -5.903 23.757 23757.48 2384.30 2422.45 1345.81

102 101.00 23.19 8.15 0.13 35.16 0.752 -5.903 -0.767 23.206 -0.552 0.070 -7.880 23.206 23205.89 2328.94 2366.21 1314.56

103 102.00 23.06 8.34 0.16 8.79 2.765 0.190 0.525 23.715 0.188 -0.843 -5.270 23.715 23715.35 2380.07 2418.15 1343.42

104 103.00 22.74 8.46 0.15 -52.73 -1.127 -5.270 -0.791 24.658 0.942 0.120 7.853 24.658 24657.66 2474.64 2514.24 1396.80

105 104.00 22.58 8.64 0.05 -74.71 2.613 0.180 0.470 23.210 -1.597 0.967 19.331 23.210 23210.42 2329.40 2366.67 1314.82

106 105.00 22.23 8.57 0.00 -21.97 -0.470 19.331 0.000 22.700 -0.511 -0.070 7.297 22.700 22699.62 2278.13 2314.58 1285.88

107 106.00 22.23 8.64 0.01 -13.18 2.573 0.070 0.180 22.410 -0.282 0.102 10.162 22.410 22410.10 2249.08 2285.06 1269.48

108 107.00 21.98 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.094 10.162 -0.305 22.379 -0.031 -0.050 0.628 22.379 22378.71 2245.93 2281.86 1267.70

109 108.00 21.82 8.59 -0.03 0.00 2.540 0.000 0.000 21.980 0.000 -0.160 5.333 21.980 21980.00 2205.91 2241.21 1245.12

110 109.00 21.47 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.094 5.333 -0.160 21.724 -0.256 0.000 #DIV/0! 21.724 21723.84 2180.20 2215.09 1230.60

111 110.00 21.28 8.53 -0.01 -13.18 2.495 -0.060 -0.150 21.320 -0.282 0.241 -24.141 21.320 21320.32 2139.71 2173.94 1207.75

112 111.00 21.02 8.57 -0.05 -65.92 -1.409 -24.141 1.207 21.222 -0.098 0.040 -2.458 21.222 21222.01 2129.84 2163.92 1202.18

113 112.00 20.77 8.43 -0.14 -17.58 2.464 -0.140 -0.345 20.675 -0.376 0.471 -3.362 20.675 20675.07 2074.95 2108.15 1171.19

114 113.00 20.64 8.29 -0.09 4.39 0.094 -3.362 0.303 20.244 -0.432 -0.140 3.082 20.244 20243.56 2031.64 2064.15 1146.75

115 114.00 20.48 8.25 -0.13 -26.37 2.482 -0.040 -0.099 20.541 -0.564 0.503 -3.869 20.541 20540.70 2061.46 2094.45 1163.58

116 115.00 20.13 8.03 -0.14 -8.79 -0.188 -3.869 0.542 19.776 -0.764 -0.220 3.475 19.776 19776.23 1984.74 2016.50 1120.28

117 116.00 19.78 7.97 -0.15 8.79 2.482 -0.060 -0.149 19.981 0.188 -0.389 2.593 19.981 19981.09 2005.30 2037.39 1131.88

118 117.00 19.18 7.73 -0.12 30.76 0.658 2.593 -0.311 18.834 -1.147 -0.240 4.781 18.834 18833.68 1890.15 1920.39 1066.88

119 118.00 18.80 7.73 -0.09 -13.18 2.432 0.000 0.000 19.180 -0.282 -0.098 1.092 19.180 19180.00 1924.90 1955.70 1086.50

120 119.00 18.29 7.55 -0.15 -26.37 -0.564 1.092 -0.164 19.017 -0.163 -0.180 0.903 19.017 19017.46 1908.59 1939.13 1077.29

121 120.00 17.49 7.43 -0.14 43.95 2.354 -0.120 -0.282 18.008 0.939 -1.457 10.407 18.008 18007.52 1807.24 1836.15 1020.08

122 121.00 17.05 7.27 -0.06 79.10 1.691 10.407 -0.624 15.984 -2.024 -0.160 12.649 15.984 15983.62 1604.12 1629.78 905.43

123 122.00 16.38 7.30 0.02 17.58 2.244 0.030 0.067 17.117 0.376 -1.113 -55.655 17.117 17117.32 1717.89 1745.38 969.66

124 123.00 15.93 7.30 -0.03 -61.52 -1.315 -55.655 1.670 15.575 -1.542 0.000 #DIV/0! 15.575 15575.37 1563.14 1588.15 882.31

125 124.00 15.20 7.25 -0.11 -26.37 2.097 -0.050 -0.105 15.825 -0.564 -0.062 0.559 15.825 15825.17 1588.21 1613.63 896.46

126 125.00 14.31 7.09 -0.08 21.97 0.470 0.559 -0.045 13.885 -1.940 -0.160 12.125 13.885 13885.11 1393.51 1415.81 786.56

127 126.00 13.77 7.09 -0.06 -74.71 1.942 0.000 0.000 14.310 -1.597 1.057 -17.616 14.310 14310.00 1436.15 1459.13 810.63

128 127.00 12.94 6.97 -0.23 -57.13 -1.221 -17.616 4.052 10.110 -4.200 -0.120 35.004 10.110 10109.51 1014.59 1030.82 572.68

129 128.00 12.05 6.64 -0.18 21.97 1.815 -0.330 -0.599 12.341 0.470 -0.761 4.226 12.341 12341.13 1238.56 1258.37 699.10

130 129.00 12.11 6.62 -0.18 -52.73 -1.127 4.226 -0.761 13.998 1.657 -0.020 -82.837 13.998 13997.87 1404.83 1427.30 792.95

131 130.00 11.25 6.27 -0.28 17.58 1.794 -0.350 -0.628 11.482 0.376 -0.608 2.171 11.482 11482.01 1152.33 1170.77 650.43

132 131.00 10.81 6.06 -0.15 92.29 1.973 2.171 -0.326 9.163 -2.319 -0.210 11.044 9.163 9162.87 919.59 934.30 519.05

133 132.00 10.17 5.97 -0.10 -48.34 1.704 -0.090 -0.153 10.657 -1.033 0.547 -5.466 10.657 10656.68 1069.50 1086.62 603.68

134 133.00 8.68 5.86 -0.25 -30.76 -0.658 -5.466 1.367 7.971 -2.686 -0.110 24.415 7.971 7971.00 799.97 812.77 451.54

135 134.00 8.10 5.48 -0.16 140.62 1.478 -0.380 -0.562 8.118 3.006 -3.024 18.901 8.118 8118.32 814.75 827.79 459.88

136 135.00 8.26 5.55 0.04 17.58 0.376 18.901 0.756 7.128 -0.990 0.070 -14.145 7.128 7128.19 715.38 726.83 403.80

137 136.00 7.12 5.55 -0.12 -

175.78 1.283 0.000 0.000 8.260 -3.757 2.617 -21.811 8.260 8260.00 828.97 842.24 467.91

138 137.00 6.42 5.30 -0.32 -52.73 -1.127 -21.811 6.980 0.567 -7.693 -0.250 30.770 0.567 567.48 56.95 57.86 32.15

139 138.00 6.00 4.91 -0.23 70.31 1.222 -0.390 -0.477 5.943 1.503 -1.446 6.288 5.943 5943.42 596.48 606.03 336.68

140 139.00 5.75 4.84 -0.18 30.76 0.658 6.288 -1.132 6.224 0.281 -0.070 -4.014 6.224 6224.40 624.68 634.68 352.60

141 140.00 5.40 4.56 -0.17 21.97 1.184 -0.280 -0.332 5.418 0.470 -0.488 2.871 5.418 5418.42 543.79 552.49 306.94

142 141.00 4.70 4.51 -0.13 -26.37 -0.564 2.871 -0.373 5.637 0.218 -0.050 -4.369 5.637 5636.88 565.72 574.77 319.32

143 142.00 4.32 4.30 -0.22 8.79 1.005 -0.210 -0.211 4.489 0.188 -0.357 1.622 4.489 4489.02 450.52 457.73 254.29

