GOST 7512-82

UDK 621.791.053:620.179:006.354 Group V09

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

WELDED JOINTS

RADIOGRAPHY METHOD

Non-destructive testing. Welded joints. Radiography method

Effective date 1984-01-01

FOR INFORMATION

1. PREPARED BY:

G.I. Nikolaev, B.A. Khipounov, Y.I. Udralov, E.G. Volkovyskaya

2. APPROVED AND IMPLEMENTED BY Resolution № 4923 of 20.12.82 issued by the USSR State Committee for Standards 3. IN SUBSTITUTION OF GOST 7512-75

4. NORMATIVE-TECHNICAL REFERENCES Designation of referenced normative-technical document Section, paragraph, annex number

GOST 12.2.007.0-75 GOST 15843-79 GOST 20426-82 GOST 23764-79 GOST 25347-82

7.3 2.1, 2.13, Annex 3 2.3 7.4 1.3, Annex 3

5. Restriction of the validity period has been removed according to the Decision of the Interstate Counsel for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (IUS 5-6-93). 6. New Revision issued in December 1994 inclusive of Amendment № 1 approved in March 1988 (IUS 6-88) This standard specifies a method for radiographic testing of fusion-welded joints of metallic and alloyed materials with weldments thickness from 1 to 400 mm. using X-ray, gamma and deceleration techniques and radiographic films.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Radiographic testing is used to identify cracks, lack of fusion, voids, slag, tungsten, oxide and other inclusions in welded joints.

1.2. Radiographic testing is also applied to identify burn-throughs and undercuts, and evaluate root convexity and root concavity that cannot be determined visually.

1.3. The following imperfections are detected during radiographic testing: - any discontinuities and inclusions the size of which in raying direction is less than two times

sensitivity of testing; - lack of fusion and cracks having their opening planes not in coincidence with a raying direction

and/or if values of openings are less than those specified in Table 1; - any discontinuities and inclusions having their images coinciding with those of extraneous parts,

sharp angles or abrupt crack jumps of metallic material being rayed.

Table 1 mm Radiation thickness (to GOST 24034-80) Lack of fusion (crack) opening to 40 over 40 to 100 inclusive " 100 " 150 " " 150 " 200 " " 200

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

1.1-1.3. (Modified wording, Amendment № 1).

1.4. Radiographic testing is performed on welded joints having a ratio of deposited metal radiation thickness to a total radiation thickness of at least 0,2 and two-sided access to be able to place a radiographic film and a radiation source as required by this standard.

(New paragraph added, Amendment № 1).

2. REQUIREMENTS FOR TEST ACCESSORIES 2.1. Markings used during radiographic testing should be made of material that allows getting

their clear images on radiographs. Markings size should comply with GOST 15843-79 requirements.

2.2. Radiographic films used for radiographic testing should meet applicable requirements for radiographic films.

A type of radiographic film shall be defined in testing or inspection documentation for welded joints. 2.3. Radiation sources used for radiographic testing should be according to GOST 20426-82. A type of radiation source, X-ray tube voltage and accelerated electrons energy shall be defined in testing and inspection documentation for different thicknesses of welded joint materials to be tested. 2.4. Metallic and fluorescent screens shall be used as intensifying screens for radiographic testing. A type of intensifying screen shall be as given in testing or inspection documentation for welded joints. Thickness of intensifying metallic screens and film charging techniques are described in Annex 1. 2.5. Screen surface shall be clean and smooth. Any folds, scratches, cracks, tears and other defects are not permitted. 2.6. Cassettes for film charging shall be light-tight and ensure a good contact between a screen and a film. 2.7. To protect a film from scattered radiation it is recommended to shield a cassette side opposite to a radiation source with a lead screen. 2.8. Wire, notched or strip penetrometers should be used to determine test sensitivity. 2.9. Penetrometers shall be produced from metal or alloy having a base with chemical composition similar to the one of a welded joint in interest.

