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Chapter 1: Indian History Indus Valley Civilisation (About 2500 To 1750 BC) The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization. It thrived along the Indus River and the Ghaggar - Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and north-western India. According to archaeological tradition, it is also known as the Harappan Civilization, in reference to its first excavated city of

Harappa. John Marshall was the first scholar to use the term „Indus Civilization‟ R.B. Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa (on Ravi) in 1921. R.D. Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro or „Mound of the Dead‟ (on Indus) in 1922. Sir John Marshal played a crucial role in both these. It Covered parts of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan and some parts of Western UP. It extended from Manda in

Jammu in the north to Daimabad in the south and from Alamgirpur in W. UP to Sutkagendor in Baluchistan in the west. Largest and the latest site in India is Dholavira in Gujarat. Unicorn was the most worshipped animal. The script was written from right to left in the first line and left to right to second line. This style is known as Boustrophedon.

Indus Valley sites

Sites Discoveries / Findings Harappa Situated of River Ravi in Punjab (Pakistan). It was discovered by Daya Ram Sahani in

1921-1923.

Mohenjodaro (Mound of Dead)

Situated on River Indus in Sindh (Pakistan). It was Discovered by RD Bannerje in 1922. The main building includes The Great Bath, the Great Granary, etc.

Lothal (Gujarat) Discovered by SR Rao (1954); situated on river Bhogava.

Dholavaria It was found on river Luni of Kachchh district Gujarat. Largest Siteof Indus Valley Civilization.

River Name in Rig Veda

Indus Sindhu

Jhelum Vitasta Chenab Asikni

Ravi Parushini Ghaggar Drishadavati

River Name in Rig Veda

Beas Vipas

Sutlej Sutudri Gomati Gomal

Saraswati Sarasvati

The Vedic Age (1500 BC TO 500 BC) The Vedic Period or the Vedic Age refers to the period when the Vedic Sanskrit texts were composed in India.

The Vedas The Vedic literature consists of the four Vedas: Rig Veda; Yajur Veda Sama Veda and Atharva Veda. Besides the Vedas, there are other Holy books like the Brahmanas, the Upanishads, Aranyakas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Rig Veda It is the oldest of the four Vedas and it consists of 1028 hymns. Hymns were sung in honour of various gods. Yajur Veda It is called the book of songs and the origins of Indian music can be traced in it. Atharva Veda It is called the book of songs and the origins of Indian music can be traced in it. Sama Veda It is known as book of chants.



Darshana There are six schools of Indian philosophy, called Shada-Darshana. These are:

Nyaya Darshana Gautam

Vaisheshika Darshana Kanada Rishi Sankhya Darshana Kapila

Yoga Darshana Patanjali

Purva Darshana Jamini Uttara Darshana Badrayna or Vyasa

Mahabharata written by Vyasa, also called Jaya Samhita.

Ramayana written by Valmiki.

Jainism Founded by: Rishabhadeva born in Ayodha. There were 24 tithankaras (great teachers, ) the 23rdbeing Parshavanath and the 24th being the Vardhamana Mahavira.

About Mahavira Born : Kundagram near Vashali. Father : Siddhartha Mother : Trishala

Married to : Yashoda Jamali became the first disciple of the Mahavira.

Mahavir become ascetic at the age of 30 andbecome Kaivalya (jina). Died : Pavapuri

Five Doctrines of Jainism 1. Do not commit Violence (Ahisma) 2. Do not steal (Asteya) 3. Do not acquire property (Aparigraha) 4. Do not speak lie (Satya) 5. Observe continence (Brahmacharya) Jains text were written in Prakrit language.

Councils First Council : At Pataliputra , Jaina Canons compiled. Second Council : At vallabhi, 12 Upangas were compiled in Ardg Magadhi language.

Buddhism Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. His real name was Siddhartha.

He was born at a place called Lumbini, Bihar, now part of Nepal. His father was a king named Suddodana and his mother's name was Mahamaya.

Triratnas in Buddhism stands for 3 pillars : 1. Buddha : Its founder 2. Dhamma : His teachings 3. Sangha : Order for Buddhist monks and nuns

Phases of Buddha’s Life Known as

Left home at the age of 29 Mahabhinishkramana

Under Peepal tree at Bodh Gaya at the age of 35 Attained knowledge/Enlightment/Nirvana First Sermon Dharmachakraparivartana

Death Mahaparinirvana

Buddhist Councils According to Pali literature four councils were held to draw up the canonical texts and the creed in their pure form. The First Council was held at Rajgir, presided by Molakassapa. At this council, Vinaya Pitaka and Sutra Pitak were compiled. The Second Council was held at Vaishali in 383 BC. In it Vinaya Pitaka was revised and the daily activities of the monks were settled. The Third Council was held in Patliputra in 250 BC during the reign of Ashoka. Moggliputta Tissa presided over it. At this council Abhidhamma Pitaka were collected. The Fourth Council was held under Kanishka in Kashmir, presided by Vasumitra and Asvaghosa acted as vice president of this council. The proceedings of this council were confirmed to the composition of commentaries. Buddhism divided into two sects in this council- Hinayana and Mahayana.



Facts Bindusara was called Amitraghat (i.e., slayer of foes)

Kalinga War mentioned in 13th Major Rock Edict converted Ashoka to Buddhism under Upagupta.

Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka.

Sri Lanka is called Tamrapani in the Ashokan inscription.

Vikramaditya, the King of Ujjain, was the only one who defeated the Shakas. To commemorate the victory, he started the

Vikram Samvat in 57BC.

Kushanas were the first rulers to issue gold coins on a wide scale known for metallic purity.

Panatjali wrote „Mahabhasya‟.

Samudragupta is called the Nepoleon of India (V. A. Smith).

Fa-hein , Chinese pilgrim visited during the Chandragupta II.

The Gupta Age is known as the Golden Age in the Indian History.

Medieval India The Delhi Sultanate (1206 - 1526 AD) Muhammad Ghori invaded India and was defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan in First Battle of Tarain in 1191. He laid the Foundation of Muslim rule in India. He defeated Prithvi Raj I Second Battle of Tarain and captured Delhi in 1192. The Delhi Sultanate period can be divided into 5 dynasties viz (1451-1526) 1. The Slave dynasty 2. The Khilji dynasty 3. The Tughlaq dynasty

4. The Sayyid dynasty 5. The Lodhi dynasty

The Slave Dynasty (AD 1206-1290) Qutubuddin Aibek (1206-1210 AD) He constructed two mosques-Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Adhai din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer. He also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhityar Kaki. Razia Sultan: 1236-1240 AD She was the first and only Muslim lady that ever ruled in India. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287 AD) Balban ascended the throne in 1266 and took the title of Zil-e- Illahi (the shadow of God).

The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD) Jalauddin Khilji (1290-1296 AD) Jalaluddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty and invaded the fort of Ranthambhor in 1290. Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 AD) He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who seperated religion from politics.

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413 AD) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325 AD) Ghazi Malik, who assumed the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, was the founder of this third dynasty of the Sultanate. He built a new city of Tughlakabad near Delhi. Mohammad-bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD) The famous traveler Ibn-Battuta visited his court.

The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD) Bahlol Lodhi (1451- 81 AD) Bahlol Lodhi was a Afghan Sardar who founded the Lodhi dynasty and established himself in Punjab after invasion of Timur. Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517 AD) He founded Agra in 1504. Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526) Ibrahim Lodhi is the last Afghan sultan of Delhi of the Lodhi dynasty. Babur, who advanced towards Delhi and defeated and killed Ibrahim in the first battle of Panipat. This victory led to the founding of the Mughal Empire in India.

The Mughals (1526-1540 AD and 1555-1857 AD) Babur (1526-1530 AD) The Mughul era began with the Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). Babur was the first Mughal Emperor of India. He wrote Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turkish language.



Humayun (1530-1556 AD) He laid the foundation of the city Din Panah at Delhi. Humayun's Tomb was built by his widow Haji Begum. Gulbadan Begum, Humayun‟s half-sister wrote Humayun-nama.

Akbar (1556-1605 AD) Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra in the second battle of Panipat with Hemu, (1556) a general of Adil Shah. He built the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri. There were nine Jewells or Nav-Ratnas in Akbar's court- Abdul Rahim, Abdul Fazal, Birbal, Faizi, Hamim Human, Raja Man Singh, Shaikh Mubarak, Tansen and Todar Mal. Akbar built Agra Fort (1565), Lahore Palace(1572), Fatehpur Sikri, Buland Darwaza and Allahabad fort (1583), Panch Mahal and Diwan-i-Khas at Fatehpur Sikri, the Jodhabai's Palace, Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas, Buland Darwaja (built after Gujarat victory), Jahangiri Mahal in Agra. Ralph Fitch was the first Englishman to visit Akbar‟s court in 1585. Abul Faizi wrote Akbarnama.

