States of Matter Ch. 10. The Nature of Gases 10-1.
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Transcript of States of Matter Ch. 10. The Nature of Gases 10-1.
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States of Matter
Ch. 10
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The Nature of Gases
10-1
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States of Matter (Review)• Remember…
– Solids have volume and shape; vibrating but fixed position
– Liquids have volume and NO shape; slide past each other
– Gases have NO volume or shape• Particles are the
farthest away from each other
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Kinetic Theory (GAS)• Kinetic Theory states that tiny
particles of matter are in constant, random motion.
– Particles are far apart, not attracted to each other
– Travel in straight paths, independent of one another at high speeds (1660km/hr)!
– Elastic collision = when gas particles collide no energy is lost
• Kinetic Energy = the energy of moving objects
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Gas Pressure
• Gas Pressure = force exerted by a gas per unit of surface area of an object.
• Vacuum = empty space, no particles no pressure.
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Atmospheric Pressure• Atmospheric pressure (atm) = collisions of
air molecules with objects.
• Barometer = used to measure atmospheric pressure.
• Pascal (Pa) = SI unit of pressure
• 1 atm = 101.3kPa = 760 mm Hg = 14.7 psi
• Ex: 253 mm Hg = ? atm
253 mm Hg x 1 atm = 0.333 atm
760mm Hg
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Pressure vs. Elevation
1) Elevation increases,Atm Pressure decreases
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Temperature• Temperature = average kinetic
energy of the particles in a material– Ex: when water is heated its particles are moving much faster than when it is cold
2) As Temperature
Kinetic Energy (faster)
As Temperature
Kinetic Energy (slower)
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Temperature vs. Pressure3) Temperature increases, Pressure increases
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The Nature of Liquids
10-2
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Vapor
Vaporization = liquid to a gas
Vapor pressure = force due to gas above liquid in sealed container
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Evaporation vs. BoilingEvaporation = occurs at surface of liquid that is NOT boiling.Boiling = vaporization throughout the liquid due to heat or pressureBoiling Point = temperature at which the vapor pressure of liquid is equal to the external (atmospheric) pressure.
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Draw!
Vapor Pressure < Atm Pressure Vapor Pressure > Atm Pressure
AP
VP
AP
VP
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4) AltitudeBoiling Point
ex: Boiling point in Mammoth is 95°C
5) Atm Pressure Boiling Pt
ex: Boiling point in Death Valley is 105°C
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The Nature of Solids
10-3
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Solids
• Melting Point = temperature at which solid turns to liquid.
• Freezing Point = liquid solid
• Freezing Point = Melting Point!
• Most have crystalline structure.
• Some are amorphous (lack structure); ex: glass, rubber, plastic
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Changes of State
10-4
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Changing State• Changes of State:
– Melting:
S L– Freezing:
L S– Evaporation:
L G– Condensation:
G L– Sublimation:
S G– Deposition:
G S
Freezing
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Phase Diagram• Phase Diagram = gives
the temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, and gas.
– Triple Point = set of conditions in which all 3 phases (solid/liquid/gas) exist together.
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