2.10. Penetrometers shape and sizes shall be as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 2. Wire length shall be (20±0,5) mm. Limit deviations for wire diameters: to 0,2 mm ±0,01 mm over 0,2 to 1,6 mm ±0,03 mm " 1,6 " 4,0 mm ±0,04 mm

1 -insert; 2 – case

Fig. 1

Table 2 mm Penetrometer

number d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 h

1 0,2 0,16 0,125 0,10 0,08 0,063 0,05 1,2 2 0,4 0,32 0,25 0,20 0,16 0,125 0,10 1,4 3 1,25 1,00 0,80 0,63 0,50 0,40 0,32 2,2 4 4,0 3,20 2,50 2,00 1,60 1,25 1,00 5,0

Limit tolerances for other sizes - ±0,5 mm. Flexible and transparent plastic shall be used to make wire penetrometers.

(Revised wording, Amendment № 1).

2.11. Shape and sizes of notched penetrometers are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 3.

Fig. 2

Table 3 мм

Penetrometer №

Notch depth Limit tolerance for notch depth

R, a

b c h

L

h1 h2

h3

h4

h5 h6 Not over

nominal

Limit tolerance

nominal

Limit tolerance

nominal

Limit tolerance

nominal

Limit tolerance

nominal Limit tolerance

1 0,60

0,5

0,40

0,3

0,20

0,10

-0,05 0,1 2,5 ±0,30; ±0,150

0,5 +0,2; +0,1

10 -0,360

2 -0,100

30 -0,52

2 1,75

1,5

1,25

1,0

0,75

0,50 -0,10 0,2 4,0 ±0,4

0 1,5 +0,3 12

-0,430

4 -0,120

45 -0,62

3 - - 3,

00 2,5

2,00

1,50 -0,25

0,3 6,0 ±0,40

3,0 +0,3

14 -0,430

6 -0,120

60 -0,74

(Revised wording, Amendment № 1).

2.12. Shape and sizes of strip penetrometers are shown in Fig. 3 and Table 4.

Fig. 3

Table 4 mm

h D d a b c L Penetro

meter number

Nom. Lim. Nom. Lim. Nom. Lim. Nom. Lim. Nom. Lim. Nom. Lim. Nom.

Lim.

1 0,1 -0,01 0,2 +0,01 0,1 +0,01 5 ±0,15 5 ±0,15 10 -0,36

25 -0,5

2 2 3 4 5

0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

-0,025

0,4 0,6 0,8 0,1

+0,025 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

+0,025

6 7 8 9

0,60 0,75 1,00 1,25

-0,06 1,2 1,5 2,0 2,5

+0,06 0,60 0,75 1,00 1,25

±0,06 6 7 ±0,18 12 -0,43

35 -0,62

10 11 12

1,5 2,0 2,5

-0,1 3,0 4,0 5,0

+0,10 +0,12 +0,12

1,5 2,0 2,5

+0,1 7 ±0,18 9 14 45

2.13. Penetrometers shall be marked with lead figures according to GOST 15843-79, Annex 3. The first figure of the marking shall designate penetrometer material and the following one or two figures are penetrometer number. Designations of penetrometer material: 1 for iron-based alloys; 2 for aluminum and magnesium-based alloys; 3 for titanium-based alloys; 4 for copper-based alloys; 5 for nickel-based alloys. 2.14. Cutouts and holes or only holes as shown in Annex 3 may be used to mark notched penetrometers. In this case, thickness of a marked portion of penetrometer shall be equal to h.

When marked with holes, the length of penetrometer № 1 is 27-0,52 mm, №2 - 38,5-0,62 mm, № 3 - 53-0,74 mm. 2.15. For welded joints to be exported other types of penetrometers may be used as specified by export order.

3. PREPARATION FOR TESTING 3.1. Before radiographic testing any surface defects of a welded joint found during visual

examination shall be removed and any irregularities, slag, metal spatter, scale and other contaminations that may interfere with interpretation of a radiograph shall be ground.

3.2. After grinding and removing surface defects, a welded joint shall be divided in to sections and each section shall be marked (numbered).

(Revised wording, Amendment № 1).