Jahangir (1605-1627 AD) His wife Nur Jahan built Itimad-ud-Daula's (another name of Mirza Ghiyas Beg) Marble tomb at Agra. He built Moti Mahal in Lahore and his own Mausoleum at Shahdara (Lahore). Executed the fifth guru, Guru Arjun Dev.

Shah Jahan (1627-1658 AD) He built the Taj Mahal at Agra and the Jama Masjid and Red fort in Delhi. Ustad Isa was the master architect under whose guidance, the Taj Mahal was designed and constructed in Agra. Its construction took 22 years. His rein is considered the golden age of the Mughal Empire. Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited his court.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707 AD) He took the title of Alamgir in 1659 and was also called as Zinda Pir (the living saint). Ninth Sikh Guru , Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by him. He built Biwi Ka Makbara at Aurangabad ; Moti Masjid within Red Fort Delhi; and the Jami or Badshahi Mosque at Lahore.

Medieval Architecture And Culture Babur built two mosques, one at Kabulibagh in Panipat and the other at Sambhal in Rohilakhand. Humayun‟s tomb was built by his widow Haji Begum. Buland Darwaja (built after Gujarat victory), formed the main entrance to Fatehpur Sikri. Jahangir built Moti Masjid in Lahore and his mausoleum at Shahdara (Lahore). The Adhai-din- ka Jhopra at Ajmer has a beautiful prayer hall, an exquisitely carved Mehrab of white marble and a decorative arch screen. Other buildings were Taj Mahal, Lal Quila, Jama Masjid. Muhammad Quli Qutubshah founded Hyderabad and built Charminar. The Gol Gumbaz (a tomb with World‟s second largest dome) was built by Muhammad Adil Shah at Bijapur. It was built by Qutubshah.

Modern Indian History Portuguese in India The Portuguese voyager Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on May 17, 1498. Vasco da Gama‟s voyage was successful in establishing a sea route from Europe to India. Alfonso de Albuquerque, the second Governor of India arrived in 1509 and captured Goa in AD 1510.

Dutch in India Dutch East India Company was formed in 1602. They set – up their first factory at Masulipatnam in 1605.

English East India Company The English East India Company was formed in 1599, and was given the royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 to trade in the east. Jahangir granted a farman to Captian William Hawkins permitting the English to erect a factory at Surat (1613). An imperial Farman allowed the Company to set up a permanent factory at Surat in 1613. Sir Thomas Roe played an important role in this. In 1717, John Surman obtained a Farman from Farrukhsiyar which gave large concessions to the Company. This Farman is called the „Magna Carta‟ of the Company. Battle of Plassey (1757) English defeated Sirajuddaula, the nawab of Bengal. Battle of Buxar (1764) Captain Munro defeated the joint forces of Mir Quasim (Bengal), Sirajuddula (Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal).



Danes The Danish East India Company was formed in 1616. The banes sold their settlements to the English in 1845.

French The French East India Company was set in 1664, at the instance of a minister, Colbert, in the reign of Louis XIV. They established their first factory at Surat in 1668 and at Masulipatnam in 1669. The foundation of Pondicherry was laid in 1673 which, afterwards, became its capital. French were defeated by English in Battle of Wandiwash.

Freedom Struggle Movement Year Significance

Revolt of 1857 in India 1857 On Mar 29, 1857, a soldier named Mangal Pandey attacked and fired at his senior at Barrackpur in Bengal (in 19th and 34th Native infantry). Occurred governor-generalship of Lord Canning.

Formation of The Indian National Congress

1885 Formed by A. O. Hume. First session in Bombay under WC.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).

Partition of Bengal 1905 By Lord Curzon on October 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore composed the national song „Amar sonar Bangla‟ for the occasion which was sung by people everywhere. This song was adopted as national anthem by Bangladesh in 1971 after liberation from Pakistan.

Swadesh Movement 1905 INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K. Gokhale. A resolution to boycott British goods was adopted on August 7, 1905 at a meeting of INC at Calcutta.

Muslim League 1906 Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin – ul – Mulk.

Surat Session of Indian National Corporation

1907 The INC split into two groups -The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907.

The Indian Councils Act 1909 (or) Minto Morley Reforms

1909 Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government‟s side.

The Home Rule Movement 1916 It was launch by Tilak and Mrs. Annie Besant. Rowlatt Act 1919 As per this Act, any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion.

This Act was called the Black Act and it was widely opposed. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 13 April,

1919 On the Baisakhi day (harvest festival), a public meeting was organized at the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) to support the Rowlatt Satyagraha. General Dyer marched in and without any warning opened fire on the crowd.

Khilafat Movement 1920 Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali started this movement. The Khilafat movement was launched as the communal movement in defense of the Turkish Khalifa and save his Empire from dismemberment by Britain and other European powers.

Non-cooperation Movement 1920-1922

The Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Gandhi, launched his first innovative protest, the Non-cooperation Movement on 1 August, 1920.

Chauri-Chaura Incident 1922 During the Non-cooperation Movement, being provoked by some policemen, a section of the crowd attacked them. The police opened fire

Simon Commission 1927 Simon Commission was appointed in the chairmanship of Sir John Simon by the British Conservative government to report on the working of the Indian constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919.

Civil Disobedience Movement

1930 Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930 under Gandhi's leadership with the violation of the Salt Law after Dandi Salt March. The Dandi march (Salt Satyagraha) started from Sabarmati Ashram and ended at Dandi (a place in Gujrat).

Poona Pact 1932 Poona pact was an agreement upon a joint electorate between the untouchables and the Hindus. The Poona pact took place at Yerawada jail in Pune on 24th September, 1932.

Cripps Mission 1942 The British Government in its continued effort to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforets in World War II sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India on 23 March 1942. This is known as Cripps Mission. Gandhi called Cripp's proposals as a "Post-dated Cheque".



Quit India Movement 1942 The Quit India Movement, also called the August Movement, launched on 8th August, 1942. Gandhiji gave slogan „Do or Die‟.

The Cabinet Mission 1946 Three members of the British Cabinet - Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander - were sent to India 15 March, 1946, under a historic announcement in which the right to self-determination and the framing of a Constitution for India were conceded. This is known as the Cabinet Mission.

Mountbatten Plan or 3rd June Plan

1947 The plan declared that power would be handed over by 15 August 1947 on the basis of Dominion Status to India and Pakistan.

Influential Governor General and Viceroys Name Events associated with

Warren Hastings (1772-1785 AD) Regulating Act of 1773, Collection of revenue was taken over by the Company, Zamindars were given judicial powers; establishment of civil and criminal courts in each district.

Warren Hastings (1773-1785) The first Governor-General of British India; Regulating Act 1773 and Pitt‟s India Act of 1784 were passed during his tenure.

Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) Credited with a new revenue system under the permanent settlement of Bengal. Introduction of Civil services.

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) Mainly known for Doctrine of Lapse, responsible for annexing number of states on the basis of this philosophy. First train from Bombay to Thane started during his reign in 1853.

Lord Ripon (1880-1884) First factory Act of 1881. Local Self Government was introduced in 1882. Repealed Vernacular Press Act in 1882.

Lord Canning The revolt of 1857. The first Viceroy of British India.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905) Partition of Bengal

William Bentinck (1828-35) Abolition of Sati and reducing the female infanticide.

Lord Hastings(1813-1823) Associated with Ryotwari settlement.

Robert Clive He was the first British Governor of Bengal.

Lord Mountbatten The first Governor-General of Independent India.

C. Rajagopalachari First Indian and last Governor-General of Independent India.



Chapter 2: Geography of the World Greek scholar Eratosthenes has been regarded as “father of geography”. He coined the term geography. As per the International Astronomical Union (IAU), the planet is a celestial body which- 1. has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape) and 2. is in orbit around the sun. 3. has „cleared the neighbourhood‟ around its orbits.

The Universe Copernicus argued that the sun and not the earth was the centre of the universe. Our galaxy is Milky Way Galaxy (or the Akash Ganga).

