11

Statement of Statement of research objectives:research objectives:

To discover answer to questions To discover answer to questions through the application of scientific through the application of scientific proceduresproceduresTo find the truth which is yet to discoverTo find the truth which is yet to discoverTo gain familiarity with a phenomenon To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it or to achieve new insights into it (exploratory)(exploratory)To portray accurately the To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (descriptive situation or a group (descriptive research).research).

22

To determine the frequency with which To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is something occurs or with which it is associated with something else associated with something else (diagnostic research)(diagnostic research)

To test a hypothesis of a casual To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables relationship between variables (hypothesis testing)(hypothesis testing)

33

Research ProcessResearch Process

Formulating the research problemFormulating the research problem Extensive literature surveyExtensive literature survey

-review concepts and theories-review concepts and theories-review pervious research findings-review pervious research findings

Formulation of the hypothesesFormulation of the hypotheses Preparing the research designPreparing the research design Determining sample designDetermining sample design Collecting the dataCollecting the data

44

Execution of the projectExecution of the project Analysis of the dataAnalysis of the data Testing of hypothesis (if any)Testing of hypothesis (if any) Generalizations and interpretationGeneralizations and interpretation Preparation of the report or Preparation of the report or

presentation of the resultspresentation of the results

55

Research DesignsResearch Designs

-It’s a blueprint or framework for -It’s a blueprint or framework for conducting the research projectconducting the research project

-”it is the arrangement of conditions for -”it is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy to the research purpose with economy in procedure” – Claire et al. (1962)in procedure” – Claire et al. (1962)

-it is the conceptual structure of research-it is the conceptual structure of research-it is the outline of what the researcher -it is the outline of what the researcher

will do from writing of hypothesis to the will do from writing of hypothesis to the final analysis of data.final analysis of data.

66

Design decision happen Design decision happen to be in respect of :to be in respect of :

What is the study aboutWhat is the study about Why is the study being madeWhy is the study being made Where will the study be carried outWhere will the study be carried out What type of data is requiredWhat type of data is required Where can the required data be foundWhere can the required data be found What periods of time will the study includeWhat periods of time will the study include What will be the sample designWhat will be the sample design What technique of data collection be usedWhat technique of data collection be used How data will be analyzedHow data will be analyzed In what style the report will be preparedIn what style the report will be prepared

77

The design decisions may The design decisions may split into the following split into the following parts:parts: Sampling design (method of selecting Sampling design (method of selecting

items to be observed of the study)items to be observed of the study) Observational design (specifies Observational design (specifies

conditions of observation)conditions of observation) Statistical design (how many items are Statistical design (how many items are

to observed and how data can be to observed and how data can be analysed)analysed)

Operational design (deals with Operational design (deals with techniques by which specified techniques by which specified procedures can be carried out)procedures can be carried out)

88

Features of a good Features of a good design:design:

FlexibleFlexible AppropriateAppropriate EfficientEfficient EconomicalEconomical Minimizes biasMinimizes bias Maximizes reliabilityMaximizes reliability

99

Some important concepts Some important concepts in Research Designsin Research Designs

Dependent & Independent variablesDependent & Independent variables Extraneous variableExtraneous variable Confounded relationshipsConfounded relationships Research hypothesis (prediction)Research hypothesis (prediction) Experimental & Control groupsExperimental & Control groups TreatmentsTreatments Experiment (process of examining Experiment (process of examining

truth)truth)

1010

Different Research Different Research Designs Designs

Exploratory or Formulative research Exploratory or Formulative research studiesstudies- survey of concerning literature (most - survey of concerning literature (most simple & fruitful method of formulating simple & fruitful method of formulating the research problem or hypothesis.)the research problem or hypothesis.)- experience survey (survey of people - experience survey (survey of people who have practical experience with the who have practical experience with the problem studied.)problem studied.)- analysis of insight stimulating - analysis of insight stimulating examples (suitable in areas where a examples (suitable in areas where a little experience serves as a guide.)little experience serves as a guide.)

1111

Descriptive or Diagnostic Descriptive or Diagnostic research studiesresearch studies

- descriptive research studies - descriptive research studies describes the characteristics of a describes the characteristics of a particular individual/groupparticular individual/group

- diagnostic research studies - diagnostic research studies determine the frequency with determine the frequency with which something occurs.which something occurs.

1212

Exploratory Exploratory DescriptiveDescriptive

flexible designflexible design rigid designrigid design

Non probability sampling Non probability sampling prob. sampling prob. sampling

(purposive, judgemental)(purposive, judgemental) (random (random sampling)sampling)

No pre-planned designNo pre-planned design pre-planned design pre-planned design

(for data analysis)(for data analysis) (for data (for data analysis)analysis)

1313

Hypothesis testing or Hypothesis testing or Experimental research studiesExperimental research studies

- such studies require procedures - such studies require procedures that will not only reduce bias and that will not only reduce bias and increase reliability but will permit increase reliability but will permit drawing inferences about drawing inferences about casuality. casuality.

1414

Some informal Some informal experimental design:experimental design: Before and after without control Before and after without control

designdesign

After only with control designAfter only with control design

Before and after with control Before and after with control designdesign

1515

Methods of primary Methods of primary data collection:data collection: Observation method (commonly Observation method (commonly

used method especially in studies used method especially in studies relating to behavioural sciences)relating to behavioural sciences)

Survey method ( technique of Survey method ( technique of investigation by direct investigation by direct observation of a phenomena or observation of a phenomena or systematic collection from a systematic collection from a population)population)