3.3. Marking procedure shall be specified in testing and inspection documentation for welded joints.

3.4. Penetrometers and markings shall be placed in each section during testing. 3.5. Penetrometers shall be located in front of the radiation source. 3.6. Wire penetrometers shall be placed directly on a weld seam with their wires across the weld. 3.7. Notched penetrometers shall be placed at least 5 mm away from a weld seam with their

notches across the weld. 3.8. Strip penetrometers shall be placed longitudinally at least 5 mm. away from a weld seam or

directly across the weld so as to avoid overlaying of penetrometer markings and weld seam images on a radiograph.

3.9. Notched penetrometers placed at least 5 mm away from the weld with their notches along the weld may be used for testing girth welds of pipelines with the diameter less than 100 mm.

3.10. During double-wall testing of welded joints of cylindrical, spherical or other hollow materials with interpretation made only for welded joint portion adjacent to the film as well as during panoramic raying it may not be possible to place a penetrometer on a radiation source side. In this case penetrometer may be located on film side.

3.11. (Revised wording, Amendment № 1). 3.12. Markings used as restrictors of the weld joint areas to be tested for a single exposure

should be placed at the borders of the marked areas and at the borders of deposited and parent metal when weld joints without reinforcement or with removed reinforcement are tested.

3.13. Markings used as numbers of areas to be tested shall be places within these areas or on a cassette with film in such a way as to avoid overlaying of weld or near the weld area (ref. to par. 5.7) on a radiograph.

3.14. If penetrometers or markings cannot be located on a welded joint as required by this standard, test procedure without using penetrometers and/or markings shall be given in testing and inspection documentation for welded joints.

(Revised wording, Amendment № 1).

4. TEST ARRANGEMENTS 4.1. Welded joints shall be tested as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig.5. Test arrangements for butt, lap, fillet and T-butt welds

1- radiation source; 2-test area ; 3-film

Fig. 4 Test arrangements for girth (butt, lap, fillet and T-butt) welded joints

1- radiation source; 2-test area; 3-film Fig. 5

4.2. When a width of a welded-up element is limited, T-butt welds may be tested with radiation direction along generating line of the element as shown in Fig.6.

1- radiation source; 2-test area; 3-film

Fig. 6 4.2.a. For girth weld testing of cylindrical and spherical hollow sections single-wall test arrangements (see Figures 5a, 5b, 5f, 5g, 5h) are normally used. In this case it is recommended to use test arrangements with a radiation source placed inside an object to be tested: - test arrangement Fig.5f (panoramic raying) may be used for testing objects with the diameter of less than 2 m. (for any scope of testing) and of 2m. and more for 100% testing; - test arrangement Fig. 5g may be used for 100% or random testing when test arrangement Fig.5f cannot be applied; - test arrangement Fig.5h may be used for random testing of objects with the diameter of 2m. and more; test arrangements Fig. 5a and 5b – for objects with the ID of 10 m. and more if test arrangement Fig.5f cannot be applied. (New paragraph added, Amendment №1) 4.3. Test arrangement Fig.5c is recommended for double-wall test of objects with the diameter

less than 100 mm.; for objects with the diameter over 50 mm test arrangements Fig.5d and 5e

should be used. 4.4. For butt weld testing according to test arrangements Fig. 5a,b,f, g, h, radiation direction shall

coincide with a weld seam plane to be tested. When fillet welds used to weld-in pipes, connections etc., are tested according to theses test arrangements, the angle between a radiation direction and a weld seam plane shall not exceed 45 degrees.

4.5. For testing according to test arrangements Fig.5c, d, e radiation direction shall be selected in such a way as to avoid overlaying of opposite portions of weld seam on a radiograph. There shall be a minimum angle between a radiation direction and a weld seam plane which in no case shall exceed 45 degrees.

