STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN MAHARASHTRA - OSGeo...
Transcript of STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN MAHARASHTRA - OSGeo...
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STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN
MAHARASHTRA
Erach Bharucha
Director
Bharati Vidyapeeth
Institute of Environment Education and Research, Pune
Email: [email protected] Phone No. 020-24375684
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State of Biodiversity in Maharashtra
Sites
• Natural landscapes
• Cultural landscapes
Species
• Flora
– Wild
– Cultivar
• Fauna
– Wild
– Domestic
Strategies
• PA network – WL Protection Act
• BMCs Biodiversity Act
Sensitivity / Robustness of ecosystems and landscape elements
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The Natural Landscapes• Protected Areas
• Islands of small size
• Lack of corridors
• Increasing threats
• Lack of strong public
support
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Source: MoEF
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The traditional cultural
landscapes• Farmland
– Paddy – Flood plains / Terraced slopes
– Shifting cultivation ‘rab’ on steep slopes
– Semiarid Deccan Plateau – Bajra Jawar Rainfed
– Irrigated land – Sugarcane horticulture
• Pasture lord : Grazing Browing
– Forest browsing by wild and domestic cattles by Agropastoralists
– Grassland and scrubland – Settled farmers / Migrant Dhangar –
sheep goats
– Coastal areas: Plantation orchards
– Fisherfolk
• Aquatic freshwater and Marine ecosystems
• Urban Sector
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Species
• Abundance / Rarity
• Flora – Endemism
• Fauna – Threatened species
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Strategies for wildlife
conservation
• Conventional – NP, WLS, CCA’s
• People’s participation
–Ecodevelopment committees
–BMC’s
–Social forestry
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Strategies for sustainable use
Sensitivity / Robustness
• Western Ghats
• Wetlands
• Coastal areas
• Mangroves
• “Hot specks”
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Conservation Concepts
• “Biodiversity conservation and its
sustainable use”, must bring about
economic support for local people;
• It includes rational and scientific ecosystem
management.
• Equitable use of resources.
• Conservation of local ecosystem goods and
services.
• This includes genetic, species and
ecosystem diversity….
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The needs…..
What does the Convention on Biodiversity require?
• Nations are custodians of their own biodiversity as
a contribution to global sustainability of Earth
Resources.
What does India’s Biodiversity Act of 2002 require?
• Conservation of Biological resources with
equitable and sustainable use of its products.
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Executive Functions
The strategy enshrined in the Biodiversity Act
2002 requires…….
• BMCs – Primary function.
• PBRs – Database with validation.
• Equitable Access and Benefit sharing
mechanism.
• Notifying Biodiversity Heritage Sites.
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Maharashtra – A unique State
• Maharashtra’s diverse ecosystems require
different approaches:
• Northern forests – Central Highlands of India –
Tribal communities.
• Deccan plateau grassland – Semiarid agriculture
and pasture land – Migrant shephards
• Western Ghats – ESAs; High biodiversity and
high fragility – Hotspecks, Corridors
• Coastal region – Ecosystem services and
marine resources – CRZ.
• Freshwater aquatic ecosystems
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Strategies
What does Maharashtra require…..
• Preservation of all its ecosystems.
• Preservation of all wild species.
• Preservation of all genetic variations of both:
– Wild flora and fauna
– Wild relatives of potentially useful species, all indigenous cultivars, livestock breeds.
• Enhance insitu conservation.
• Initiate exsitu conservation.
• Increase public awareness and support
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Tools
• Rapid collection of area specific data
• Convincing people of the benefits of
biodiversity conservation and ensuring that
local people can see economic
incentives…
• Linkage to potential benefit sharing with
Industry, Pharma, Cosmetics, etc.
• Ecotourism...
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The Traditional Knowledge and
Culture’s of Maharashtra
TKS preservation….
• Northern forests – Korku, Bhil, Gondh, Pardhi.
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The Traditional Knowledge and
Culture’s of Maharashtra
TKS preservation….
• Deccan plateau – Semiarid farmers and their cultivars, Dhangar and their pastures.
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The Traditional Knowledge and
Culture’s of Maharashtra
TKS preservation….
• Western Ghats
– Paddy farmers and shifting cultivation
– Warli, Kokana, Kathkari, Mahadeo Koli.
– Sacred Groves, Water sources, Hill slopes
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The Traditional Knowledge and
Culture’s of Maharashtra
TKS preservation….
• Coastal region – Koli fisher folk, Paddy, ‘rab’ with indigenous knowledge of farmers on local cultivars.
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Region specific strategies
• Establishing Conservation Priorities.
• Identifying existing and potential threats.
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Biodiversity and Cultural preservation
• Linkage between Natural Science / Social Science
• Economics and Law
Biodiversity Conservation
Technology
HotspecksCorridors
Law: Biodiversity Act
ABS
Societal Economics, equity.
ABSSocial Science
(Citizen science approach)
BMCs PBRs
Biodiversity Conservation
Technology
HotspecksCorridors
Law: Biodiversity Act
ABS
Societal Economics, equity.
ABS
Social Science
(Citizen science approach)
BMCs PBRs
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Resources and Cultures…..