144 143.00 3.65 4.07 -0.11 8.79 0.188 1.622 -0.178 3.641 -0.848 -0.230 3.689 3.641 3640.57 365.37 371.21 206.23

145 144.00 3.52 4.07 -0.20 -35.16 0.865 0.000 0.000 3.650 -0.752 0.622 -3.108 3.650 3650.00 366.31 372.18 206.76

146 145.00 2.95 3.67 -0.18 87.89 1.879 -3.108 0.559 0.512 -3.138 -0.400 7.845 0.512 511.91 51.38 52.20 29.00

147 146.00 3.46 3.70 -0.03 79.10 0.935 0.030 0.028 2.978 1.691 -1.209 40.295 2.978 2978.05 298.88 303.66 168.70

148 147.00 2.98 3.61 -0.03 -83.50 -1.785 40.295 -1.209 5.974 2.996 -0.090 -33.285 5.974 5973.69 599.52 609.11 338.40

149 148.00 2.54 3.65 -0.19 -

105.47 0.696 0.040 0.028 3.008 -2.254 1.787 -9.403 3.008 3007.84 301.87 306.70 170.39

150 149.00 1.80 3.23 -0.24 65.92 1.409 -9.403 2.257 -1.866 -4.874 -0.420 11.604 -1.866 -1865.86 -187.26 -190.25 -105.70

151 150.00 2.44 3.17 -0.06 79.10 0.770 -0.060 -0.046 1.754 1.691 -1.005 16.744 1.754 1753.82 176.01 178.83 99.35

152 151.00 2.12 3.10 -0.08 -26.37 -0.564 16.744 -1.339 4.023 2.269 -0.070 -32.419 4.023 4023.15 403.76 410.22 227.90

153 152.00 1.74 3.02 -0.11 21.97 0.576 -0.080 -0.046 2.074 0.470 -0.804 7.305 2.074 2073.91 208.14 211.47 117.48

154 153.00 1.55 2.87 -0.04 74.71 1.597 7.305 -0.292 0.245 -1.829 -0.150 12.191 0.245 245.23 24.61 25.01 13.89

155 154.00 2.03 2.95 0.04 -26.37 0.688 0.080 0.055 1.605 -0.564 0.989 24.715 1.605 1605.05 161.08 163.66 90.92

156 155.00 1.36 2.95 -0.09 -35.16 -0.752 24.715 -2.224 4.336 2.731 0.000 #DIV/0! 4.336 4335.95 435.16 442.12 245.62

157 156.00 1.29 2.77 -0.04 70.31 0.466 -0.180 -0.084 1.276 1.503 -1.489 37.227 1.276 1276.17 128.08 130.13 72.29

158 157.00 1.55 2.87 0.05 21.97 0.470 37.227 1.861 -0.781 -2.057 0.100 -20.571 -0.781 -780.96 -78.38 -79.63 -44.24

159 158.00 1.17 2.87 0.01 -57.13 0.408 0.000 0.000 1.550 -1.221 0.841 84.118 1.550 1550.00 155.56 158.05 87.80

160 159.00 1.01 2.89 -0.06 -4.39 -0.094 84.118 -5.047 6.151 4.601 0.020 230.045 6.151 6150.90 617.30 627.18 348.43

161 160.00 0.59 2.75 0.00 79.10 0.215 -0.140 -0.030 0.980 1.691 -2.081 #DIV/0! 0.980 979.96 98.35 99.92 55.51


163 162.00 0.98 2.95 0.04 -30.76 0.332 0.060 0.020 1.000 -0.658 0.638 15.939 1.000 999.93 100.35 101.96 56.64

164 163.00 0.85 2.96 0.04 0.00 0.000 15.939 0.638 0.212 -0.788 0.010 -78.751 0.212 212.42 21.32 21.66 12.03

165 164.00 0.79 3.02 0.04 -21.97 0.262 0.060 0.016 0.866 -0.470 0.394 9.848 0.866 865.70 86.88 88.27 49.04

166 165.00 0.53 3.03 -0.01 -4.39 -0.094 9.848 -0.098 0.722 -0.143 0.010 -14.338 0.722 722.32 72.49 73.65 40.92

167 166.00 0.82 3.00 0.03 43.95 0.273 -0.030 -0.008 0.522 0.939 -0.641 -21.375 0.522 521.80 52.37 53.21 29.56

168 167.00 0.59 3.09 0.08 4.39 0.094 -21.375 -1.710 2.206 1.684 0.090 18.715 2.206 2206.16 221.41 224.95 124.97

169 168.00 0.91 3.16 0.04 -21.97 0.288 0.070 0.020 0.610 -0.470 0.769 19.236 0.610 610.16 61.24 62.22 34.56

170 169.00 0.69 3.16 0.04 -8.79 -0.188 19.236 0.769 0.108 -0.502 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.108 108.43 10.88 11.06 6.14

171 170.00 0.72 3.23 0.02 0.00 0.223 0.070 0.016 0.706 0.000 0.014 0.720 0.706 705.60 70.81 71.95 39.97

172 171.00 0.91 3.19 0.04 -13.18 -0.282 0.720 0.029 1.163 0.457 -0.040 -11.433 1.163 1162.94 116.71 118.58 65.88

173 172.00 0.56 3.30 -0.01 -35.16 0.170 0.110 0.019 0.929 -0.752 0.383 -38.289 0.929 928.67 93.20 94.69 52.61

174 173.00 0.59 3.17 -0.04 21.97 0.470 -38.289 1.532 -1.411 -2.340 -0.130 17.999 -1.411 -1411.19 -141.63 -143.89 -79.94

175 174.00 0.69 3.23 0.04 57.13 0.214 0.060 0.013 0.603 1.221 -1.134 -28.350 0.603 602.82 60.50 61.47 34.15

176 175.00 0.82 3.24 0.08 13.18 0.282 -28.350 -2.268 2.806 2.203 0.010 220.344 2.806 2806.26 281.64 286.14 158.97

177 176.00 0.98 3.38 0.06 -26.37 0.290 0.140 0.041 0.861 -0.564 0.683 11.385 0.861 860.59 86.37 87.75 48.75

178 177.00 0.91 3.37 0.03 -30.76 -0.658 11.385 0.342 1.226 0.365 -0.010 -36.538 1.226 1225.97 123.04 125.01 69.45

179 178.00 0.85 3.44 0.00 -26.37 0.247 0.070 0.017 0.927 -0.564 0.486 #DIV/0! 0.927 927.30 93.06 94.55 52.53

180 179.00 0.47 3.37 -0.03 17.58 0.376 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! -0.070 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

181 180.00 0.79 3.38 0.04 26.37 0.234 0.010 0.002 0.472 0.564 -0.246 -6.150 0.472 472.34 47.40 48.16 26.76

182 181.00 0.85 3.44 0.03 -17.58 -0.376 -6.150 -0.185 1.410 0.938 0.060 15.632 1.410 1410.28 141.54 143.80 79.89

183 182.00 0.75 3.44 0.00 8.79 0.218 0.000 0.000 0.850 0.188 -0.288 #DIV/0! 0.850 850.00 85.31 86.67 48.15


185 184.00 0.66 3.53 0.04 -17.58 0.187 0.090 0.017 0.807 -0.376 0.229 5.724 0.807 806.83 80.97 82.27 45.70

186 185.00 0.66 3.51 0.01 0.00 0.000 5.724 0.057 0.603 -0.204 -0.020 10.203 0.603 602.76 60.49 61.46 34.15

187 186.00 0.72 3.54 0.04 26.37 0.203 0.030 0.006 0.666 0.564 -0.510 -12.744 0.666 666.10 66.85 67.92 37.73

188 187.00 0.72 3.58 0.06 0.00 0.000 -12.744 -0.765 1.485 0.819 0.040 20.464 1.485 1484.66 149.00 151.38 84.10

189 188.00 0.59 3.67 0.04 -30.76 0.161 0.090 0.014 0.734 -0.658 0.513 12.826 0.734 734.47 73.71 74.89 41.61

190 189.00 0.66 3.65 0.00 17.58 0.376 12.826 0.000 0.284 -0.450 -0.020 22.512 0.284 284.22 28.52 28.98 16.10