4.3-4.5 (Revised wording, Amendment №1)

4.6. (Deleted, Amendment №1) 4.7. In addition to test arrangements shown in Figures 4 to 6, other test arrangements and radiation directions may be used dependent on welded joint designs and requirements. These test arrangements and radiation directions shall be specified in testing and inspection documentation for welded joints. 4.8. To eliminate a difference between optical densities of the radiograph appeared during testing weld joints with great difference in thickness or when a film cannot be from direct radiation (for example during testing of edge welds between a tube and a tube plate or edge fusion for welding etc.) compensators are recommended. Compensators from any material that is able to reduce radiation can be used. 4.9. The following aspects shall be considered when selecting a test arrangement and radiation direction: - a distance between an object and a film shall be as small as possible and in no case shall it exceed 150 mm; - an angle between radiated beams and a perpendicular to the film within an area tested for a single exposure shall be as small as possible and in no case shall it exceed 45 degrees.

4.7 – 4.9 (Revised wording, Amendment №1)

5. SELECTION OF RADIOGRAPHIC TEST PARAMETERS

5.1. For all the test arrangements (except for Fig.5f), a distance between a radiation source and nearest surface of weld joint to be tested (for double-wall testing of cylindrical and spherical hollow sections it is a distance between a source and adjacent surface of a welded joint) and a size or number of areas to be tested for a single exposure shall be selected so as to meet the following requirements: - when a film is located closely to a test area geometric blur of defects on a radiograph shall not exceed a half of specified test sensitivity if sensitivity is less than 2mm., and 1 mm if sensitivity is more than 2mm.;

- relative enlargement of images of defects located on source side (in relation to defects located on film side) shall not exceed 1,25; - an angle between radiated beams and a perpendicular to the film within an area tested for a single exposure shall not exceed 45 degrees; - in any point of an image reduction of optical density in relation to optical density in wire penetrometer location or in relation to optical density of a notched or a strip penetrometer image shall not exceed 1,0. 5.2. For radiographic testing according to test arrangement Fig.4-6, formulae to calculate a minimum permitted distance between a source and a test area as well as maximum sizes and minimum number of areas to be tested for a single exposure are given in Appendix 4. 5.1, 5.2 (Revised wording, Amendment №1) 5.3. When test arrangement Fig.5h (panoramic raying) is used, a ratio of inside diameter “d” to outside

diameter “D” shall not be less than 0,8, and a maximum focal point of a source shall exceed, )(2 dD

Kd−

where K is test sensitivity 5.4. When size of defects shall not be measured (for example defects of any size are not acceptable) the ratio between inside and outside diameter given in paragraph 5.3 may not be observed. 5.5. If a source satisfying a requirement of par. 5.3. is not available, sources with a maximum focal point meeting the following relationship may be used for test arrangement Fig.5h:

dDd−Κ

≤Φ

In this case, a penetrometer shall be placed on a welded joint or a welded joint simulator, used to determine sensitivity, only on the source side. 5.6. Radiographs shall be long enough to ensure that overlaying of images of adjacent areas is at least 0,2 mm for test area of less than 100 mm, and at least 20 mm for test area of more than 100 mm. 5.7. Radiographs shall be wide enough to ensure that images of a weld seam, penetrometers, markings and near the weld area of the following width are obtained: - for butt and lap welds: at least 5 mm. if edges to be welded is less than 5 mm thick; not less than the thickness of edges to be welded if it is more than 5 and less than 20 mm; at least 20 mm if edges to be welded is more than 20 mm thick;

- for T-butt and fillet welds the width of radiographs shall be specified in testing and inspection documentation for welded joints.

6. RADIOGRAPHS INTERPRETATION

6.1. Completely dried radiographs should be viewed and interpreted in a darken room using special

X-ray view boxes. X-ray view boxes with regulated brightness and sizes of illuminated field should be used. Maximum brightness of illuminated field shall not be less than 10D+2 kd/m2, where D is an optical density of a radiograph. Illuminated field sizes shall be regulated with blinders or mask screens in such a way as to completely overlay the illuminated field with a radiograph.