Solar System Solar system consists of: The Sun The Planets: which goes around the sun Satellites: which goes around the planets. Dwarf Planets: Pluto According to distance from Sun in ascending order : Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn – Uranus - Neptune According to size in descending order : Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Earth - Venus – Mar -Mercury Revolves around the Sun in minimum time period : Venus: 225 days Mercury: 88 days Revolves around the Sun in maximum time period : Pluto: 248 years Neptune: 164 years

Solar System Some Facts

Biggest Planet Jupiter Smallest Planet Mercury

Nearest Planet to Sun Mercury

Farthest Planet from Sun Neptune Nearest Planet to Earth Venus

Brightest Planet Venus Brightest star after Sun Sirius

Planet with maximum satellites Jupiter Coldest Planet Neptune

Hottest Planet Venus

Solar System Some Facts

Heaviest Planet Jupiter

Red Planet Mars Biggest Satellite Gannymede

Smallest Satellite Deimos Blue Planet Earth

Morning/Evening Star Venus

Earth's Twin Venus Green Planet Neptune

Planet with a big red spot Jupiter Lord of the Heavens Jupiter

Greatest Diurnal Temperature Mercury

Classification of planets Inner Planets: Include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Outer Planets: Include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Earth Perihelion: Nearest position of earth to sun. The earth reaches its perihelion on January 3 every year at a distance of about 147 million-Kilometers. Aphelion: Farthest position of earth from sun. The earth reaches its aphelion on July 4, when the earth is at a distance of 152 million Kilometers. Moment of Earth Time taken by Earth to revolve around the Sun: 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45.51 seconds. Time taken by Earth for rotating on its own axis: 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. Duration of days and nights is equal at the equator

Continents Mountain ranges

Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula, Trans - Antarctic Mountains

Africa Atlas, Eastern African Highlands, Ethiopian Highlands

Asia Hindu Kush, Himalayas, Taurus, Elbrus, Japanese Mountains

Australia MacDonnell Mountains

Europe Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Urals, Balkan

North America Appalachians, Sierra Nevada, Rockies, Lauren tides

South America Andes, Brazilian Highlands



Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere

Layer Height (km) Feature

Troposphere 0-18 km Contains 75% of the gases in the atmosphere. As height increases, temperature decreases.

Stratosphere 18-50 km This layer contains ozone layer. The temperature remains fairly constant.

Mesosphere 50-80 km This is the coldest region of the atmosphere. Ionosphere 80-600 km Radio waves are bounced off the ions and reflect waves back to the Earth.

This generally helps in radio communication. Exosphere Above 600 km Upper part of the Exosphere is called Magnetosphere. The temperature

keeps on rising constantly at high rates.

Major Mountain Ranges

Range Location Length

Andes South America 7200

Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush South Central Asia 5000 Rockies North America 4800

Great Dividing Range Easy Australia 3600

Western Ghats Western India 1610 Alaska USA 1130

Alps Europe 1050

Important Canals of the World Panama Canal : Pacific Ocean with Caribbean Sea Suez Canal : Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea

Deepest Points of Oceans Pacific Ocean : Marina Trench Atlantic Ocean : Puetro Rico Trench

Continents–Highest Points Continents Highest point in metres

Asia Everest

Africa Kilimanjaro North America Mckinley

South America Aconcagua

Europe Elbrus Australia Cosuisco

Antarctica Vinson Massif

Highest Mountains Peak Sr.No. Name Height in metres Range Date of first ascent

1. Mount Everest 8,848 Himalayas May 29, 1953

2. K-2 (Godwin Austen) 8,610 Karakoram July 31, 1954

3. Kanchenjunga 8,597 Himalayas May 25, 1955

Longest Rivers Sr.No. Name Source Outflow

1. Nile Lake Victoria, Africa Mediterranean Sea

2. Amazon Glacier-fed lakes, Peru Atlantic Ocean

3. Mississippi-Missouri Red Rock, Montana (USA) Gulf of Mexico 4. Yangtze Kiang Tibetan Plateau, China China Sea

World’s Largest Sr. No. Type Name

1. Continent Asia 2. Strait Tartar Strait (between Russia and Sakhlin islands)

3. Island Greenland 4. Delta Ganga-Brahmputra Delta (Sunderbans, having mangrove vegetation; India and

Bangladesh) 5. Gulf Gulf of Mexico

6. Bay Hudson Bay



Sr. No. Type Name

7. Lake Caspian Sea

8. Freshwater Lake Lake Superior (North America) 9. Artificial Lake Lake Mead (Boulder Dam, USA)

10. Salt Lake Caspian Sea

11. Town Mt. Isa (Queensland, Australia) 12. Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef (Australia, off the cost of Queensland)

13. Sea South China Sea 14. Reservoir Brats Lake (Angara river)

15. River (River Basin) Amazon 16. Ocean Pacific

17. Dam Grand Coulee Dam (USA)

18. Glacier Antarctic – Lambert 19. Waterfall Khone Falls (Mekong river in Laos)

20. Cold/Ice Desert South Polar Region 21 Desert Sahara

22. Tropical Desert Sahara 23. Temperate Desert Gobi

Important international Boundary Lines Name In Between

Redcliff Line (1947) India and Pakistan

McMohan Line (1914) India and China Durand Line (1893) Pakistan and Afghanistan

38TH parallel Line North and South Korea



Chapter 3: Indian Geography Significant Facts about India Total land area of India is 32, 87,263 sq.km. Distance from east to west is 2,933 km. Distance from north to south is 3,214 km. India is the Seventh largest country in the World. India share longest boundary with Bangladesh. In India Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. The longest Indian river is Ganga, its length is 2225 km. The world‟s largest delta, (in West Bengal) Sundarban, is made by Brahmaputra and Ganga.

Indian States Situated on the Border Country Border

Pakistan (4) Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir Afghanistan (1) Jammu and Kashmir

China (5) Jammu and Kashmir, Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh

Nepal (5) Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim Bhutan (4) West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh

Bangladesh (5) West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram

Highest Peaks of India

Highest Peak Height State

Mt K2 (Godwin Austin) 8611 m PoK (India)

Mt Kanchenjunga 8598 m Sikkim Nanda Devi 7817 m Uttrakhand

Important Facts

Longest Coastline Gujarat

Southern Most Tip KanyaKumari

Northern Most Point Indira Point

Western Most Point West of Ghaur Mota in Gujarat

Eastern Most Point Kibithu (Arunachal Pradesh)

Important River Valley Projects of India

Name Facts

Bhukra Nangal Project On Satluj in Punjab. Highest in India. Ht 226 m. Reservoir is called Gobind Sagar Lake

Chambal Valley Project On Chambal in M.P & Rajasthan. 3 dams are there: Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar dam

Damodar Valley Project On Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project, USA Hirakud On Mahanadi in Orissa. World's longest dam: 4801 m

Rihand On Son in Mirzapur. Reservoir is called Govind Vallabh Pant reservoir Kakrapara Project On Tapi in Gujarat

Nagarjuna Sagar Project On Krishna in A.P

Tungabhadra On Tungabhadra in A.P & Karnataka Farakka Project On Ganga in W.B. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy navigation

Cropping Seasons in India 1. Kharif Crops of India Sown in summers between May and July, and harvested after the rains, in September and October. Eg: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.

2. Rabi Crops of India Sown at the beginning of winter and harvested before the onset of the summer season, between Feb and April. e.g: Wheat, barley, oilseeds, gram, potatoes, etc.



3. Zayad Crops They are raised between April and June. e.g : Melon, watermelon, cucumber, toris, leafy and other vegetables.

Major Agriculture Revolutions 1. Green Revolution Food grains

2. White Revolution Milk

3. Yellow Revolution Oil seeds

4. Golden Revolution Fruits (Apple)

5. Pink Revolution Prawn

6. Grey Revolution Fertilizers

7. Brown Revolution Non-conventional energy

8. Silver Revolution Chicken/Egg

9. Food chain Revolution Saving food, vegetables & fruits

10. Rainbow Revolution Amalgamation of all the above Revolutions

11. Black Revolution Production of crude (petroleum)

12. Blue Revolution Fish production

Significant National Park in India Name Location

Bandipur National Park Border of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Bharatpur, Rajasthan Dachigam Sanctuary Dachigam, Kashmir

Ghana Bird Sanctuary Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Gir National Park Junagadh, Gujarat Jim Corbett National Park Nainital, Uttaranchal

Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh Kaziranga National Park Jorhat ,Assam

Ranthambore Tiger Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan Sharavathi Sanctuary Shimoga, Karnataka

Sunderbans Tiger Reserve South 24 Parganas, West Bengal

Tungabhadra Sanctuary Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka

Biosphere Reserves in India Sl. No Year Name State

1 2008 Great Rann of Kutch Gujarat

2 1989 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu 3 1989 Sundarbans West Bengal

4 2009 Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh 5 1988 Nanda Devi Uttarakhand

6 1986 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka

7 1998 Dihang-Dibang Arunachal Pradesh 8 1999 Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Madhya Pradesh

9 2010 Seshachalam Hills Andhra Pradesh 10 1994 Simlipal Odisha

11 2005 Achanakamar –Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh

12 1989 Manas Assam 13 2000 Khangchendzonga Sikkim

14 2001 Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve Kerala, Tamil Nadu 15 1989 Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve Andaman and Nicobar Islands