191 190.00 0.98 3.67 0.07 70.31 0.267 0.020 0.005 0.665 1.503 -1.188 -16.975 0.665 665.34 66.77 67.84 37.69

192 191.00 0.69 3.79 0.14 0.00 0.000 -16.975 -2.376 3.066 2.401 0.120 20.010 3.066 3066.49 307.75 312.68 173.71

193 192.00 0.47 3.95 0.07 -

127.44 0.119 0.160 0.019 0.709 -2.724 2.485 35.501 0.709 709.04 71.16 72.30 40.17

194 193.00 0.02 3.93 -0.11 -65.92 -1.409 35.501 -3.905 5.334 4.625 -0.020 -231.255 5.334 5334.13 535.33 543.90 302.17

195 194.00 0.34 3.72 -0.06 74.71 0.091 -0.210 -0.019 0.001 1.597 -1.258 20.963 0.001 0.81 0.08 0.08 0.05

196 195.00 1.04 3.81 0.04 39.55 0.845 20.963 0.839 -0.644 -0.645 0.090 -7.163 -0.644 -643.91 -64.62 -65.66 -36.48

197 196.00 0.69 3.79 0.02 -17.58 0.182 -0.020 -0.004 1.036 -0.376 0.029 1.471 1.036 1036.36 104.01 105.67 58.71

198 197.00 0.53 3.84 0.00 -35.16 -0.752 1.471 0.000 1.282 0.245 0.050 4.904 1.282 1281.56 128.62 130.68 72.60

199 198.00 0.40 3.79 -0.05 -52.73 0.106 -0.050 -0.005 0.525 -1.127 1.002 -20.048 0.525 524.72 52.66 53.50 29.72

200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 -20.048 0.000 0.000 -0.525 -3.790 0.138 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

APPENDIX 9

No Time (ms)

Load (MN)

Displacement (mm)

Velocity (m/s)

Acceleration (m/s2)

M M

a(i+1) u(i+1) - u(i)

Fstat - Ma

Cv Ku Fu Formula

Constant

C K Fu(i) Ku Fu MN to kN

kN to Ton

Ton to Tonnes


0.00 0.0213754

1 0.00 1.42 -0.06 0.05 -35.16 -0.75 -0.06 2.17 0.05 -0.06 1.00 2.17 2.17 -0.16 0.85 2.23 -0.05 2.18 2179.46 218.73 222.23 123.46

2 1.00 1.33 -0.01 0.02 -43.95 -0.94 0.05 2.27 0.02 0.05 1.00 2.27 2.27 0.04 2.27 2272.61 228.08 231.73 128.74

3 2.00 1.52 -0.03 -0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.02 1.52 -0.04 -0.02 1.00 1.52 1.52 -15.43 7.70 1.06 -0.15 0.90 902.64 90.59 92.04 51.13

4 3.00 1.49 -0.08 0.02 52.73 1.13 -0.05 0.36 0.02 -0.05 1.00 0.36 0.36 -0.39 0.67 671.56 67.40 68.48 38.04

5 4.00 1.52 0.01 0.07 -13.18 -0.28 0.09 1.80 0.07 0.09 1.00 1.80 1.80 -6.85 -3.33 2.58 -0.30 2.28 2281.57 228.98 232.64 129.25

6 5.00 1.45 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 0.05 2.48 -0.01 0.05 1.00 2.48 2.48 -0.17 2.41 2414.74 242.34 246.22 136.79

7 6.00 1.36 -0.01 -0.03 21.97 0.47 -0.07 0.89 -0.03 -0.07 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.52 0.64 0.95 -0.04 0.91 905.95 90.92 92.38 51.32

8 7.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.02 0.98 0.04 0.02 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.01 0.96 963.47 96.69 98.24 54.58

9 8.00 1.23 0.06 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.05 1.89 0.01 0.05 1.00 1.89 1.89 2.44 4.92 1.62 0.25 1.86 1863.11 186.98 189.97 105.54

10 9.00 1.49 0.03 -0.03 4.39 0.09 -0.03 1.40 -0.03 -0.03 1.00 1.40 1.40 -0.15 1.47 1469.36 147.47 149.82 83.24

11 10.00 1.36 0.01 0.02 26.37 0.56 -0.02 0.80 0.02 -0.02 1.00 0.80 0.80 1.59 10.97 0.98 -0.22 0.76 764.63 76.74 77.97 43.31

12 11.00 1.58 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.58 0.03 0.05 1.00 1.58 1.58 0.55 1.53 1532.44 153.80 156.26 86.81

13 12.00 1.36 0.06 0.02 -13.18 -0.28 0.00 1.64 0.02 0.00 1.00 1.64 1.64 -1.51 3.09 1.67 0.00 1.67 1672.01 167.80 170.49 94.72

14 13.00 1.42 0.10 0.00 -17.58 -0.38 0.04 1.80 0.00 0.04 1.00 1.80 1.80 0.12 1.80 1795.78 180.22 183.11 101.73

15 14.00 1.20 0.06 -0.02 -13.18 -0.28 -0.04 1.48 -0.02 -0.04 1.00 1.48 1.48 1.43 -5.88 1.28 0.24 1.51 1510.40 151.58 154.01 85.56

16 15.00 1.42 0.06 -0.03 8.79 0.19 0.00 1.23 -0.03 0.00 1.00 1.23 1.23 0.00 1.28 1275.12 127.97 130.02 72.23

17 16.00 1.36 0.01 0.00 17.58 0.38 -0.05 0.98 0.00 -0.05 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.57 5.60 1.26 -0.28 0.98 984.22 98.78 100.36 55.75

18 17.00 1.55 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.55 0.01 0.05 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.28 1.54 1544.35 154.99 157.47 87.48

19 18.00 1.36 0.03 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 -0.03 1.45 0.00 -0.03 1.00 1.45 1.45 0.00 1.60 1.50 -0.05 1.45 1453.84 145.91 148.24 82.36

20 19.00 1.55 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.55 0.00 0.03 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.05 1.55 1550.00 155.56 158.05 87.80

21 20.00 1.45 0.03 0.00 -8.79 -0.19 -0.03 1.64 0.00 -0.03 1.00 1.64 1.64 -1.91 5.69 1.81 -0.17 1.64 1637.89 164.38 167.01 92.78

22 21.00 1.36 0.06 -0.02 -30.76 -0.66 0.03 2.02 -0.02 0.03 1.00 2.02 2.02 0.17 1.98 1979.25 198.64 201.82 112.12

23 22.00 1.42 -0.01 -0.06 0.00 0.00 -0.07 1.42 -0.06 -0.07 1.00 1.42 1.42 -14.42 -7.24 0.05 0.51 0.55 554.80 55.68 56.57 31.43

24 23.00 1.45 -0.06 -0.02 35.16 0.75 -0.05 0.70 -0.02 -0.05 1.00 0.70 0.70 0.36 0.41 410.04 41.15 41.81 23.23

25 24.00 1.49 -0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.49 0.01 0.02 1.00 1.49 1.49 -1.35 -0.88 1.52 -0.02 1.50 1503.45 150.89 153.30 85.17

26 25.00 1.36 -0.04 -0.02 -8.79 -0.19 0.00 1.55 -0.02 0.00 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.00 1.52 1520.99 152.65 155.09 86.16

27 26.00 1.58 -0.08 -0.01 17.58 0.38 -0.04 1.20 -0.01 -0.04 1.00 1.20 1.20 -1.06 -2.14 1.11 0.09 1.19 1193.64 119.79 121.71 67.62

28 27.00 1.42 -0.06 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.02 1.04 0.02 0.02 1.00 1.04 1.04 -0.04 1.07 1065.39 106.92 108.63 60.35

29 28.00 1.61 -0.04 0.03 -4.39 -0.09 0.02 1.70 0.03 0.02 1.00 1.70 1.70 6.26 -3.08 1.58 -0.06 1.52 1516.05 152.15 154.59 85.88

30 29.00 1.36 -0.01 0.01 -8.79 -0.19 0.03 1.55 0.01 0.03 1.00 1.55 1.55 -0.09 1.49 1485.29 149.06 151.45 84.14