Livelihoods:Agropastoralist
• Cultivar diversity.
• Traditional farmers and forest tribal folk have used forest
biomass as a wood ash fertilizer, along with cattle dung which
was sustainable when human population was limited.
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Resources and Cultures…..
Livelihoods:
Pastoralist / Animal husbandry
• Livestock breeds
• Traditional pastoralists have used grasslands
and migrated in response to seasonal variations.
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Forager – Hunter – Gatherer
• Once sustainable, now unsustainable… Illegal
• Current sustainable use through BMCs –
• Ex situ Conservation Breeding Centers
• Increasing habitat loss and poaching will
lead to local extinction
Resources and Cultures…..
Livelihoods
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Resources and Cultures…..
LivelihoodsFisherfolk
• Fisher folk traditionally reduce their fishing activities
during the fish breeding seasons.
• Wetlands and coastal ecosystems provided a wealth of
seasonal aquatic resources.
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CENTRAL HIGHLANDS / NATURAL LANDSCAPES
TRIBAL REGIONS
High diversity of distinctive ecological entities.
Dividing line of Sal and Teak forests.
High tribal cultural diversity.
Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, forest avifauna, other taxa.
Carrying capacity for wildlife tourism has been exceeded in Tiger Reserves.
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CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF INDIA
Traditional Cultural Landscapes
People
TKS of Korku, Bhil, Baiga, Gond.
Medicines, dance, tattoos, jewelry, pottery, artifacts (metal work).
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DECCAN PLATEAU
Natural Landscape
Ecosystem: Scrubland and Grasslands / Rivers / Riverine areas / Manmade wetlands in dams.
Flora- Teak forest / Semiarid grassland.
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Fauna: Wolf, chinkara, blackbuck, bustards, raptors, reptiles
DECCAN PLATEAU
Fauna
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People- Semiarid – farmers, migrant Dhangars – The linkage…..
Landuse- Bajra, Jawar – Traditional rainfed farming – Central Plateau.
DECCAN PLATEAU
Traditional Cultural Landscape
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Conflict
• Change to sugarcane due to rapid irrigation development.
• Industrialization.
• Urbanization.
DECCAN PLATEAU
Intensive Agriculture and Urbanisation
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WESTERN GHATS
Natural Landscape
• Globally important hotspot of Biodiversity.
• High endemism.
• Supplies river water to Deccan Plateau.
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WESTERN GHATS
Natural Landscape
Ecosystem
• Evergreen, Semi evergreen, Deciduous
forests
• Basalt and Lateritic Plateau tops
• Coastal vegetation, marine ecosystem.
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WESTERN GHATS
Traditional Cultural Landscape
People
Maratha farmers of hill slopes.
Tribal groups- Mahadeo kolis, Katkaris, Warlis
Paddy in flood plains
Hill slope mixed cultivation - ‘rab’ cultivation.
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WESTERN GHATS
Traditional Cultural Landscape
• Ancient tradition of
Sacred groves
• Hot specks of
diversity.
• Tiger goddess.
• The ‘kaul’ ceremony.
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WESTERN GHATS/ COASTAL BELT
Traditional Cultural Landscape
The landuse – Paddy / farmers.
The Warli art and its tradition: – Jivya Soma Mahshe and the Warli paintings.
The folktales.
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Landscape approach to management
of the Western Ghats
• Natural landscape values
– Forest
– Water sources
– Plateau’s of endemic plants
• Cultural landscape values
– Sacred Groves
– Forts and surrounds
– Agriculture – Indigenous crop varieties
– Pastoralism - Livestock varieties
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Natural
Landscape
• Corridors between
PA’s – Crestline
forest plateaus and
escarpments.
• ESA extent and
coverage
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WESTERN GHATS
Cultural Landscape
• Biological diversity in paddy lands, grazing
areas, forest use.
• People’s participation through: – BMC’s/PBR’s/ABS/BHS
– Through education-Schools / Colleges
– For tourists and adjacent urban and city dwellers
– IC’s and Ecotourism, homestays.
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Hotspecks
Management• ‘Super hot specks’ – Jump
sites.
• Permeable matrix
management
• Corridoring possibilities
• ESA surrounds – PA Buffers
Impacts
• Mining, Neo-townships,
Roads – Irreversible
• Agriculture, grazing, fire –
Reversible by eco-
development
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COASTAL REGION
Natural Landscapes
Ecosystems- Terrestrial: Coastal forests, coastal plains, mangroves - Mumbai
Marine: Angria Bank Coral reef, Malwan sanctuary
Coastal grasses
Fauna: Estuarine birds, Turtle nesting sites- Velas. Fish and crustacea.
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People : Paddy/ Coconut farming/ Fisher folk.
Impacts:
• Overfishing.
• Conversion of coastal plains to Urbanization.
• Ports
• Thermal power plants
• Tourism
• Climate change
COASTAL REGION
Traditional Cultural Landscape
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Wetland / Lakes/ Rivers
Natural → Seminatural → Human dominated waterscapes
• Fishing
• Farming
• Resource use areas
• Ecotourism