16 1988 Nokrek Meghalaya 17 1997 Dibru-Saikhowa Assam

18 2011 Panna Madhya Pradesh



Some Important Ports of India Zone State Port Features

Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Ennore India‟s First corporatized port

Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Chennai Artificial Port Eastern Coast West Bengal Haldia Riverine ports Known as Diamond Harbour

Eastern Coast Odisha Paradip Natural Harbor Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Tutikorn Major port in south India

Eastern Coast Andhra Pradesh Vishakapatnam Deepest port of India

Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Chennai Artificial port Western Coast Gujarat Kandla Known as Tidal Port Acknowledged as Trade Free Zone

Largest port by volume of cargo handled. Western Coast Karnataka Mangalore Deals with the iron ore exports

Western Coast Goa Marmagoa Situated on the estuary of the river Juari Western Coast Maharashtra Mumbai Largest Natural Port and harbor In India Busiest port in India

Western Coast Maharashtra Jawaharlal Nehru Port Largest Artificial Port Western Coast Kerala Kochi Sited in the Vembanad lake

Key Nuclear Stations in India Tarapur Maharashtra Kaiga Karnataka

Kakrapara Gujarat

Kudankulam Tamil Nadu Under construction with the assistance of Russia

Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu, called Indira Gandhi Nuclear Power Station

Narora UP

Rawatbhata Kota, Rajasthan



Chapter 4: Biology Vitamin Function Deficiency Results in Source

Vitamin A Anti-infective. Essential for healthy skin and aids night vision. Also assists in body growth

Poor growth, rough and dry skin and prone to infection of the same. Severe deficiency may cause night blindness.

All animal fat, carrots, eggs, mango, papaya, apricots, tomatoes, spinach, cod live oil, whole milk.

Vitamin B Anti – eurotic, anti beri - beri, health of nervous system, steady and continuous rele – as of energy from carbohydrates, antipellagra.

Poor growth, neuritis, beri-beri, fissures all corners of mouth and on tongue, skin disease, Pellagra., diarrhea,

Brewer's yeast, cereals, eggs, fruits, liver, melt, Fukes

Folic Acid Assists in production of red blood cells. Essential for red blood cell formation

Some form of anaemia.

Green vegetables, liver

Cyanoco-balamin Vitamin B12

Essential for red blood cell formation

Paranoias anaemia. Green Vegetables, liver.

Vitamin C Formation of bones, teeth and collagen

Sore mouth and gums capillary bleeding, scurvey, delayed healing of wounds.

Fresh fruit, (oranges and lemon) cow’s milk, fresh vegetables.

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, assists in body growth.

Rickets in children, osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults.

Oily fish, dairy products, egg yolk milk, sun’s rays, butter.

Vitamin E (Tocophero)

Helps in reproduction, assists cell respiration, metabolism of fats and starches.

Thought to interfere with reproduction and also cause certain degenerative diseases of the nervous system, liver damage, increased tendency to heamorrhage, also causes abortion menstruation irregularities

Wheat germ milk cereals, egg yolk, beef, liver, mutton spinach, soyabeans.

Vitamin K (Menadione)

Antihaemorrhage, essential for production of prothrombin (blood) clothing).

Delayed clotting of blood, liver damage, increased tendency to haemorrhage

Green leafy vegetables, oats, fish, rye, peas.

Key Information about Human Body Blood: It is a red, viscous fluid which circulates in the human body. It is basically a connective tissue which is contained inthe blood vessels. A healthy man possesses on an average, 5 litres of blood in the body. Composition: It is made up of two chief constituents: (a) Plasma (fluid), constitutes the major part while (b) Blood cells (solid), which constitutes the minor part. The blood cell corpuscles are of two types: (1) RBC (2) WBC. The RBC is red blood corpuscles which contains a pigment called haemoglobin which is responsible for the red colour of the blood. The WBC are white blood corpuscles which are primarily responsible for combating with the infection of the body or they fight with the foreign harmful organisms of the body. Blood groups: They are of four types, viz. (i) A-type (ii) B-type (iii) AB-type (iv) O-type AB - type is called universal recipient | O-type is called as universal donor

Do you know?

Babies are born with over 300 bones. Many of them fuse together as we grow up and we end up with about 206. Longest bone is the femur or thighbone

The smallest bone is the stapes or stirrup bone in the middle ear The strongest bone is the shinbone, which connects the knee to the ankle. There are 27 bones in each hand and 26 in each foot. The various bones are connected to other bones by ligaments The bones are connected to muscles by tendons The various joints present in the body are 1. Ball and socket joint : present in shoulders and hip joint 2. Hinge joint : elbow and knee joint 3. Pivot joint :Neck 4. Immovable Joint : Skull.



Points To Ponder

Largest organ of the body : The skin Most important organ: Pituitary glands (Controls growth, reproduction, working of endocrine gland). Organs that never rest : The heart and the kidney Body's instant energy is provided by : The liver (It stores glycogen which body converts into glucose and burns to provide energy) Hardest substance of the body : the enamel of the teeth The lighter half moon shape at the base of finger nails actually has a name : Lonula Outermost layer of the skin is replaced every : 15 to 30 days,

Father of Various Branches Of Biology

Father of Biology Aristotle Father of Zoology Aristotle Father of Botany Theophrastus

Father of Endocrinology Thomas Addison Father of Modern Botany Linnaeus

Father of Bacteriology Leeuwenhoek Father of Immunology Edward Jenner Father of Genetics G.J. Mendel

Father of Modern Genetics T.H. Morgan Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur

Father of Cytology Robert Hooke Father of Mutation Hugo De Vries

Father of Blood Groups Karl Landsteiner 'Father of Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus Father of Medicine Hippocrates

Father of Microscopy Marcella Malpighi



Chapter 5: Economics Adam Smith defined economics “as the study of the nature and causes of the generation of wealth of a nation”. The subject matter of economics has been divided into two parts: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

Microeconomics Microeconomics occupies a vital place in economics and it has theoretical and practical importance. It is microeconomics that tells us how a free-market economy with its millions of consumers and producers works to decide about the allocation of productive resources among thousands of goods and services.

Macroeconomics Macroeconomics analyses the behaviour of the whole economic system in totality or entirety, such as total employment, national product or income, the general price level in the economy. Therefore, macroeconomics is also known as “aggregative economics”.

Terms related to Population Death Rate : Number of people dying per thousand population. Birth Rate : The number of births in a year per 1,000 population Density of population : It is defined as the average number of persons living per squire kilometer. According to census 2011, India’s density of population is 364 per square km. Literacy Rate : A literate is “a person who can read and write with understanding”. Sex Ratio : Number of females per thousand males.

YOJANA Aayog to NITI Aayog Planning Commission The Planning Commission (Yojana Aayog) was an institution in the Government of India, which formulated India's Five-Year Plans. It was formed on 15th March 1950. Authority for creation of the Planning Commission was not derived from the Constitution of India or statute; it is an arm of the central Government of India. Till now planning commission have given around 12 Five year plans. Main functions of planning commission were: 1. To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilization of country's resources. 2. To indicate the factors that tend to retard economic development. 3. To determine the conditions which need to be established for the successful execution of the plan within the incumbent socio-political situation of the country. 4. To determine the nature of the machinery required for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects. 5. To appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and also recommend the adjustments of policy and measures which are deemed important vis-a-vis a successful implementation of the plan. 6. To make necessary recommendations from time to time. NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) This institution is a government of India policy think tank established by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi to replace the planning commission. The stated aim for NITI Aayog's creation is to foster involvement and participation in the economic policy-making process by the State Governments of India and Union Territories. The Union Government of India announced formation of NITI Aayog on 1 January 2015, and the first meeting of NITI Aayog was held on 8 February 2015. NITI Aayog replaced Planning Commission of India. Another new contribution was the concept of "NITI Blogs", which provide public access to articles, field reports and work in progress as well as the published opinions of NITI officials, which is accessible to the public on government‟s official site. Main motive of institution of NITI Aayog is the concept and implementation of cooperative federalism promotion of citizen engagement, egalitarian access to opportunity, participative and adaptive governance and increasing use of technology.

