States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?
-
Upload
joella-boyd -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
4
Transcript of States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?
![Page 1: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
States of Matter
![Page 2: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
States of MatterStates of Matter
LiquidGas
Solid
![Page 3: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?
What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?
![Page 4: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular Theory
Describes behavior of matter in terms of particles in motion.
Makes assumptions of gas particles:• separated by empty space
• particles are not attracted to each other• are in constant, random motion• collisions are elastic• kinetic energy determined by mass & velocity
KE = ½ mv2
![Page 5: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
C. Johannesson
Liquids & SolidsLiquids & SolidsLiquids & SolidsLiquids & Solids
I. Intermolecular Forces(between molecules)
(Ch. 6, p.189-193)
![Page 6: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
C. Johannesson
A. Definition of Intermolecular Forces
A. Definition of Intermolecular Forces
Attractive forces between molecules.
Much weaker than chemical bonds within molecules.
a.k.a. van der Waals forces
![Page 7: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Intermolecular ForcesIntermolecular Forces
Attraction between
molecules
![Page 8: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Types of IMFB. Types of IMF
![Page 9: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Types of IMFB. Types of IMF
London Dispersion Forces
View animation online.
![Page 10: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DispersionDispersion
Weak forces caused from temporary shifts in e- density
![Page 11: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Polarity (Differing Electronegativities)
Polarity (Differing Electronegativities)
Eletronegativity Difference Bond Character
> 1.7 ionic
0.4 – 1.7 polar covalent
< 0.4 Nonpolar covalent
![Page 12: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Types of IMFB. Types of IMF
Dipole-Dipole Forces
+ -
View animation online.
![Page 13: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dipole-DipoleDipole-Dipole
Between partial positive area of one molecule with the partial negative area of another
Occurs in polar molecules
![Page 14: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Types of IMFB. Types of IMF
Hydrogen Bonding
![Page 15: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hydrogen BondingHydrogen Bonding
Special dipole-dipole Between H and a highly
electronegative atom (O, N, F) SPECIAL NOTE – THE H atom has to be
directly chemically bonded to an O, N, or F
![Page 16: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Your DNAYour DNA
![Page 17: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
C. Johannesson
C. Determining IMFC. Determining IMF
CH2Cl2• polar = dispersion, dipole-dipole
CH4
• nonpolar = dispersionHF
• H-F bond = dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding
![Page 18: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C. Johannesson
II. Physical PropertiesA. Liquids vs. Solids
II. Physical PropertiesA. Liquids vs. Solids
LIQUIDS
Stronger than in gases
Y
high
N
slower than in gases
SOLIDS
Very strong
N
high
N
extremely slow
IMF Strength
Fluid
Density
Compressible
Diffusion
![Page 19: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Liquid PropertiesB. Liquid Properties
Surface Tension• attractive force between particles in a
liquid that minimizes surface area
![Page 20: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Liquid PropertiesB. Liquid Properties
Capillary Action• attractive force between the surface of
a liquid and the surface of a solid
water mercury
![Page 21: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
C. Johannesson
C. Types of SolidsC. Types of Solids
Crystalline - repeating geometric pattern• covalent network• metallic• ionic• covalent molecular
Amorphous - no geometric pattern
decreasingm.p.
![Page 22: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
C. Johannesson
C. Types of SolidsC. Types of Solids
Ionic(NaCl)
Metallic
![Page 23: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
C. Johannesson
C. Types of SolidsC. Types of Solids
CovalentMolecular
(H2O)
CovalentNetwork
(SiO2 - quartz)
Amorphous(SiO2 - glass)
![Page 24: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
C. Johannesson
III. Changes of StateA. Phase Changes
III. Changes of StateA. Phase Changes
![Page 25: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
C. Johannesson
A. Phase ChangesA. Phase Changes
EvaporationEvaporation• molecules at the surface gain enough
energy to overcome IMF
VolatilityVolatility• measure of evaporation rate• depends on temp & IMF
![Page 26: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
C. Johannesson
A. Phase ChangesA. Phase Changes
Kinetic Energy
# o
f P
art
icle
s
p. 477
Boltzmann Distribution
temp
volatility
IMF
volatility
![Page 27: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
C. Johannesson
A. Phase ChangesA. Phase Changes
EquilibriumEquilibrium• trapped molecules reach a balance
between evaporation & condensation
![Page 28: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
C. Johannesson
A. Phase ChangesA. Phase Changes
Vapor PressureVapor Pressure• pressure of vapor above
a liquid at equilibrium
IMF v.p.temp v.p.
• depends on temp & IMF• directly related to volatility
p.478
temp
v.p
.
![Page 29: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
C. Johannesson
A. Phase ChangesA. Phase Changes
Boiling Point• temp at which v.p. of liquid
equals external pressure
IMF b.p.Patm b.p.
• depends on Patm & IMF
• Normal B.P. - b.p. at 1 atm
![Page 30: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
C. Johannesson
Which has a higher m.p.?• polar or nonpolar?• covalent or ionic?
A. Phase ChangesA. Phase Changes
Melting Point• equal to freezing point
polar
ionic
IMF m.p.
![Page 31: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
C. Johannesson
A. Phase ChangesA. Phase Changes
Sublimation
• solid gas
• v.p. of solid equals external pressure
EX: dry ice, mothballs, solid air fresheners
![Page 32: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Heating CurvesB. Heating Curves
Melting - PE
Solid - KE
Liquid - KE
Boiling - PE
Gas - KE
![Page 33: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Heating CurvesB. Heating Curves
Temperature Change• change in KE (molecular motion) • depends on heat capacity
Heat Capacity• energy required to raise the temp of 1
gram of a substance by 1°C• “Volcano” clip - water has a very high
heat capacity
![Page 34: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Heating CurvesB. Heating Curves
Phase Change• change in PE (molecular arrangement)• temp remains constant
Heat of Fusion (Hfus)
• energy required to melt 1 gram of a substance at its m.p.
![Page 35: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
C. Johannesson
B. Heating CurvesB. Heating Curves
Heat of Vaporization (Hvap)
• energy required to boil 1 gram of a substance at its b.p.
• usually larger than Hfus…why?
EX: sweating, steam burns, the drinking bird
![Page 36: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
C. Johannesson
C. Phase DiagramsC. Phase Diagrams
Show the phases of a substance at different temps and pressures.
![Page 37: States of Matter. Liquid Gas Solid What causes the differences in solids, liquids, and gases?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e705503460f94b6e949/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Phase DiagramsPhase Diagrams
Triple point - The temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium.
*Be able to know what phase change occurs when pressure and/or temperature changes when looking a phase diagram.
C. Johannesson