31 30.00 1.52 -0.03 0.01 17.58 0.38 -0.02 1.14 0.01 -0.02 1.00 1.14 1.14 2.71 5.37 1.22 -0.11 1.12 1117.13 112.11 113.91 63.28

32 31.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.04 1.55 0.04 0.04 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.21 1.44 1439.51 144.47 146.78 81.54

33 32.00 1.71 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 0.05 2.74 -0.01 0.05 1.00 2.74 2.74 2.56 7.81 2.38 0.39 2.77 2768.87 277.88 282.33 156.85

34 33.00 1.61 -0.01 -0.05 -4.39 -0.09 -0.07 1.70 -0.05 -0.07 1.00 1.70 1.70 -0.55 1.83 1831.73 183.83 186.77 103.76

35 34.00 1.77 -0.04 -0.02 17.58 0.38 -0.03 1.39 -0.02 -0.03 1.00 1.39 1.39 -0.03 3.26 1.49 -0.10 1.39 1393.66 139.87 142.11 78.95

36 35.00 1.68 -0.04 -0.02 8.79 0.19 0.00 1.49 -0.02 0.00 1.00 1.49 1.49 0.00 1.49 1491.55 149.69 152.09 84.49

37 36.00 1.74 -0.08 0.00 26.37 0.56 -0.04 1.18 0.00 -0.04 1.00 1.18 1.18 1.11 2.17 1.26 -0.09 1.18 1176.33 118.06 119.95 66.64

38 37.00 1.77 -0.04 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.04 1.39 0.04 0.04 1.00 1.39 1.39 0.09 1.35 1349.89 135.48 137.64 76.47

39 38.00 1.87 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.87 0.04 0.03 1.00 1.87 1.87 0.07 41.38 0.63 1.24 1.87 1867.02 187.37 190.37 105.76

40 39.00 2.19 0.03 0.04 -4.39 -0.09 0.04 2.28 0.04 0.04 1.00 2.28 2.28 1.66 2.28 2280.85 228.91 232.57 129.21

41 40.00 2.25 0.06 0.03 -13.18 -0.28 0.03 2.53 0.03 0.03 1.00 2.53 2.53 -8.82 -4.37 2.93 -0.13 2.80 2796.18 280.62 285.11 158.40

42 41.00 2.47 0.08 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.02 2.75 0.01 0.02 1.00 2.75 2.75 -0.09 2.84 2839.88 285.01 289.57 160.87

43 42.00 2.57 0.08 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.00 2.29 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.29 2.29 -5.39 0.00 2.29 0.00 2.29 2288.27 229.65 233.33 129.63

44 43.00 2.73 0.08 0.04 30.76 0.66 0.00 2.07 0.04 0.00 1.00 2.07 2.07 0.00 2.29 2288.27 229.65 233.33 129.63

45 44.00 2.85 0.15 0.06 -13.18 -0.28 0.07 3.13 0.06 0.07 1.00 3.13 3.13 -12.05 -4.68 4.18 -0.33 3.85 3854.46 386.83 393.02 218.35

46 45.00 3.17 0.20 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.05 3.83 0.01 0.05 1.00 3.83 3.83 -0.23 3.95 3947.96 396.22 402.56 223.64

47 46.00 3.17 0.17 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 -0.03 3.26 0.00 -0.03 1.00 3.26 3.26 0.00 0.07 3.27 0.00 3.26 3263.84 327.56 332.80 184.89

48 47.00 3.55 0.20 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.03 3.27 0.00 0.03 1.00 3.27 3.27 0.00 3.27 3268.27 328.00 333.25 185.14

49 48.00 3.46 0.17 0.03 8.79 0.19 -0.03 3.27 0.03 -0.03 1.00 3.27 3.27 -0.32 4.97 3.43 -0.15 3.28 3281.84 329.37 334.64 185.91

50 49.00 4.06 0.26 0.02 8.79 0.19 0.09 3.87 0.02 0.09 1.00 3.87 3.87 0.45 3.88 3878.60 389.26 395.48 219.71

51 50.00 4.13 0.20 0.04 35.16 0.75 -0.06 3.38 0.04 -0.06 1.00 3.38 3.38 1.47 5.14 3.63 -0.31 3.32 3319.61 333.16 338.49 188.05

52 51.00 4.48 0.34 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.14 4.48 0.09 0.14 1.00 4.48 4.48 0.72 4.35 4347.63 436.33 443.31 246.28

53 52.00 4.79 0.38 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.04 5.45 0.04 0.04 1.00 5.45 5.45 37.46 -37.08 5.43 -1.48 3.95 3949.21 396.34 402.68 223.71

54 53.00 4.89 0.43 0.03 8.79 0.19 0.05 4.70 0.03 0.05 1.00 4.70 4.70 -1.85 3.58 3578.39 359.13 364.87 202.71

55 54.00 5.30 0.43 0.06 26.37 0.56 0.00 4.74 0.06 0.00 1.00 4.74 4.74 1.69 8.45 4.63 0.00 4.63 4634.88 465.16 472.60 262.55

56 55.00 5.69 0.55 0.08 -4.39 -0.09 0.12 5.78 0.08 0.12 1.00 5.78 5.78 1.01 5.65 5648.57 566.89 575.96 319.98

57 56.00 6.04 0.59 0.05 8.79 0.19 0.04 5.85 0.05 0.04 1.00 5.85 5.85 -4.20 -2.46 6.16 -0.10 6.06 6061.91 608.37 618.11 343.39

58 57.00 6.32 0.66 0.10 35.16 0.75 0.07 5.57 0.10 0.07 1.00 5.57 5.57 -0.17 5.99 5988.03 600.96 610.57 339.21

59 58.00 6.83 0.78 0.12 21.97 0.47 0.12 6.36 0.12 0.12 1.00 6.36 6.36 45.27 23.00 -1.83 2.76 0.93 928.25 93.16 94.65 52.58

60 59.00 7.12 0.91 0.14 -17.58 -0.38 0.13 7.50 0.14 0.13 1.00 7.50 7.50 2.99 1.16 1158.29 116.25 118.11 65.61

61 60.00 7.53 1.06 0.09 -35.16 -0.75 0.15 8.28 0.09 0.15 1.00 8.28 8.28 1.01 3.16 7.72 0.47 8.19 8190.80 822.03 835.18 463.99

62 61.00 7.85 1.08 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.02 7.85 0.07 0.02 1.00 7.85 7.85 0.06 7.78 7779.41 780.74 793.23 440.69

63 62.00 8.61 1.20 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.12 8.52 0.09 0.12 1.00 8.52 8.52 -0.39 -5.87 9.26 -0.70 8.55 8551.49 858.23 871.96 484.42

64 63.00 9.06 1.26 0.08 8.79 0.19 0.06 8.87 0.08 0.06 1.00 8.87 8.87 -0.35 8.90 8903.51 893.56 907.85 504.36

65 64.00 9.66 1.36 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.10 9.47 0.11 0.10 1.00 9.47 9.47 -26.23 28.18 9.54 2.82 12.36 12357.3

6 1240.18

1260.03 700.02

66 65.00 10.11 1.47 0.10 4.39 0.09 0.11 10.02 0.10 0.11 1.00 10.02 10.02 3.10 12.64 12639.1

2 1268.46

1288.76 715.98

67 66.00 10.71 1.56 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.09 10.52 0.11 0.09 1.00 10.52 10.52 1.13 15.36 9.02 1.38 10.40 10397.5

9 1043.50

1060.20 589.00

68 67.00 11.29 1.70 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.14 11.29 0.11 0.14 1.00 11.29 11.29 2.15 11.17 11165.4

8 1120.57

1138.50 632.50

69 68.00 12.05 1.78 0.11 39.55 0.85 0.08 11.20 0.11 0.08 1.00 11.20 11.20 1.04 0.73 11.03 0.06 11.09 11090.4

7 1113.04

1130.85 628.25

70 69.00 12.56 1.93 0.19 57.13 1.22 0.15 11.34 0.19 0.15 1.00 11.34 11.34 0.11 11.14 11141.6