Composition 1. Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson 2. Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Union territories with Legislatures and lieutenant governors of other Union Territories. 3. Regional Councils will be formed to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than one state or a region. These will be formed for a specified tenure. The Regional Councils will be convened by the Prime Minister and will be composed of the Chief Ministers of States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories in the region. These will be chaired by the Chairperson of the NITI Aayog or his nominee 4. Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees nominated by the Prime Minister 5. Full-time organizational framework (in addition to Prime Minister as the Chairperson) comprising 1. Vice-Chairperson: Dr. Rajiv Kumar 2. Members: Four (4) Full-time: Prof. Ramesh Chand, Shri V.K. Saraswat , Shri Bibek Debroy and Dr. V. K. Paul



3. Chief Executive Officer: Shri Amitabh Kant 4. Part-time members: Maximum of two from leading universities research organizations and other relevant institutions in an ex-officio capacity. Part-time members will be on a rotational basis 5. Ex Officio members: Maximum of four members of the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister 6. Secretariat as deemed necessary

Goods and Service Tax Goods and Service Tax (GST) is a Tax system that has replaced all the indirect taxes in the country like Service Tax, Excise Tax, VAT, etc and make India one Nation One Tax Country. The 101st Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, introduced a national Goods and Services Tax in India from 1 July 2017. The GST is administered & governed by GST Council and it's Chairman is Union Finance Minister of India. As per Article-279 (1) of the amended Constitution, the GST Council was to be constituted by the President within 60 days of the commencement of Article 279A. This is a joint forum of centre & state. GST Council consists of the following members 1. Union Finance Minister who will be the Chairperson 2. The Union Minister of state, in-charge of Revenue of Finance. 3. The Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister, nominated by each state government. The Secretary (Revenue) is the Ex-officio Secretary to GST Council. The Chairperson, Central Board of Excise and Custom (CBEC), is a permanent invitee (non voting) to all proceedings of the GST Council. The decisions will be made by three-fourth majority of votes cast The centre shall have a third of votes cast, States shall together have two thirds

Some Economic Terms Economic term Meaning Ad valorem duty It refers to the duty or tax imposed on the commodity depending upon the value of the commodity.

Balance Budget An annual budget (such as for a government) in which revenues perfectly offset expenditures, so that there is neither a deficit nor a surplus.

Balance of Payment Balance of payment of a county provides a statement of account, which gives in brief picture of the overall transaction with other countries over a specified period of time. It is a sort of balance sheet in which are recorded a country‟s external claims and obligations. Unlike balance of trade, balance of payments always balances. Care has to be taken on composition of higher duty on export , as it affects the country‟s balance of payments position.

Bank Rate The rate of interest charged by the Reserve Bank of India for lending to commercial banks.

Bond A financial security which represents the promise of its issuer (usually a company or a government) to repay a loan over a specified time period, at a specified rate of interest.

Capital Broadly defined, capital represents the tools which people use when they work, in order to make their work more productive and efficient.

Capitalism An economic system in which privately-owned companies and businesses undertake most economic activity.

Central Bank A Public Financial Institution, usually established at the national level and controlled by a national government, which sets short-term interest rates, lends money to commercial banks and governments, and otherwise oversees the operation of the credit system.

Classical Economics The tradition of economics that began with Adam Smith which focused on the dynamic economic and political development of capitalism, analyzed economics in class terms, and advocated the labour theory of value.

Consumer Price Index

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the overall price level paid by consumers for the various goods and services they purchase

Corporation A corporation is a form of business established as an independent legal entity, separate from the individuals who own it

Credit The ability to purchase something without immediately paying for it – through a credit card, a bank loan, a mortgage, or other forms of credit.

Debt The total amount of money owed by an individual, company or other organization to banks or other lenders is their debt. It represents the accumulated total of past borrowing.

Deflation A decline in the overall average level of prices. Deflation is the opposite of inflation.

Depression A depression is a very deep, long, and painful recession, in which unemployment rises to very high levels, and economic output does not bounce back.

Deficit Financing When expenditure exceeds revenue, paper currency is printed to fill the gap. It is beneficial when it creates greater productivity. If there is no adequate increase in productivity, it generates serious inflation and adversely affects real wages - too much money getting too few goods.

Dividends This is an enticement to investors to purchase that company‟s shares, and represents a way of distributing some of a company‟s profits to its ultimate owners.



Economic term Meaning Economic Growth Economic growth is the expansion of total output produced in the economy. It is usually measured by

the expansion of real GDP. Equilibrium In neoclassical economics, equilibrium exists when supply equals demand for a particular commodity.

Equity The proportion of a company‟s total assets which are “owned” outright by the company‟s owners. Exchange rate The “price” at which the currency of one country can be converted into the currency of another

country. Factors of Production

The basic productive resources (labour, capital, and natural resources) that are essential inputs to every economic activity.

Feudalism A type of economy (such as that in Europe in the Middle Ages) that is primarily agricultural, but productive enough to support a class of artisans and merchants

Fiscal Policy The spending and taxing activities of government constitute its fiscal policy.

Foreign Direct Investment

An investment by a company based in one country, in an actual operating business, including real physical capital assets (like buildings, machinery and equipment), located in another country.

Foreign Exchange The process by which the currency of one nation is converted into the currency of another country. Gini Coefficient A statistical measure of inequality. A Gini score of 0 implies perfect. A Gini score of 1 implies perfect

inequality. Globalization A generalized historical process through which more economic activity takes place across national

borders. Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases trap more heat from the sun near the earth‟s surface. Carbon dioxide is the major

greenhouse gas. Gross Domestic Product

The value of all the goods and services produced for money in an economy, evaluated at their market prices.



Chapter 6: United Nations The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year. The main objective of the United Nations is to make the world a better place to live in by maintaining peace and security all over the world.

General points General assembly: 193 members. Security council: 5 permanent and 10 non – permanent members. There are six official language of UN viz. English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese. ICJ: 15 judges Economic and social council has 54 members.

Indians judges in International Court of Justice are: 1. Sir Benegal Rau (19508) 2. Dr. Negendra Singh (1970-80) 3. R. S. Pathak (1988-90) 4. Dalveer Bhandari (2012 - Current) The Secretariat: The Secretariat, one of the main organs of the UN, is organized along departmental lines, with each department or office having a distinct area of action and responsibility.

List of International Year Declared by UN 2019: International Year of Indigenous People 2017: International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development 2016: International Year of Pulses 2015: International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies International Year of Soils 2014: International Year of Family Farming 2013: International Year of Water Cooperation 2012: International Year of Cooperatives 2011: International Year of Chemistry 2010: International Year of Biodiversity 2009: International Year of Astronomy 2008: International Year of the Potato 2007-2008 : International Polar Year (WMO) 2006 : International Year of Deserts and Desertification 2005 : International Year of Microcredit 2004 : International Year of Rice 2003 : International Year of Freshwater 2002 : International Year of Ecotourism 2001 : International Year of Volunteers 2000 : International Year of Thanksgiving 1999 : International Year of Older Persons 1998 : International Year of the Ocean 1996 : International Year for the Eradication of Poverty 1995 : United Nations Year for Tolerance

1994 : International Year of the Family 1993 : International Year for the World's Indigenous People 1992 : International Space Year 1990 : International Literacy Year 1987 : International Year of Shelter for The Homeless 1986 : International Year of Peace 1985 : International Youth Year : Participation, Development and Peace 1983: World Communications Year; Development of Communication Infrastructures 1982 : International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa 1981 : International Year for Disabled Persons 1979 : International Year of The Child 1978-1979 : International Anti-Apartheid Year 1975 : International Women's Year 1974 : World Population Year 1971 : International Year for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice 1970 : International Education Year 1968 : International Year for Human Rights 1967 : International Tourist Year 1965 : International Co-operation Year 1961 : International Health and Medical Research Year 1959/1960 : World Refugee Year



Chapter 7: International Organizations European Union The European Union (EU) was formally established in 1993, when the Maastricht Treaty (1991) came into force. Till that year, the EU was known as the European Community (EC).

Members At present, the EU consists of 27 member countries. Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemberg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Denmark and France formed at 12-nation bloc of the EU. Sweeden. Finland and Austria joined the EU, raising the total number of members to 27. The New members are: Poland, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia and Slovenia. Two more countries–Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU in 2007.

Objectives The EU aims at closer economic and political integration of the member countries in the following ways: 1. Establishing an economic and monetary union 2. Implementing a common foreign and defence policy 3. Strengthening of its economic and political institutions 4. Developing relations in the spheres of home affairs and justice.

SAARC (South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation) The idea of a regional organization for cooperation in South Asia was put forward by the then Bangladesh President Zia-ur Rahman in November 1980. The objective was to form an association on the lines of the EEC or ASEAN. SAARC was formed in December 1985 at Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Members At present, the SAARC consists of 8 member countries. Originally, seven South Asian countries (Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka) formed the association in 1985. In the thirteenth SAARC Summit (2005), Afghanistan was admitted into the group and in the fourteenth SAARC Summit (2007), it was formally inducted as the 8th member of the group. China, Japan, USA, South Korea, European Union, Mauritius and Iran enjoy the „observer‟ status in the SAARC.