(Revised wording, Amendment №1) 6.2. The radiographs accepted for interpretation shall meet the following requirements: - there shall be no spots, stripes, contaminations and damaged emulsion layer making it difficult

to interpret a radiograph; - limiting marks, markings and penetrometers shall be clearly seen; - optical density of the image of the test portion of a weld, near the weld area and penetrometer

shall be at least 1,5;

- reduction of an optical density of the weld image in any point shall not exceed 1,0 if compared with an optical density of the penetrometer image.

6.3. Test sensitivity (the smallest diameter of detectable wire image of the wire penetrometer; the smallest depth of detectable notch image of the notched penetrometer; and the smallest thickness of the strip penetrometer making it possible to detect a hole image with the diameter equal to a double penetrometer thickness) shall not exceed the values given in Table 6 below.

Table 6 mm

Radiation thickness (at penetrometer position)

Sensitivity Class

1 2 3 To 5 Over 5 to 9 inclusive " 9 " 12 " " 12 " 20 " " 20 " 30 " " 30 " 40 " " 40 " 50 " " 50 " 70 " " 70 " 100 " " 100 " 140 " " 140 " 200 " " 200 " 300 " " 300 " 400 "

0,10 0,20 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 2,00 2,50

0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 2,00 2,50

-

0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 2,00 2,50

- -

Note: if wire penetrometers are used the values of 0,30; 0,60; 0,75 and 1,50 shall be replaced with 0,32; 0,63; 0,80 and 1,60 mm. (Revised wording, Amendment №1) Specific sensitivity values shall be given in technical documentation (drawings, specifications, inspection and acceptance procedures) for products to be tested. For atomic power plants sensitivity requirements shall be specified in applicable normative documentation.

6.4. According to technical documentation for the products to be tested sensitivity percentage (k) may be calculated by the formula:

100⋅=SKk

where K is sensitivity in mm; S is thickness of metal to be tested, mm. 6.5. Radiographs having no images of penetrometers may be used for interpretation and evaluation of the weld seam quality as specified below: - during panoramic testing of girth welds when more than four films are exposed simultaneously. In this case, regardless the total number of films available, one penetrometer may be placed in each quarter of the weld seam circumferential length; - when penetrometers cannot be used. In this case, sensitivity is determined on weld seam simulators at processing of test conditions.

6.6.Radiographs are interpreted to access image sizes of cracks, lack of fusion, voids and inclusions, if necessary, root concavity and convexity is also evaluated (when the root cannot be examined visually).

A list of sizes to be accessed and procedure for evaluation of root concavity and convexity shall be

given in testing and inspection documentation for welded joints. 6.7. When reporting interpretation results accessed sizes of defects shall be rounded to the nearest value from row 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,6; 0,8; 1,0; 1,2; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 mm, or to the nearest integral value in millimeters, if accessed size is more than 3,0 mm. 6.8. If at testing a film is located at a distance H from a surface of the welded joint facing the film and the following relationship is met

10fH

sf + ,

before rounding accessed sizes should be multiplied by a factor

Hsfsf+++ ,

where f is a distance between a source and a test surface of welded joint facing the source, mm; s is a radiation thickness, mm. 6.6 – 6.8. (Revised wording, Amendment №1) 6.9. Defect sizes less than 1,5 mm are measured with a magnifying glass having a scale factor of 0,1 mm., for defects with sizes more than 1,5 mm. any measuring device with a scale factor of 1 mm. may be used. 6.10. Interpretation results and sensitivity values shall be recorded. Test reports or logs in a format specified by testing and inspection documentation for welded joints shall be used for this purpose. 6.11. For the purpose of defects identification special designations given in Annex 5 shall be used in test reports and logs. Examples of brief recording of defects during interpretation of radiographs are given in Annex 6.

7. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

7.1. The main hazards for personnel involved in radiographic testing are exposure to ionizing radiation and harmful gases generated in the air by radiation, and electrical shock. 7.2. Only special purpose equipment in good condition shall be used for radiographic testing and re-charging of radiation sources. Manufacturing and service manuals for this equipment, if produced in more than three copies, shall be agreed with the State Committee of the USSR for Nuclear Power and the Main Sanitation and Epidemiological Department of the Ministry of Health of the USSR; if number of copies is less than three approval of local sanitation and epidemiological authorities shall be obtained. 7.3. Electrical equipment of fixed and portable radiographic unit shall be according to GOST 12.2.007.0-75 and Arrangement Rules for Electrical Installations approved by the Main Technical Department for Power Systems Operation and Gosenergonadzor of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR. 7.4. Radiographic testing, storage and re-charging of radiation sources shall be carried out in accordance with Main Sanitary Rules for Dealing with Radioactive Substances and Other Sources of Ionizing Radiation (OSP-72/80 № 2120-80) approved by the State Health Officer in Chief on 18th January, 1980, Radiation Safety Norms (NRB-76 № 141-76) approved by the State Health Officer in Chief on the 7th June, 1976, Sanitation Rules for Radionuclide Examination № 1171-74 approved by the Deputy State Health Officer in Chief on the 7th August, 1974, GOST 12.3.002-75 and GOST 23764-79. 7.5. Safety operation of fixed and portable radiographic equipment connected to industrial network shall comply with the Operation Rules of Users Electrical Installations and Safety Operation Rules of Users Electrical Installations approved by Gosenergonadzor on the 12th April, 1969. 7.6. Transportation of radiation sources shall be according to Safety Transportation Rules of Radioactive Substances (PBTRV-73 № 1139-73) approved by the State Health Officer in Chief on the 27th December, 1973. 7.7. According to safety requirements specified in this section, the companies performing radiographic

testing shall prepare Rules and Methods based on local conditions and covering safe operation, scope and means of radiographic testing, and employees shall be informed hereof in established order.

8. METROLOGICAL SUPPORT 8.1. Notched and strip penetrometers used for radiographic testing shall be verified after manufacture and then at least each 5 years. A manufacturer shall electrochemically mark a back side of each penetrometer with a manufacturer’s trade mark and year of manufacture, and then a company responsible for a scheduled verification shall apply its trade mark or other designation and a year of verification. 8.2. Wire penetrometers are not subject to verification, they usage however shall be stopped if any damages of plastic covers or traces of wire corrosion are found during visual examination. 8.3. Densitometers and sets of optical densities used to measure an optical density of radiographs shall be verified at least once a year, a verification document (certificate) shall be necessarily issued. 8.4. X-ray view boxes are verified only by the manufacturer. It is mandatory to indicate a maximum brightness of the illuminated field and an optical density of the radiograph in their passports (certificates). 8.5. Instruments (such as measuring rulers and intensifying glasses) used for measuring cracks, lack of fusion, voids and inclusions on radiographs shall be verified as required by documentation for these instruments. 8.6. Non-standardized instruments (such as gages, templates etc.) shall be verified at least once a year, verification certificate is mandatory to be issued. Section 8 (New section added, Amendment №1).

ANNEX 1 Recommended

Table 1

Thicknesses of intensifying metallic screens Radiation source Screen thickness, mm X-ray unit with tube voltage to 100 kW To 0,02 X-ray unit with tube voltage of more than 100 kW to 300 kW

0,05-0,09

X-ray unit with tube voltage of more than 300 kW

0,09

170Tm 0,09 75Se; 192Ir 0,09-0,20

137Cs 0,20-0,30 60Co 0,30-0,50

Electron accelerator with radiation energy from 1 to 15 MW

0,50-1,00

Table 2

Cassette charging techniques Number of films in cassette Charging techniques

one two

Without screens With intensifying metallic screens With intensifying fluorescent screens With intensifying metallic and fluorescent screens

radiographic film intensifying metallic screen fluorescent screen

ANNEX 2

Informative Thickness of shielding lead screens

Radiation source Screen thickness, mm X-ray unit with tube voltage to 200 kW To 1,0 170Tm; 75Se To 1,0 X-ray unit with tube voltage of more than 200 kW

From 1,0 to 2,0

192Ir; 137Cs; 60Co From 1,0 to 2,0 Electron accelerator with radiation energy from