9 1118.18

1136.07 631.15

71 70.00 13.26 2.17 0.23 -8.79 -0.19 0.24 13.45 0.23 0.24 1.00 13.45 13.45 -13.07 -6.60 18.04 -1.58 16.46 16455.1

4 1651.44

1677.86 932.14

72 71.00 13.83 2.38 0.18 -21.97 -0.47 0.21 14.30 0.18 0.21 1.00 14.30 14.30 -1.39 16.65 16653.1

2 1671.31

1698.05 943.36

73 72.00 14.60 2.52 0.18 17.58 0.38 0.14 14.22 0.18 0.14 1.00 14.22 14.22 5.92 12.40 11.42 1.74 13.16 13158.4

4 1320.58

1341.71 745.39

74 73.00 15.33 2.75 0.21 -8.79 -0.19 0.23 15.52 0.21 0.23 1.00 15.52 15.52 2.85 14.27 14274.4

8 1432.59

1455.51 808.62

75 74.00 16.12 2.95 0.17 -17.58 -0.38 0.20 16.50 0.17 0.20 1.00 16.50 16.50 0.32 16.04 13.23 3.21 16.44 16441.2

8 1650.05

1676.45 931.36

76 75.00 16.57 3.09 0.18 48.34 1.03 0.14 15.54 0.18 0.14 1.00 15.54 15.54 2.25 15.48 15479.0 1553.4 1578.3 876.85

0 7 3

77 76.00 17.30 3.30 0.26 65.92 1.41 0.21 15.89 0.26 0.21 1.00 15.89 15.89 12.55 20.73 8.27 4.35 12.63 12628.3

8 1267.38

1287.66 715.37

78 77.00 17.84 3.61 0.31 -35.16 -0.75 0.31 18.59 0.31 0.31 1.00 18.59 18.59 6.43 14.70 14701.5

9 1475.45

1499.06 832.81

79 78.00 18.73 3.91 0.19 -87.89 -1.88 0.30 20.61 0.19 0.30 1.00 20.61 20.61 3.40 5.09 18.44 1.53 19.96 19963.4

3 2003.53

2035.59 1130.88

80 79.00 19.43 4.00 0.13 4.39 0.09 0.09 19.34 0.13 0.09 1.00 19.34 19.34 0.46 18.89 18894.6

7 1896.27

1926.61 1070.34

81 80.00 20.20 4.18 0.20 74.71 1.60 0.18 18.60 0.20 0.18 1.00 18.60 18.60 5.21 3.98 16.84 0.72 17.56 17560.5

5 1762.38

1790.58 994.76

82 81.00 20.87 4.40 0.28 79.10 1.69 0.22 19.18 0.28 0.22 1.00 19.18 19.18 0.88 17.72 17719.7

2 1778.35

1806.80 1003.78

83 82.00 21.53 4.74 0.36 8.79 0.19 0.34 21.34 0.36 0.34 1.00 14.27 21.34 -23.72 5.00 21.11 1.70 22.81 22814.2

8 2289.64

2326.28 1292.38

84 83.00 22.20 5.12 0.30 -74.71 -1.60 0.38 23.80 0.30 0.38 1.00 15.90 23.80 1.90 23.01 23014.2

8 2309.71

2346.67 1303.70

85 84.00 22.84 5.34 0.21 -52.73 -1.13 0.22 23.97 0.21 0.22 1.00 23.97 23.97 3.44 4.25 22.31 0.94 23.24 23244.3

8 2332.81

2370.13 1316.74

86 85.00 23.48 5.55 0.19 -17.58 -0.38 0.21 23.86 0.19 0.21 1.00 23.86 23.86 0.89 23.20 23201.8

6 2328.54

2365.80 1314.33

87 86.00 23.89 5.72 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.17 23.89 0.18 0.17 1.00 20.69 23.89 -24.97 -44.00 32.67 -7.48 25.19 25186.1

9 2527.69

2568.13 1426.74

88 87.00 24.14 5.90 0.19 35.16 0.75 0.18 23.39 0.19 0.18 1.00 20.00 23.39 -7.92 24.75 24746.1

9 2483.53

2523.26 1401.81

89 88.00 24.33 6.11 0.25 35.16 0.75 0.21 23.58 0.25 0.21 1.00 23.58 23.58 5.57 6.43 20.84 1.35 22.19 22185.9

5 2226.58

2262.21 1256.78

90 89.00 24.46 6.39 0.26 17.58 0.38 0.28 24.08 0.26 0.28 1.00 24.08 24.08 1.80 22.64 22636.0

3 2271.75

2308.10 1282.28

91 90.00 24.56 6.64 0.28 21.97 0.47 0.25 24.09 0.28 0.25 1.00 24.09 24.09 15.52 24.55 13.61 6.14 19.75 19745.8

2 1981.69

2013.40 1118.55

92 91.00 24.62 6.95 0.31 -65.92 -1.41 0.31 26.03 0.31 0.31 1.00 26.03 26.03 7.61 21.22 21219.0

2 2129.54

2163.61 1202.01

93 92.00 24.49 7.25 0.15 -140.63 -3.01 0.30 27.50 0.15 0.30 1.00 27.50 27.50 3.41 6.64 24.99 1.99 26.98 26984.7

4 2708.19

2751.52 1528.62

94 93.00 24.53 7.25 0.03 -26.37 -0.56 0.00 25.09 0.03 0.00 1.00 25.09 25.09 0.00 24.99 24991.4

1 2508.14

2548.27 1415.70

95 94.00 24.37 7.30 0.10 74.71 1.60 0.05 22.77 0.10 0.05 1.00 22.77 22.77 6.60 6.57 21.78 0.33 22.11 22113.1

2 2219.27

2254.78 1252.66

96 95.00 24.24 7.45 0.18 13.18 0.28 0.15 23.96 0.18 0.15 1.00 23.96 23.96 0.99 22.77 22770.4

1 2285.24

2321.80 1289.89

97 96.00 24.11 7.66 0.12 -43.95 -0.94 0.21 25.05 0.12 0.21 1.00 25.05 25.05 3.20 7.29 23.14 1.53 24.67 24665.6

9 2475.45

2515.06 1397.25

98 97.00 23.83 7.69 0.09 8.79 0.19 0.03 23.64 0.09 0.03 1.00 23.64 23.64 0.22 23.35 23354.2

9 2343.84

2381.34 1322.97

99 98.00 23.57 7.83 0.14 17.58 0.38 0.14 23.19 0.14 0.14 1.00 23.19 23.19 -40.47 3.13 28.42 0.44 28.86 28860.3

6 2896.43

2942.77 1634.87

100 99.00 23.44 7.97 0.12 -26.37 -0.56 0.14 24.00 0.12 0.14 1.00 24.00 24.00 0.44 28.86 28860.3

6 2896.43

2942.77 1634.87

101 100.00 23.32 8.08 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.11 23.23 0.09 0.11 1.00 23.23 23.23 -7.65 12.05 22.59 1.32 23.91 23914.4

8 2400.06

2438.46 1354.70

102 101.00 23.19 8.15 0.13 35.16 0.75 0.07 22.44 0.13 0.07 1.00 22.44 22.44 0.84 23.43 23432.6

8 2351.70

2389.33 1327.41

103 102.00 23.06 8.34 0.16 8.79 0.19 0.19 22.87 0.16 0.19 1.00 22.87 22.87 0.83 -14.33 25.46 -2.72 22.74 22738.5

6 2282.04

2318.55 1288.09

104 103.00 22.74 8.46 0.15 -52.73 -1.13 0.12 23.87 0.15 0.12 1.00 23.87 23.87 -1.72 23.74 23741.9

2 2382.74

2420.86 1344.92

105 104.00 22.58 8.64 0.05 -74.71 -1.60 0.18 24.18 0.05 0.18 1.00 24.18 24.18 1.44 5.62 23.09 1.01 24.10 24104.8

0 2419.16

2457.86 1365.48

106 105.00 22.23 8.57 0.00 -21.97 -0.47 -0.07 22.70 0.00 -0.07 1.00 22.70 22.70 -0.39 22.70 22699.6