Objectives The following are the aims and objectives of SAARC: to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia to improve security and environment in the region

to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region to combat terrorism

to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries

Meetings The charter of SAARC provides annual meetings of the heads of states and governments and a six-monthly meeting of the Council of Ministers, which is the organisation‟s highest policy-making body. The Charter specifically prohibits discussions on bilateral disputes within its framework.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Formation - 16 January 2016 (Open for business) 25 December 2015 (Entry into force Articles of Agreement) Headquarters - Beijing, China Region served - Asia and Oceania Membership - 37 Founding Members Official language - English President - Jin Liqun The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is an international financial institution that aims to support the building of

infrastructure in the Asia-Pacific region. The bank has 37 member states (all "Founding Members") and was proposed as an initiative by the government of China. The initiative gained support from 37 regional and 20 non-regional Prospective Founding Members (PFM), all of which have

signed the Articles of Agreement that form the legal basis for the bank. The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015, after ratifications were received

from 10 member states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the Authorized Capital Stock. Major economies that did not become PFM include the G7/G8 members Canada, Japan and the United States. The capital of the bank is $100 billion, equivalent to 2⁄3 of the capital of the Asian Development Bank and about half that of

the World Bank.



Name Estd in Headquarter Member Objective

The Commonwealth 1926 London 53 It was originally known as “The British Commonwealth of Nations.” It is an association of soverign and independent states which formally made up the British empire.

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

1989 Singapore 21 To promote trade and inverstment in the pacific basin.

Asian Development Bank(ADB)

1966 Manila 67 To promote regional economic cooperation.

Association Of South East Asian Nations(ASEAN)

1967 Jakarta 10 Regional, economic, social and cultural cooperation among the non- communist countries of South- East Asia.

Commonwealth Of Independent States(CIS)

1991 Minsk (Belarus)

11 To coordinate inter common wealth nations relations.

Group Of 15 (G-15) 1989 Geneva 18 To promote economic cooperation among developing nations.

International Olympic Committee(IOC)

1894 Switzerland 105 To promote the Olympic ideals and administer Olympic games.

Non- Aligned Movement(NAM)

1961 Jakarta 115 Political cooperation and separate itself from both USA & USSR.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO)

1949 Brussels (Belgium)

28 Mutual defence and cooperation.

South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation(SAARC)

1985 Kathmandu (Nepal)

8 To promote economic, social and cultural cooperation.

Amnesty International(AI) 1961 London (UK) - To keep watch over human rights violation worldwide.

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)For Nature

1961 Gland (Switzerland)

All countries To save the wildlife from extinction.

International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL)

1923 Lyons (France)

176 Independent nations and 13 sub-bureaus (dependencies)

To coordinate police activities of member states.

Organization of Economic Cooperation

1961 Paris (France) 34 Countries To achieve the highest possible economic development in member countries and to raise the standard of living.

National Organizations Name of Organization Headquarter Resource Person(s)

NITI Aayog New Delhi Narendra Modi (Chairman) Rajiv Kumar (Vice Chairman)

15th Finance Commission of India New Delhi N. K. Singh (Chairman) ASSOCHAM New Delhi Sunil Kanoria (President)

Central Board of Direct Taxes New Delhi Sushil Chandra (Chairman) Central Board of Excise and Customs New Delhi Najib Shah (Chairman) Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce (FICCI) New Delhi Rashesh Shah (President)

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Mumbai Dr. Harsh Kumar Bhanwala (Chairman) National Company Law Tribunal (NCLAT) New Delhi Hon'ble Justice

Shri Mahesh Mittal Kumar (President)

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Mumbai Ajay Tyagi (Chairman) Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Mumbai Urjit Patel (Governor)

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Mumbai Shri S. Ravi (Chairman) National Stock Exchange (NSE) Mumbai Vikram Limaye (CEO)



Chapter 8: Environment Stockholm Conference (1972)

It was the international conference on Human Environment, which was organized in 1972. 114 countries participated in it. Conference declared June 5 as the world Environment Day.

Kyoto Protocol (1987) CFC Production and consumption to be frozen at 1986 levels by 1990 ;t that of Halons from 1994 ; developing countries with consumption of CFC less than 0.3 kg to delay compliance by 10 years ; protocol effective from January 1989

London Conference (1990) CFC Production and consumption to be phased out by 2000 (Developed countries) and by 2010 (developing countries)

Rio- Earth Summit (1992) Agenda 21 to prevent environmental degradation. The convention on Biological diversity was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.The convention has three main goals : conservation of Biological diversity ; sustainable use of is components ; and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

Kyoto Conference (1997) To cut GHG by 5.2 percent to 1990 levels by 2008 – 2012 ; Japan (6% cut), US (7% cut), EU (8%) ; India and china face no binding. The treaty was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, opened for signature on March 16, 1998, and closed on March, 15, 1999. The agreement came into force on February 16, 2005 following ratification by Russia on November 18, 2004. As of December 2006, a total of 169 countries and other government entities have ratified the agreement. Notable exception include the united States and Australia. Other countries, like India and china, which have ratified the protocol, are not required to reduce carbon emissions under the present agreement.

Word Summit on sustainable development (2002)

It was held in Johannesburg Over 400 delegates from about 100 countries participated in it.

Stockholm Convention (2004)

IT was held on may 17 aims at phasing out 12 dangerous pesticides and industrial pollutants (POPs). More than 150 countries have signed it and about 60 have ratified it.

Montreal US Summit (2005) World leaders decided to speed up to implementation of Kyoto declaration.

ENMOD Convention The convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD Convention) is a 1976 international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques. It was opened for signature at Geneva on 18 May 1977 and entered into force on 5 October 1978. Parties to the Agreement : there are 67 parties to the convention including India and Pakistan.

Basel Convention The Basel Convention is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of Hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries ( LDCs). The convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate. The convention was opened for signature on March 22, 1989, and entered into force on may 5, 1992. Of the 166 parties to the convention, Afghanistan Haiti and the United States have signed convention but have not yet ratified it.

Convention on Long- Range Transboundary Air Pollution

The convention on Long- range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is intended to protect the Human environment against air Pollution, including long range transboundary air pollution. The convention opened for signature on 13 November 1979 and entered in to force on 16 March, 1983. The Convention, which now has 51 parties, identifies the Executive Secretary of the United Nation Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) as its secretariat

Bonn Convention The Convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals, also known as Bonn convention, aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout heir range. It is an intergovernmental treaty. Concluded under the Aegis of the United Nations Environmental Program, concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. The convention was signed in 1979 in Bonn and entered into force in 1983.

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

The comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Bans all nuclear explosion in all environments, for military or civilian purposes. The Treaty was opened for signature in New York on 24 September five for the eight then nuclear capable states and ratified the CTBT, completing the ratification of the treaty by all the States as defined by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), did not sign.

United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea

United Nations convention on Law of the sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the sea convention, is an international agreement that sets rules for the use of the world‟s oceans, which cover 70 percent of the Earth‟s surface. UNCLOS came into force in 1994, and to date, 154 countries and the European Community have joined the Convention. The United States has not.



UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations conference on Environmental and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The treaty is aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gas in order to combat global warming. As the treaty sets no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual nations and contained no enforcement provisions ; it is therefore considered legally non- binding. Rather, the treaty included provisions for updates (Protocols) that would set mandatory emission limits. The United Nation Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) was opened for signature at the 1992 United national conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Conference in Rio de Janeiro (Earth Summit). On June 1992, 154 Nations Signed the UNFCCC.



Chapter 9: Awards & Honours Award is a certificate of excellence, which is given to an individual or a group of people to identify and recognize their excellence in a particular field. Often it is given in the form of a title, certificate, medals, trophy etc. It may carry a monetary prize and it may come simply with a public acknowledgement. Usually, awards are given by an organization or a government body.

Awards / Honuors Conferring Particulars Instituted In the year

Bharat Ratna Government of India Given for exceptional services towards the advancement of art, science and literature and in recognition of public services of the highest order in any field. It is the highest National Award.

1954

Padma Vibhushan Government of India 2nd Highest Civilian honor given for exceptional and distinguished service in any field including services render by government employees.

1954

Padma Bhushan Government of India Third highest National award given for distinguished services in any field.

1954

Padma Sri Government of India Fourth highest national award given for distinguished service in any field.

1954

Gallantry Awards Government of India Wartime awards – These awards are given for appreciating the valour,brave, courageous action or self sacrifice in the battlefield. o ParamVir Chakra (PVC) o Maha Vir Chakra, o Vir Chakra. Peacetime awards – These awards are given for appreciating the valour, brave, courageous action or self sacrifice away from battlefield. o Ashok Chakra, o Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra.

Bharatiya Jnanpith Award Bharatiya Jnanpith Given to distinguished writer of various modern Indian languages

1964-65

Moortidevi Award Bhartiya jnanpith Given for depiction of value of human life in various modern Indian languages and in English.