1 to 15 MW Over 2,0

ANNEX 3 Mandatory

Table 1

Markings of penetrometers Penetrometer type Penetrometer number Number of figures set to

GOST 15843-79 Wire 1, 2

3, 4 5 6

Notched 1 2 3

5 6 7

Strip 1-5 6-9

10-12

5 6 7

Table 2 Marking of notched penetrometers

Alloys Penetrometer number Iron-based Aluminum

and magnesium-based

Titanium-based

Copper-based Nickel-based

1 2 3

Table 3 Marking of notched penetrometers with holes

Alloys Penetrometer

number Aluminum and magnesium-based

Titanium-based

Iron-based Nickel-based Copper-based

1 2 3

Note to Table 2 and Table 3: limit dimensional deviations shall be as specified in GOST 25347-82.

ANNEX 4 Recommended

1. During double-wall testing of girth welds, to the surface which is the nearest to the source, the distance (f) between the source and the object surface facing the source shall be less than the values calculated by formulae given in Table 1.

Table 1

Test Arrangement A minimum distance between a source and a test surface, mm,

Fig. 4 and 6 Fig. 5a Fig. 5c Fig. 5d Fig. 5e

Cs 0,7C(1-m)D CD 0,5[1,5C(1-m)-1]D 0,5[C(1,4-m)-1]D

Where: КФC 2

= when 2≥КФ and C=4 when 2p

КФ ;

s- radiation thickness, mm; D-outside diameter of test welded joint, mm m- inside to outside diameter ratio Ф-the largest size of a source focal point, mm; K-required test sensitivity, mm. Note: if relationships 1,5C(1-m)>1 and C(1,4-m)>1 are not applicable for the test arrangement Fig.5d and 5e, the distance “f” may be taken as equal to zero (i.e. a radiation source may be located on a wall that is opposite to a test area).

2. For test arrangements Fig.4 and 6, the length of areas to be tested for a single exposure shall not exceed 0,8f.

3. For test arrangements Fig. 5a, 5c,5d and 5e, number of areas (exposures) shall not be less than the one calculated by the formulae given in Table 2.

Table 2

Test arrangement Min. number of areas (exposures) Fig.5a

127,0arcsin7,0arcsin

180

+−

nm

o

Fig.5c 2 Fig.5d, 5e

12arcsinarcsin

180

+−

npmpm

o

Where: 216,22,01;; ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−===

mp

Dfn

Ddm ;

d- inside diameter of test welded joint, mm.

4. For test arrangements Fig.5b radiograph length “l” and distance “f” shall be selected to meet the following relations:

( ) ,115,0; 2 DbmCfdl −−≥<

where: dlb =

and then auxiliary factor is determined as follows: ( )

( ) 222

2112

12

bmbmn

nbq+−−+

+=

If relationship 216,22,01 ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−≤

mq is not met, l shall be reduced or f shall be increased until

this relationship is satisfied, then number “N” of areas to be tested for a single exposure is selected and shall satisfy the equation:

12arcsinarcsin

1800

+−

=

nqmqm

N .

5. For test arrangement Fig.5g a maximum distance “f” is defined in terms of inside diameter of a test object and sizes of radiating or collimating head of gamma detector or sizes of X-ray emitter, and shall satisfy the relationship:

( )DmCf −≥ 15,0 If this relationship is not satisfied, a source with a smaller focal point shall be used to meet the relationship. If the relationship is satisfied, an auxiliary factor is calculated as follows:

)1()1(25,01 2

22

+−⋅

−=Cm

mCr

Then number “N” of areas to be tested for a single exposure is selected and shall satisfy the equation:

12arcsinarcsin

1800

−−

≥

nrmrm

N

6. For test arrangement Fig.5c, the angle between radiation directions for individual exposures shall be equal to:

00

3180±

N

and for test arrangements Fig. 5a, 5b, 5d, 5e, 5g this angle is calculated as:

00

3360±

N

7. For girth welds of cylindrical and spherical hollow sections of more than 2 m in diameter, a distance between a source and a test welded joint, and a length of areas tested for a single exposure, are calculated as specified for test arrangements Fig.4 and 6.