2 2278.13

2314.58 1285.88

107 106.00 22.23 8.64 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.07 22.51 0.01 0.07 1.00 22.51 22.51 0.83 3.37 22.27 0.24 22.50 22503.4

3 2258.44

2294.58 1274.77

108 107.00 21.98 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 -0.05 22.07 -0.03 -0.05 1.00 22.07 22.07 -0.17 22.10 22098.7

3 2217.83

2253.31 1251.84

109 108.00 21.82 8.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.82 0.00 0.00 1.00 21.82 21.82 8.54 0.00 21.82 0.00 21.82 21820.0

0 2189.86

2224.89 1236.05

110 109.00 21.47 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 0.00 21.56 -0.03 0.00 1.00 21.56 21.56 0.00 21.82 21820.0

0 2189.86

2224.89 1236.05

111 110.00 21.28 8.53 -0.01 -13.18 -0.28 -0.06 21.56 -0.01 -0.06 1.00 21.56 21.56 -3.62 7.22 21.96 -0.43 21.53 21525.5 2160.3 2194.8 1219.37

1 0 6

112 111.00 21.02 8.57 -0.05 -65.92 -1.41 0.04 22.43 -0.05 0.04 1.00 22.43 22.43 0.29 22.25 22247.9

5 2232.80

2268.53 1260.29

113 112.00 20.77 8.43 -0.14 -17.58 -0.38 -0.14 21.15 -0.14 -0.14 1.00 21.15 21.15 -11.99 -2.79 19.08 0.39 19.47 19466.8

5 1953.69

1984.95 1102.75

114 113.00 20.64 8.29 -0.09 4.39 0.09 -0.14 20.55 -0.09 -0.14 1.00 20.55 20.55 0.39 19.47 19466.8

5 1953.69

1984.95 1102.75

115 114.00 20.48 8.25 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.04 21.04 -0.13 -0.04 1.00 21.04 21.04 -2.25 4.16 20.92 -0.17 20.75 20751.4

9 2082.62

2115.94 1175.52

116 115.00 20.13 8.03 -0.14 -8.79 -0.19 -0.22 20.32 -0.14 -0.22 1.00 20.32 20.32 -0.91 20.00 20003.2

4 2007.53

2039.65 1133.14

117 116.00 19.78 7.97 -0.15 8.79 0.19 -0.06 19.59 -0.15 -0.06 1.00 19.59 19.59 -3.70 5.32 19.36 -0.32 19.04 19036.5

0 1910.50

1941.07 1078.37

118 117.00 19.18 7.73 -0.12 30.76 0.66 -0.24 18.52 -0.12 -0.24 1.00 18.52 18.52 -1.28 18.08 18078.0

0 1814.31

1843.34 1024.08

119 118.00 18.80 7.73 -0.09 -13.18 -0.28 0.00 19.08 -0.09 0.00 1.00 19.08 19.08 -1.10 1.63 18.98 0.00 18.98 18983.0

4 1905.14

1935.62 1075.34

120 119.00 18.29 7.55 -0.15 -26.37 -0.56 -0.18 18.85 -0.15 -0.18 1.00 18.85 18.85 -0.29 18.69 18689.1

9 1875.65

1905.66 1058.70

121 120.00 17.49 7.43 -0.14 43.95 0.94 -0.12 16.55 -0.14 -0.12 1.00 16.55 16.55 -13.05 3.69 15.17 -0.44 14.72 14723.7

6 1477.68

1501.32 834.07

122 121.00 17.05 7.27 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.16 15.36 -0.06 -0.16 1.00 15.36 15.36 -0.59 14.58 14576.2

9 1462.88

1486.28 825.71

123 122.00 16.38 7.30 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.03 16.00 0.02 0.03 1.00 16.00 16.00 -18.37 -10.74 16.69 -0.32 16.37 16371.7

0 1643.06

1669.35 927.42

124 123.00 15.93 7.30 -0.03 -61.52 -1.32 0.00 17.25 -0.03 0.00 1.00 17.25 17.25 0.00 16.69 16693.7

9 1675.39

1702.20 945.66

125 124.00 15.20 7.25 -0.11 -26.37 -0.56 -0.05 15.76 -0.11 -0.05 1.00 15.76 15.76 -5.99 15.85 15.90 -0.79 15.10 15104.4

3 1515.88

1540.13 855.63

126 125.00 14.31 7.09 -0.08 21.97 0.47 -0.16 13.84 -0.08 -0.16 1.00 13.84 13.84 -2.54 13.36 13360.9

3 1340.90

1362.36 756.87

127 126.00 13.77 7.09 -0.06 -74.71 -1.60 0.00 15.37 -0.06 0.00 1.00 15.37 15.37 4.46 3.73 15.63 0.00 15.63 15634.7

0 1569.10

1594.20 885.67

128 127.00 12.94 6.97 -0.23 -57.13 -1.22 -0.12 14.16 -0.23 -0.12 1.00 14.16 14.16 -0.45 15.19 15187.5

4 1524.22

1548.61 860.34

129 128.00 12.05 6.64 -0.18 21.97 0.47 -0.33 11.58 -0.18 -0.33 1.00 11.58 11.58 -1.91 5.34 13.00 -1.76 11.24 11236.2

1 1127.67

1145.71 636.50

130 129.00 12.11 6.62 -0.18 -52.73 -1.13 -0.02 13.24 -0.18 -0.02 1.00 13.24 13.24 -0.11 12.89 12892.9

5 1293.94

1314.64 730.36

131 130.00 11.25 6.27 -0.28 17.58 0.38 -0.35 10.87 -0.28 -0.35 1.00 10.87 10.87 -7.06 -7.99 6.10 2.80 8.90 8897.65 892.97 907.26 504.03

132 131.00 10.81 6.06 -0.15 92.29 1.97 -0.21 8.84 -0.15 -0.21 1.00 8.84 8.84 1.68 7.78 7778.39 780.64 793.13 440.63

133 132.00 10.17 5.97 -0.10 -48.34 -1.03 -0.09 11.20 -0.10 -0.09 1.00 11.20 11.20 12.31 0.96 12.52 -0.09 12.43 12434.3

1 1247.91

1267.87 704.37

134 133.00 8.68 5.86 -0.25 -30.76 -0.66 -0.11 9.34 -0.25 -0.11 1.00 9.34 9.34 -0.11 12.42 12415.0

5 1245.97

1265.91 703.28

135 134.00 8.10 5.48 -0.16 140.62 3.01 -0.38 5.09 -0.16 -0.38 1.00 5.09 5.09 2.34 5.16 7.43 -1.96 5.47 5468.02 548.77 557.55 309.75

136 135.00 8.26 5.55 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.07 7.88 0.04 0.07 1.00 7.88 7.88 0.36 7.79 7790.76 781.88 794.39 441.33

137 136.00 7.12 5.55 -0.12 -175.78 -3.76 0.00 10.88 -0.12 0.00 1.00 10.88 10.88 6.00 8.52 11.60 0.00 11.60 11596.9

8 1163.87

1182.49 656.94

138 137.00 6.42 5.30 -0.32 -52.73 -1.13 -0.25 7.55 -0.32 -0.25 1.00 7.55 7.55 -2.13 9.47 9466.09 950.02 965.22 536.23

139 138.00 6.00 4.91 -0.23 70.31 1.50 -0.39 4.50 -0.23 -0.39 1.00 4.50 4.50 -0.37 1.92 5.16 -0.75 4.41 4412.22 442.81 449.90 249.94

140 139.00 5.75 4.84 -0.18 30.76 0.66 -0.07 5.09 -0.18 -0.07 1.00 5.09 5.09 -0.13 5.03 5026.07 504.42 512.49 284.71

141 140.00 5.40 4.56 -0.17 21.97 0.47 -0.28 4.93 -0.17 -0.28 1.00 4.93 4.93 -0.30 1.50 5.30 -0.42 4.88 4879.88 489.74 497.58 276.43

142 141.00 4.70 4.51 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.05 5.26 -0.13 -0.05 1.00 5.26 5.26 -0.08 5.23 5225.05 524.39 532.78 295.99