1984

Sahitya Akedemi Award Sahitya Adademi For distinguished and outstanding literary contribution in 22 Indian languages including English in past 5 years.

1955

Sarswati Samman K.K. Birla Foundation For an outstanding literary work in any language including in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India in the past 10 years. Recognized as most prestigious literary honor in the country

1991

Booker Prize Booker Company & British Publishers Association

Highest literary award for distinguished literary contribution by Irish or other writers Commonwealth nations.

1968

Arjuna Award Human Resource Development Ministry (Government of India) Sport Deptt.

Outstanding contribution in the field of sport. 1961

Dronacharya Award Human Resource Development Ministry (Government of India) Sport Dettp.

For distinguished services by coaches of different games.

1985

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna - For outstanding performance in the field of sports / games

1991

C.K. Naidu Award (Lifetime)

Board of Control for cricket of India

For extraordinary performance in cricket (Outside or inside ground)

1994

Nobel Prizes Conferring Agencies : Nobel Foundation, Sweden (Peace) ; Parliamentary committee of Norway Swedish Academy (Literature); Bank of Sweden (Economics) Nobel Assembly of Carolinska Institute (Medicine) Royal Sweden Academy of sciences (Physics & Chemistry).

1901

Magsaysay Award Ramon Magsaysay (Philippines) Foundation

Given annually on August 31, the birth anniversary of Magsaysay, for outstanding contribution to public service,

1957



Awards / Honuors Conferring Particulars Instituted In the year

community leadership, journalism, literate and creative arts and international understanding. It is equivalent to the Nobel prize in Asia.

Indira Gandhi Award for International Peace, Disarmament & Development

Indira Gandhi Memorial fund

Given for outstanding contribution to disarmament and development

1986

UNESCO Peace Award UNESCO Often called the little Nobel Award. Given to individuals or groups for their contribution to peace

1989

UN Human Rights Award UN Given to honour and commend people and organizations which have made an outstanding contribution to the promotion and protection of the human rights

1966

Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize

Government of India (Highest Award of India)

Instituted to mark the 125th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, conferred on an individual for literary and artistic work. It is on the lines of Noble Prize

1995

Pulitzer Prize Columbia University Named after the US publisher Joseph Pulitzer. Conferred annually in the USA for outstanding works in journalism, literate and music.

1970

Dada Saheb Phalke Award

Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India

Highest award in the field of films, is given to a film personality for his/ her outstanding contribution to the growth and development of India cinema.

1969

Kalidas Samman The Madhya Pradesh Government

It is given annually for excellence in four different art forms alternative classical music, Dance, Theatre and Plastic art.

-

Saraswati Award Sri Kailashnath Trust, Nasik

Conferred on individuals related to various fields – social service, art and ancient leaning

1991

Kalinga Award Kalinga Foundation Trust, Orissa

It is conferred for popularization of science by UNESCO

1952

Oscar Award These awards were conferred annually by the Academy of Motion pictures in USA. These are considered most precious awards in cinema. The first Indian to get this award was Bhanu Athaiya for the movie ‘Gandhi’.

1929

Magsaysay Award It was named after Ramon Magsaysay. This award is annually given on august 31, for outstanding contributions to public service, community leadership, journalism, literature and creative arts and international understanding.

1957



Chapter 10: First in India & the World

First in Women – India

First woman President Mrs. Pratibha Patil First woman Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi

First woman Chief Minister of State Mrs. Sucheta Kripalani

First woman Minister Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit First woman Central Minster Rajkumari Amarit Kaur

First woman Speaker of Lok Sabha Mrs. Shanno Devi First woman Governor of State Mrs. Sarojini Naidu

First woman Indian woman President of Indian National Congress Annie Bessant First woman President of UN General Assembly Ms. Vijaylakshmi Pandit

First Muslim Woman to sit on the throne of Delhi Razia Sultana

First woman in India to swim across the English Channel Mrs. Arti Saha First woman in India to climb Mount Everest Bachhendri Pal

First female IAS Officer Anna George Malhotra

First President of the U.S.A. (America) George Washington (1789 – 1797) First Prime Minister of the U.K. (Great Britain) Robert Walpole

First Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan First Governor General of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1947)

First Secretary General of the United Nations Trygve Lie, Norway (1946 – 1953)

First Indian to speak in Hindi at the United Nations Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee First woman President of the U.N. General Assembly Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1953)

First woman Prime Minister of a Country Mrs. Bandaranaika (Sri Lanka 1960) First man to set foot on the moon Neil Armstrong (USA 1969)

First Chinese Pilgrim to visit India Fahien (401 – 410) First European invader of India Alexander (Greek, 326 B.C.)

First Asian to get the Nobel Prize in literature R. N. Tagore (1913)

First man to climb Mount Everest Tenzing (India) and Hillary (New Zealand) 1953 First Asian woman to cross the English Channel Aarti Saha (India) 1959

First Indian woman Astronaut to enter space in Nov. 1998 Kalpana Chawla (Karnal – Haryana) India‟s First War Museum is situated at Bhatian (Ludhiana – Punjab)

First Indian to enter the Indian Civil Service S. N. Banerjee The first Indian state to implement the Panchayati Raj System Rajasthan

The first Indian scientist to receive the Nobel Prize C.V. Raman (Physics)

First Modern Olympic Games 1896 The first bank of India was Bank of Hindustan (1770)

India‟s first Magsaysay Award winner was Vinoba Bhave First recipient of Dada Saheb Phalke Award Devika Rani (1969)

First Chief Justice of India Hiralal Kania (1950 – 51) First Telephone Line introduced in India 1851

First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Economics Prof. Amartya Sen (1998)

First amendment in the Indian Constitution 1950 First Deputy Prime Minister of India Sardar Vallabh Patel

First Vice-President of India Dr. S. Radhakrishnan First Muslim President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain

First Sikh President of India Giani Zail Singh First Prime Minister to resign from post Morarji Desai

First woman Chief Minister of an Indian State Mrs. S. Kriplani

First woman President fo Indian National Congress Annie Beasant (1917) First woman I.P.S. Officer Mrs. Kiran Bedi

First Indian to swim across the English Channel Mihir Sen First Indian Field Marshal Manekshaw

First Indian Nobel Prize Winner R. N. Tagore First Mughal Emperor of India Babar

First Viceroy of India Lord Canning

First President of the Indian National Congress W.C. Banerjee

First Governor General of Indian Union C. Rajgopalachari



First in Women – India

First woman IPS Officer Kiran Bedi

First woman Advocate Cornelia Sorabji First woman Judge Anna Chandi

First woman Judge of High Court Anna Chandi

First woman Judge of Supreme Court Justice M. Fathima Beevi First woman Chief Justice of High Court Leila Seth

First woman to receive a Sena Medal Contable Bimla Devi (88 B of CREF) – 1993 First woman to climb mount Everest two times Santosh Yadav (ITBP Officer) – 1993

First Lady Magistrate Omana Kunjamma First Woman to win Nobel Prize Mother Teresa

First to be crowned Miss India Pramita (Ester Victoria Abraham) – 1947

First to be crowned Miss Universe Sushmita Sen First to be crowned Miss World Reita Faria (1996)

MEN

First Indian to swim across the English Channel Mihir Sen First to climb mount Everest Tenzing Norgay

First Indian to Join I.C.S. (ICs Now is IAS) Satyendra Nath Tagore First Indian to get Nobel Prize Rabindranath Tagore

First British Governor General Warren Hastings

First Governor General of free India Lord Mountbatten First Viceroy of India Lord Canning

Last Governor General of free India Dr. Rajendra Prasad First President of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad

First Vice- President of India Dr. S. Radhakrishnan First Muslim President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain

First Sikh President of India Giani Zail Singh

First Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru First Speaker of Lok Sabha G.V. Mavlankar

First Chief Justice of India Justice H.K. Kania First President of Indian National Congress W.C. Bannerjee

First Indian to become President of International Courts of Justice Dr. Nagendra Singh First Emperor of Mughal Dyansty Babur

First Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw

First Chief of the Army Staff (Indian) Gen. Maharaja Rajendra Singhji First Chief of the Naval Staff (Indian) Vice – Admiral R.D. Katari

Firs Chief of the Air Force Staff (Indian) Subroto Mukherjee First Indian in British Parliament Dadabhai Naoroji

First Indian recipient of Victoria Cross (Highest gallantry award before Independence)

Khudada Khan

First Indian to circumnavigate the Globe Lt. col k. Rao First Indian High Court Judge Justice Syed Mehamood (1978)

First Chairman of Rajya Sabha Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (1952-62)