Annex 4. (Revised wording, Amendment №1).

ANNEX 5 Mandatory

DESIGNATIONS OF DEFECTS USED FOR INTERPRETING RADIOGRAPHS AND REPORTING TEST RESULTS 1. To shorten defects recording when radiographs are interpreted and test reports are

prepared designations shown in table below shall be used.

Defect type Designation Defect nature Designation

Russian alphabet

Latin alphabet

Russian alphabet

Latin alphabet

Cracks Т Е Longitudinal crack Transverse crack Branched crack

Тв Тп Тр

Еа Eb Ec

Lack of fusion Н D Root lack of fusion Lack of fusion between beads Lack of fusion along grooving area

Нк Нв Нр

Da Db Dc

Voids П А Individual void Chain Clusters

П ЦП СП

Аа Аb Ас

Slag inclusions Ш В Individual void Chain Clusters

Ш ЦШ СШ

Ва Вb Вс

Tungsten inclusions

В С Individual void Chain Clusters

В ЦВ СВ

Са Сb Сс

Oxides О О - - -

Root concavity Вгк Fa

Root convexity Впк Fb

Undercut Пдр Fc

Offset of edges Скр Fd

(Revised wording, Amendment №1) 2. ∑ shall be used for short denomination of max. aggregate length of defects (for the radiograph area of 100 mm or for the whole radiograph if less than 100 mm long). 3. A designation shall be followed by sizes of defects in millimeters:

- for spherical voids, slag and tungsten inclusions it is diameter; - for extended voids, slag and tungsten inclusions it is width and length (through

multiplication mark); - for chains, clusters, oxides, lack of fusion and cracks it is length. 4. For chains and clusters of voids, slag and tungsten inclusions, their designation shall be followed by a maximum diameter or width and length of each defect forming a chain or a cluster, a multiplication mark is used for this purpose. 5. If a radiograph contains similar defects (defects of similar type and sizes), they may not

be recorded separately, number of defects may precede their designation instead. 6. Length in millimeters shall follow a maximum aggregate length of defects (for the

radiograph area of 100 mm long). 7. When there are no defects in the radiograph or when a length, width and aggregate length

of defects does not exceed specified maximum values, “Yes” shall be indicated in documentation column “Compliance with the requirements”, otherwise “No” is indicated.

8. If during examination of the radiograph, defects not specified in paragraph 1 are found, a full name of these defects shall be indicated in a test report or test results log.

ANNEX 6

Informative EXAMPLES OF SHORT DESIGNATION OF DEFECTS USED FOR INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING PURPOSES OF RADIOGRAPHIC TEST RESULTS

1. During examination of a radiograph the following defects are identified: five voids with the diameter of 3 mm each; a chain of voids 30 mm long with a maximum individual void length and width 5 and 3 mm., respectively; a slag inclusion 15 mm long and 2 mm wide.

For a radiograph area of 100 mm in length a maximum aggregated length of defects is 20 mm. Example of recording: 5П3; Ц30П5х3; Ш15х2; ∑ 20.

2. During examination of a radiograph the following defects are identified: two clusters of voids (with the length of 10 mm each and max. void diameter of 0,5 mm); and clusters of slag inclusions (each cluster is 8 mm long with max. length and width of inclusion of 2 and 1 mm.).

For a radiograph area of 100 mm in length a maximum aggregated length of defects is 18 mm. Example of recording: 2С10П0,5; С8Ш2х1; ∑ 18. 3. During examination of a radiograph the following defects are identified: two lack of

fusion with the length of 15 mm each and a 40 mm long crack. Example of recording: 2Н15; Т40. 4. During examination of a radiograph the following defects are identified: five voids of 4

mm in diameter each and a 20 mm long lack of fusion. For a radiograph area of 100 mm in length a maximum aggregated length of defects is 12 mm. Example of recording: 5П4; ∑ 12; Н20.