143 142.00 4.32 4.30 -0.22 8.79 0.19 -0.21 4.13 -0.22 -0.21 1.00 4.13 4.13 -6.04 0.29 2.86 -0.06 2.80 2803.63 281.37 285.87 158.82

144 143.00 3.65 4.07 -0.11 8.79 0.19 -0.23 3.46 -0.11 -0.23 1.00 3.46 3.46 -0.07 2.80 2797.87 280.79 285.29 158.49

145 144.00 3.52 4.07 -0.20 -35.16 -0.75 0.00 4.27 -0.20 0.00 1.00 4.27 4.27 -0.59 7.97 4.15 0.00 4.15 4153.39 416.83 423.50 235.28

146 145.00 2.95 3.67 -0.18 87.89 1.88 -0.40 1.07 -0.18 -0.40 1.00 1.07 1.07 -3.19 0.96 964.96 96.84 98.39 54.66

147 146.00 3.46 3.70 -0.03 79.10 1.69 0.03 1.77 -0.03 0.03 1.00 1.77 1.77 -0.05 -24.96 2.52 -0.75 1.77 1767.61 177.40 180.24 100.13

148 147.00 2.98 3.61 -0.03 -83.50 -1.78 -0.09 4.76 -0.03 -0.09 1.00 4.76 4.76 2.25 4.76 4763.25 478.04 485.69 269.83

149 148.00 2.54 3.65 -0.19 -105.47 -2.25 0.04 4.79 -0.19 0.04 1.00 4.79 4.79 0.96 9.47 4.60 0.38 4.98 4977.25 499.52 507.51 281.95

150 149.00 1.80 3.23 -0.24 65.92 1.41 -0.42 0.39 -0.24 -0.42 1.00 0.39 0.39 -3.98 0.62 621.82 62.41 63.40 35.22

151 150.00 2.44 3.17 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.06 0.75 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 0.75 0.75 -77.37 -38.71 -6.22 2.32 -3.89 -

3892.97 -390.70 -

396.95 -220.53

152 151.00 2.12 3.10 -0.08 -26.37 -0.56 -0.07 2.68 -0.08 -0.07 1.00 2.68 2.68 2.71 -3.51 -

3505.90 -351.85 -

357.48 -198.60

153 152.00 1.74 3.02 -0.11 21.97 0.47 -0.08 1.27 -0.11 -0.08 1.00 1.27 1.27 -9.41 9.41 0.99 -0.75 0.24 235.33 23.62 24.00 13.33

154 153.00 1.55 2.87 -0.04 74.71 1.60 -0.15 -0.05 -0.04 -0.15 1.00 -0.05 -0.05 -1.41 -0.42 -423.34 -42.49 -43.17 -23.98

155 154.00 2.03 2.95 0.04 -26.37 -0.56 0.08 2.59 0.04 0.08 1.00 2.59 2.59 2.64 1.74 2.35 0.14 2.49 2488.16 249.71 253.71 140.95

156 155.00 1.36 2.95 -0.09 -35.16 -0.75 0.00 2.11 -0.09 0.00 1.00 2.11 2.11 0.00 2.35 2348.96 235.74 239.51 133.06

157 156.00 1.29 2.77 -0.04 70.31 1.50 -0.18 -0.21 -0.04 -0.18 1.00 -0.21 -0.21 1.35 4.19 0.59 -0.75 -0.16 -159.08 -15.97 -16.22 -9.01

158 157.00 1.55 2.87 0.05 21.97 0.47 0.10 1.08 0.05 0.10 1.00 1.08 1.08 0.42 1.01 1013.10 101.67 103.30 57.39

159 158.00 1.17 2.87 0.01 -57.13 -1.22 0.00 2.39 0.01 0.00 1.00 2.39 2.39 17.00 -4.85 2.22 0.00 2.22 2221.14 222.91 226.48 125.82

160 159.00 1.01 2.89 -0.06 -4.39 -0.09 0.02 1.10 -0.06 0.02 1.00 1.10 1.10 -0.10 2.12 2124.04 213.17 216.58 120.32

161 160.00 0.59 2.75 0.00 79.10 1.69 -0.14 -1.10 0.00 -0.14 1.00 -1.10 -1.10 1.93 5.40 -0.34 -0.76 -1.10 -

1100.80 -110.48 -

112.24 -62.36

162 161.00 0.98 2.89 0.10 17.58 0.38 0.14 0.60 0.10 0.14 1.00 0.60 0.60 0.76 0.41 411.35 41.28 41.94 23.30

163 162.00 0.98 2.95 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.06 1.64 0.04 0.06 1.00 1.64 1.64 0.03 15.75 0.69 0.95 1.64 1636.15 164.20 166.83 92.68

164 163.00 0.85 2.96 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.85 0.04 0.01 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.16 0.85 848.64 85.17 86.53 48.07

165 164.00 0.79 3.02 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.06 1.26 0.04 0.06 1.00 1.26 1.26 6.35 6.36 0.62 0.38 1.01 1005.56 100.92 102.53 56.96

166 165.00 0.53 3.03 -0.01 -4.39 -0.09 0.01 0.62 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.62 0.62 0.06 0.69 687.35 68.98 70.09 38.94

167 166.00 0.82 3.00 0.03 43.95 0.94 -0.03 -0.12 0.03 -0.03 1.00 -0.12 -0.12 1.82 4.37 -0.04 -0.13 -0.17 -174.09 -17.47 -17.75 -9.86

168 167.00 0.59 3.09 0.08 4.39 0.09 0.09 0.50 0.08 0.09 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.39 0.35 350.46 35.17 35.73 19.85

169 168.00 0.91 3.16 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.07 1.38 0.04 0.07 1.00 1.38 1.38 0.04 7.17 0.88 0.50 1.38 1378.22 138.32 140.53 78.07

170 169.00 0.69 3.16 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.00 0.88 0.04 0.00 1.00 0.88 0.88 0.00 0.88 876.49 87.96 89.37 49.65

171 170.00 0.72 3.23 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.72 0.02 0.07 1.00 0.72 0.72 0.78 -4.15 0.99 -0.29 0.70 704.45 70.70 71.83 39.91

172 171.00 0.91 3.19 0.04 -13.18 -0.28 -0.04 1.19 0.04 -0.04 1.00 1.19 1.19 0.17 1.16 1160.63 116.48 118.34 65.75

173 172.00 0.56 3.30 -0.01 -35.16 -0.75 0.11 1.31 -0.01 0.11 1.00 1.31 1.31 0.61 4.89 0.78 0.54 1.32 1317.64 132.24 134.35 74.64

174 173.00 0.59 3.17 -0.04 21.97 0.47 -0.13 0.12 -0.04 -0.13 1.00 0.12 0.12 -0.64 0.14 144.71 14.52 14.76 8.20

175 174.00 0.69 3.23 0.04 57.13 1.22 0.06 -0.53 0.04 0.06 1.00 -0.53 -0.53 10.43 -13.04 -0.17 -0.78 -0.95 -948.52 -95.19 -96.72 -53.73

176 175.00 0.82 3.24 0.08 13.18 0.28 0.01 0.54 0.08 0.01 1.00 0.54 0.54 -0.13 -0.30 -296.42 -29.75 -30.22 -16.79

177 176.00 0.98 3.38 0.06 -26.37 -0.56 0.14 1.54 0.06 0.14 1.00 1.54 1.54 0.02 -0.16 1.57 -0.02 1.54 1542.69 154.82 157.30 87.39

178 177.00 0.91 3.37 0.03 -30.76 -0.66 -0.01 1.57 0.03 -0.01 1.00 1.57 1.57 0.00 1.57 1567.02 157.27 159.78 88.77

179 178.00 0.85 3.44 0.00 -26.37 -0.56 0.07 1.41 0.00 0.07 1.00 1.41 1.41 1.93 9.01 0.78 0.63 1.41 1413.67 141.88 144.15 80.08

180 179.00 0.47 3.37 -0.03 17.58 0.38 -0.07 0.09 -0.03 -0.07 1.00 0.09 0.09 -0.63 0.15 152.11 15.27 15.51 8.62

181 180.00 0.79 3.38 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.01 1.00 0.23 0.23 -3.83 19.22 0.19 0.19 0.38 379.73 38.11 38.72 21.51