First Judge to face impeachment in the Lok Sabha Justice V. Ramaswami

Indian Sobriquets

Nick Name Place

Golden City Amritsar

Manchester of India Ahmedabad

City of Seven Islands Mumbai

Queen of Arabian Sea Cochin Space City Bangalore

Garden City of India Bangalore

Silicon Valley of India Bangalore Electronic City of India Bangalore

Pink City Jaipur

Gateway of India Mumbai Twin City Hyderabad – Sikandarabad

City of Festivals Madurai

City of Buildings Kolkata Manchester of the South Coimbatore

City of Nawabs Lucknow

Nick Name Place

Venice of the East Cochin

Sorrow of Bengal Damodar river Old Ganga Godavari

Blue Mountains Nilgiri

State of Five Rivers Punjab City of Weavers Panipat

City of Lakes Srinagar

Steel City of India Jamshedpur(Tatanagar) City of Temples Varanasi

Manchester of the North Kanpur

Boston of India Ahmedabad Garden of Spices of India Kerala

Switzerland of India Kashmir

Abode of the God Prayag (Allahabad) Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur



Chapter 11: Sports Olympic Games The history of Olympics Games is about twenty eight hundred years old. First of all, these games were held by the Greeks in 776 B.C. on Mount Olympus in honour of the Greek God Zeus. These games continued to be held ever four year until 394 A.D. when they were stopped by a royal order of the emperor of Rome. Besides game and sports, competitions were also held in literature, art, drama and music. These games were revived in 1894 by the efforts of a French Baron Pierre de Coubertin, and the First Olympic meet in modern series was held in 1896 in Athens, the capital of Greece. Since then Olympic Games are being held every fourth year except during the years of the 1st and 2nd World Wars. Since the Modern Olympics began in 1896, there have been 27 Summer Olympic Games held in 22 different cities and 22 Winter Olympic Games held in 19 different cities. Beijing is the only city that holds both summer and winter Olympic Games.

1896 Athens Greece

2016 Rio Di Janeriyo Brazil 2020 Tokya Japan

Winter Olympics: Where and When Year Place

1924 Chamonix (France) 1928 St. Mortiz (Switzerland)

2014 Sochi, Russia 2018 Pyeong Chang, South Korea

2022 Beijing, China

Presidents of International Olympic Committee (IOC)

Duration Name Country

1894-1896 Dimitrias Vikelas Greece

1996-1925 Baron Pierre de Coubertin France 1925-1942 Count henri de baillet- Latour Belgium

1946-1952 Sigfrid Edstrom Sweden 1952-1972 Avery Brundage USA

1972-1980 Lord Killanin Ireland 1980-2001 Jan Antonio Samaranel Spain

2001-2013 Jacques Rogge Belgium

2013- Till Date Thomas Bach Germany

Asian Games The Asian Games, also known as Asiad, is a Pan continental multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. The Games were regulated by the Asian Games Federation (AGF) from the first Games in New Delhi, India, until the 1978 Games. Since the 1982 Games they have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), after the breakup of the Asian Games Federation. The Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games.

Year Venue Year Venue

1951 New Delhi (India) 1954 Manila (Phillppines) 1958 Tokyo (Japan) 1962 Jakarta (Indonesia)

1966 Bangkok (Thailand) 1970 Bangkok (Thailand) 1974 Tehran (Iran) 1978 Bangkok (Thailand)

1982 New Delhi (Indian) 1986 Seoul (South Korea)

1990 Beijing 1994 Kiroshima (Japan) 1998 Bangkok (Thailand) 2002 Pusan (south Korea)

2006 Doha (Qatar) 2010 Guangzhu (China) 2014 Incheon (South Korea) (Sheduled) 2019 Nanio, Vietnam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Olympics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games



List of National Games of Few Countries Nations National Games

USA Baseball

Spain Bulls Fighting Canada Ice Hockey

New Zealand Rugby Union India Hockey

Pakistan Field Hockey

Bangladesh Kabaddi Srilanka Volley ball

Russia Football and Chess China Table Tennis

Brazil Football

Nations National Games

France Football

England Cricket Japan Judo

Australia Cricket Pakistan Hockey

Malaysia Badminton

Scotland Rugby Football Indonesia Badminton

Bhutan Archery Switzerland Shooting and Gymnastics

Turkey Wrestling and Jereed

Court/ Campus/ Field Associated With Games/ Sports Court/Campus/Field Games/Sports

Court Tennis, Badminton, Net Ball, Handball, Volleyball, Squash, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi Diamond Baseball

Ring Sketing, Boxing

Course Golf Pool Swimming

Board Table Tennis Mat Judo, Karate, Taikwondo

Arena Horse riding Vellodrome Cycling

Field Polo, Football, Hockey

Track Athletics Pitch Cricket

Greens Bowls Rink Curling, Ice Hockey

Range Shooting, Archery

Sports Name - Number of Players Sports Number of Players

Baseball 9

Rugby football 15 Polo 4

Water Polo 7 Kho Kho 9

Kabaddi 7 Hockey 11

Football (Soccer) 11

Cricket 11 Netball 7

Volleyball 6 Badminton 1 or 2 (Singles & Doubles respectively)

Tennis 1 or 2 (Singles & Doubles respectively) Table Tennis 1 or 2 (Singles & Doubles respectively)

Basketball 5

Gymnastic Several individuals compete simultaneously Billiards/Snooker 1

Boxing 1 Chess 1

Bridge 2 Croquet 13 or 15

Golf Several individuals compete simultaneously

Lacrosse 12



Chapter 12: Dance Forms in India Classical Dances of India Bharata Natyam is a classical dance form originating in Tamil Nadu. In ancient times itwas performed as „dasiattam‟ by Devadasis. Bharatanatyam is popularly called poetry in Motion. E. Krishna Iyer was one of those who raised the social status of Bharata Natyam and greatly opularized it. If follows the principle of Natya Shastra. Rugmini devi Arundale gave it a new life and revived it by establishing „Kalakshetra‟ at Adayar, Chennai. Kathak : It is a North Indian Classical dance form. The story of Kathak begins in ancient times with the performances of professional story tellers called Kathakas who recited stories from epics and mythology with some elements of dance. The work of the Maharaj family of dancers (Acchan Maharaj, Shambu Maharaj, Lachhu Maharaj and Birju Maharaj) helped in spreading the popularity of Kathak. Kathakali : This dance form is from Kerala. Kathakali originated from Ramanattam. Traditinally a Kathakali performance is usually conducted at night and ends in early morning. The make up of Kathakali artists are Pachcha, Kathi, Kari, Thaadi and Minukku. Mohiniyattam is a dance form from Kerala. It is considered a very graceful dance meant to be performed as solo recital by women. Maharaja Swathi Tirunal, poet Vallathol Narayana Menon through Kerala Kalamandalam founded by him and Smt. Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma revived Mohiniyattom. Manipuri dance is a classical dance from Manipur. The dancers feet never strike the ground hard. Movements of the body and feet and facial expressions in Manipuri dance are suitable and aim at devotion and grace. Kuchipudi is the classical form of Andhra Pradesh. The dance is accompanied by song which is typically carnatic music. The technique of Kuchipudi makes use of fast rhythmic footwork and sculpuresque body movements. Kuchipudi is a combination of Natya, Nritta and Nritya. Odissi : Classical dance form of Odisha (Orissa). Odissi is the oldest classical dance rooted in rituals and tradition. It is particularly distinguished from other classical Indian dance forms by the importance it places upon the independent movement of head, chest and pelvis.

Folk Dances Of India Bhangra is a folk dance conducted by Punjab Sikh farmers to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. Bihu : The Bihu dance is a folk dance from the Indian State of Assam related to the festival of Bihu. Jhoomar is a folk dance performed during the harvest season in Punjab. It is slower and more rhythmic form of bhangara. Garba is a dance form that originated in the Gujarat region. Traditionally it is performed during the nine-day Hindu festival Navaratri. Either the lamp (the Garba Deep) or an image of the Goddess Durga is placed in the middle of concentric rings and the people dance around the centre, bending sideways at every step, their arms making sweeping gestures, each movement ending in a clap. Gidha is a popular folk dance of women in Punjab. Normally, no musical instruments are accompanied with gidha, except sometimes a dholak. Ghoomar is a traditional women‟s folk dance of Rajasthan. It is performed by groups of women in swirling robes, and accompanied by men and women singing together. Changu dance is a popular dance form from Orissa. Mayilattom is a artistic and religious form of dance performed in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu Raas or Dandiya Raas is the traditional dance form of Gujarat, India where it is performed depicting scenes of Holi and lila of Krishna and Radha. Yakshagana is a musical dance drama popular in Karnataka. Chhau dance is popular in Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Unlike other dance forms vocal music in Chhau hardly exists.

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