182 181.00 0.85 3.44 0.03 -17.58 -0.38 0.06 1.23 0.03 0.06 1.00 1.23 1.23 1.15 1.34 1340.83 134.57 136.72 75.95

183 182.00 0.75 3.44 0.00 8.79 0.19 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.56 0.56 -3.70 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.56 562.11 56.41 57.32 31.84

184 183.00 0.79 3.44 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.00 0.41 0.04 0.00 1.00 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.56 562.11 56.41 57.32 31.84

185 184.00 0.66 3.53 0.04 -17.58 -0.38 0.09 1.04 0.04 0.09 1.00 1.04 1.04 0.88 3.18 0.71 0.29 1.00 1000.71 100.43 102.04 56.69

186 185.00 0.66 3.51 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.66 0.01 -0.02 1.00 0.66 0.66 -0.06 0.65 651.23 65.36 66.40 36.89

187 186.00 0.72 3.54 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.03 0.16 0.04 0.03 1.00 0.16 0.16 22.55 11.27 -1.08 0.34 -0.75 -745.52 -74.82 -76.02 -42.23

188 187.00 0.72 3.58 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.72 0.06 0.04 1.00 0.72 0.72 0.45 -0.63 -632.77 -63.50 -64.52 -35.84

189 188.00 0.59 3.67 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.09 1.25 0.04 0.09 1.00 1.25 1.25 2.81 7.73 0.44 0.70 1.13 1134.93 113.90 115.72 64.29

190 189.00 0.66 3.65 0.00 17.58 0.38 -0.02 0.28 0.00 -0.02 1.00 0.28 0.28 -0.15 0.28 284.22 28.52 28.98 16.10

191 190.00 0.98 3.67 0.07 70.31 1.50 0.02 -0.52 0.07 0.02 1.00 -0.52 -0.52 5.70 8.14 -1.08 0.16 -0.92 -921.78 -92.51 -93.99 -52.22

192 191.00 0.69 3.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.69 0.14 0.12 1.00 0.69 0.69 0.98 -0.11 -107.75 -10.81 -10.99 -6.10

193 192.00 0.47 3.95 0.07 -127.44 -2.72 0.16 3.19 0.07 0.16 1.00 3.19 3.19 4.84 4.97 2.06 0.79 2.86 2855.38 286.57 291.15 161.75

194 193.00 0.02 3.93 -0.11 -65.92 -1.41 -0.02 1.43 -0.11 -0.02 1.00 1.43 1.43 -0.10 1.96 1961.31 196.84 199.99 111.10

195 194.00 0.34 3.72 -0.06 74.71 1.60 -0.21 -1.26 -0.06 -0.21 1.00 -1.26 -1.26 1.45 4.35 -0.26 -0.91 -1.17 -

1169.86 -117.41 -

119.29 -66.27

196 195.00 1.04 3.81 0.04 39.55 0.85 0.09 0.19 0.04 0.09 1.00 0.19 0.19 0.39 0.14 136.54 13.70 13.92 7.73

197 196.00 0.69 3.79 0.02 -17.58 -0.38 -0.02 1.07 0.02 -0.02 1.00 1.07 1.07 -0.80 2.85 1.14 -0.06 1.08 1081.78 108.57 110.30 61.28

198 197.00 0.53 3.84 0.00 -35.16 -0.75 0.05 1.28 0.00 0.05 1.00 1.28 1.28 0.14 1.28 1281.56 128.62 130.68 72.60

199 198.00 0.40 3.79 -0.05 -52.73 -1.13 -0.05 1.53 -0.05 -0.05 1.00 1.53 1.53 -0.08 0.41 1.54 -0.02 1.52 1523.22 152.87 155.32 86.29

200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.79 0.00 0.00 -3.79 1.00 0.00 0.00 -1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

APPENDIX 10

No Total Load

(Tons)

Settlement (mm)

Reference Beam

Movement (mm)

Corrected Pile Top

Settlement

Ton to Tonnes

Normalised data

(Tonnes/m)

1 1 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 1.02 0.85 1st cycle

2 48 0.43 -0.35 0.08 48.77 40.64

3 117 1.13 -0.65 0.48 118.87 99.06

4 149 1.5 -0.74 0.77 151.38 126.15

5 201 1.93 -0.94 1.00 204.22 170.18

6 249 2.51 -1.07 1.44 252.98 210.82

7 303 3.33 -1.41 1.93 307.85 256.54

8 350 4.12 -1.78 2.34 355.60 296.33

9 399 4.91 -2.26 2.66 405.38 337.82

10 448 5.74 -2.50 3.24 455.17 379.31

11 498 6.53 -2.70 3.82 505.97 421.64

12 548 7.31 -2.88 4.43 556.77 463.97

13 597 8.05 -3.35 4.71 606.55 505.46

14 646 8.93 -3.83 5.10 656.34 546.95

15 696 9.86 -3.66 6.20 707.14 589.28

16 750 10.91 -4.45 6.46 762.00 635.00

17 800 12.02 -4.50 7.52 812.80 677.33

18 845 13.32 -4.86 8.47 858.52 715.43

19 897 14.59 -5.11 9.49 911.35 759.46

20 950 16.03 -5.56 10.47 965.20 804.33

21 1003 17.31 -5.76 11.55 1019.05 849.21

22 1047 18.55 -6.03 12.52 1063.75 886.46

23 1098 19.95 -6.43 13.52 1115.57 929.64

24 1147 21.92 -6.78 15.14 1165.35 971.13

25 1199 24.12 -6.93 17.19 1218.18 1015.15

26 944 22.34 -6.23 16.11 959.10 799.25

27 587 17.97 -4.98 12.99 596.39 496.99

28 304 15.52 -3.91 11.61 308.86 257.39

29 0 9.55 -2.28 7.27 0.00 0.00 2nd cycle

30 198 11.08 -2.62 8.46 201.17 167.64

31 300 12.19 -2.94 9.25 304.80 254.00

32 399 13.37 -3.07 10.30 405.38 337.82

33 501 14.51 -3.50 11.01 509.02 424.18

34 598 15.56 -3.65 11.91 607.57 506.31

35 701 16.66 -3.81 12.85 712.22 593.51

36 903 18.81 -4.25 14.56 917.45 764.54

37 999 19.98 -4.33 15.65 1014.98 845.82

38 1098 21.73 -4.77 16.96 1115.57 929.64

39 1192 24.81 -5.11 19.70 1211.07 1009.23

40 1297 29.59 -5.56 24.03 1317.75 1098.13

41 1398 34.44 -5.89 28.55 1420.37 1183.64

42 1506 39.64 -6.13 33.51 1530.10 1275.08

43 1598 45.06 -6.50 38.56 1623.57 1352.97

44 1696 50.47 -6.77 43.70 1723.14 1435.95

45 1798 56.08 -7.08 49.00 1826.77 1522.31

46 1899 61.67 -7.14 54.53 1929.38 1607.82

47 1997 67.34 -7.37 59.97 2028.95 1690.79

48 2098 74.35 -7.76 66.59 2131.57 1776.31

49 2194 79.77 -7.97 71.80 2229.10 1857.59

50 2300 6.02 -8.33 77.12 2336.80 1947.33

51 2396 13.08 -8.63 83.88 2434.34 2028.61

52 2493 19.66 -9.00 90.09 2532.89 2110.74

53 2591 27.82 -9.39 97.85 2632.46 2193.71

54 2698 34.29 -9.82 103.89 2741.17 2284.31

55 2800 40.67 -10.31 109.79 2844.80 2370.67

56 2896 47.25 -10.59 116.09 2942.34 2451.95

57 3000 50.43 -11.61 118.25 3048.00 2540.00

58 3000 65.30 -11.28 133.45 3048.00 2540.00

59 2197 58.66 -8.73 129.36 2232.15 1860.13

60 1542 48.20 -6.86 120.77 1566.67 1305.56

61 768 39.08 -5.27 113.24 780.29 650.24

62 1 21.70 -4.03 97.10 1.02 0.85

STATIC LOAD TEST – A COMPARISON OF ULTIMATE LOAD BETWEEN

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