State: MEGHALAYA Agriculture Contingency Plan for District...

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State: MEGHALAYA

Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: West Khasi Hills

1.0 District Agriculture profile*1.1 Agro-Climatic/Ecological Zone

Agro Ecological Sub Region (ICAR) Warm per humid Eco Region D2A9 (17.1)Agro-Climatic Zone (Planning Commission) Eastern Himalayan Region (Temperate sub-alpine and mid tropical hill zone)Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) Sub Topical Hill Zone (NEH-5)List all the districts falling under the NARP Zone*(*>50% area falling in the zone)

East Khasi hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia hills ,East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, RiBhoi

Geographic coordinates of district headquarters Latitude Longitude Altitude25 10' and 2551' N

90 44' and 91 49' E 1409

Name and address of the concerned ZRS/ ZARS/RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS

ICAR Research Complex for NEH region ,Umiam Road,Umiam-793103 (Meghalaya)

Mention the KVK located in the district with full address KVK, West Khasi Hills Nongshillong,PO: Nongstoin ,Meghalaya 793119Name and address of the nearest Agro met Field Unit(AMFU, IMD) for agro-advisories in the Zone

Indian Metereorological Department, 3rd Mile, Upper Shillong-793005

Source: Directorate of Agriculture,Meghalaya,Shillong, {Average rainfall of 5 yrs (2009-2013)}

1.2 Rainfall Normal RF(mm) Normal Rainy days(number)

Normal Onset( specify week and month)

Normal Cessation(specify week andmonth)

SW monsoon (June-Sep): 2370.32 75 2nd week of June 2nd week of OctoberNE Monsoon(Oct-Dec): 228.62 35 3rd week of Oct 1st week of DecWinter (Jan- February) 49.40 10 2nd week of Jan 3rd week of FebSummer (March-May) 625.24 40 2nd week of April 3rd week of MayAnnual 3273.26 160 - -

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1.4 SOIL TYPES AND INTERPRETIVE GROUPINGS OF SOILS OF WEST KHASI HILL (INCLUDING SOUTHWEST KHASI HILLS DISRICT)

Sl. no. Soilclassifications

Series Physiographicsituation

ElevationMts.aboveMSL

Soil depth Landcapabilitysubclasses

Irrigability Productivitypotential

Suggestedland-uses.

Areain Ha

Mappingunits*/(locations)

a) Warm per-humid Agro-Eco Sub Region with thermic temperature regime1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Fine loamy,mixed, thermicTypicHumaquepts

Laitdom Inter hillvalleys

1625 Very deep IVw Moderatelysuitable

Medium Paddy,vegetables

14312 (Mairang)

2 Coarse loamy,mixed, thermicTypicUdorthents

Langkyrdem Escarpment(steeplysloping 30-50%)

1500 Moderatelydeep

VIIes Notsuitable

Medium Vegetativecover

23399 07

2 Fine, mixed,thermic TypicHaplohumults

Mairang Side hill slopes(moderate8-15%)

1600 Very deep IIIe Marginallysuitable

Medium Forestplantations

21469 02(Mairang)

4 Coarse loamy,mixed, thermicTypicDystrudepts

Mawlein Upper hillslopes(moderate)

1500 Moderatelydeep

IIIes Marginallysuitable

Low Forestplantations

25527 (MarshillongMawkyrwat)

5 Loamy skeletalmixed,therimic, TypicDystrudepts

Nongspung Hill slopes(moderate)

1450 Moderatelydeep

VIIs Moderatelysuitable

Low Forestplantations

48730 3, 4, 8.(Nongspung)

1.3 Land usepattern of thedistrict (latest statistics)

Geographicalarea

Cultivablearea

Forestarea

Land undernon-agricultural use

Permanentpastures

Cultivablewasteland

Land underMisc. treecrops andgroves

Barren anduncultivableland

Currentfallows

Otherfallows

Area (‘000 ha) 52.5 36.7 20.7 7.4 NA 14.5 4.4 4.9 1.9 4.8

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6 Fine, mixedthermic TypicKandihumults

Nongstoin Hill slopes(moderate)

1250 Deep tovery deep

IIIe Marginally Medium Forest ,horticulturalwith erosioncontrol

80166 03, 04, 05.(Nongstoin)

7 Coarse loamy,mixed thermicHumicDystrudepts

Syntein Escarpment(steep slopes)

1600 Moderatelydeep

VIIIe Notsuitable

Low Forest, grasscover,erosioncontrol.

35099 07(Nongnah)

9 Fine, mixed,thermic, TypicKandiudults

Umkrem Hill slopes(moderate 8-15%)



Medium Forest,horticulturalwith erosioncontrol

38291 01

10 Fine loamy,mixed thermic,TypicDystrudtpts

Umthlu Gently slopinghill top(gently sloping1 – 3 %)


Vis Notsuitable


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b) Warm per-humid Agro-Eco Sub region with hyperthermic temperature regime.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

11 Fine, mixed,hyperthermicAericEndoaquepts

Ramjongiri Valley 100 Deep IVw Moderatelysuitable

Medium Paddy,vegetables

9488 18

12 Loamy skeletal,mixed,hyperthermicHumicDyrtrudepts

Baghmara,mawshun

Hill slope(moderatelysteep 30-50%)

350 Deep VIIes Notsuitable

Medium Forests,plantationswith erosionchecks

26215 11, 20.

13 Fine loamy,mixed,hyperthermicHumicDystrudepts

Bajenngdoba Undulatingupland(moderatelysloping 8-15%)

70 Deep IIIe Marginallysuitable

Medium Horticulturalwith erosionchecks

19955 09, 10.

14 Fine, mixed,hyperthermic

Dewankata Piedmondplains(level)

75 Deep IVw Moderatelysuitable

Medium Paddy,pulses,

14231 16, 18

4

TypicEndoaquepts

vegetables

15 Coarse loamy,mixed,hyperthermicTypicUdorthents

Tura peak Side hill slope(moderate 15 -30 %)

1180 Moderatelydeep

VIs Notsuitable

Low Vegetativecover for ero-sion control.

27606 22, 23

16 Fine, mixed,hyperthermic,HumicDystrudepts

Mynkre Hill slope(moderateslope)

700 Dee VIIs Notsuitable

Low Vegetativecover to con-trol erosion

2532 19

17 Fine, mixedhyperthermicCumulicHumaquepts

Mawshynrut Inter hill vlley(nearly level)

1300 Deep IVw Moderatelysuitable

Medium Paddy,pulses,vegetables

5653 17

18 Fine, mixed,hyperthermicTypicKandihumults

Nongenram Hill slope(moderatelysteep 15-30%)

550 Deep IVe Notsuitable atpresent

Medium Forest,horticulturalwith erosioncontrol

23167 11,12.


Nongpoh Hill slopes(moderatelysteep 15 –30%)

550 Very deep IIes Moderatelysuitable

Medium Maize,pulses, horti-cultural witherosion check

17567 13, 21.

20 Fine loamymixedhyperthermicHumicDystrudepts

Pathatklinang Valley(gently sloping1 – 3 %)

775 Very deep IVs Moderatelysuitable

Medium Cereals,pulsesvegetables.

8479 17, 24.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1221 Coarse loamy,

mixed,hyperthermicHumicDustrudepts

Mawshun Escarpment(steeplysloping)


Low Afforestation, 6915 20

22 Coarse loamy,mixed,hyperthermicUltic

Rongram Side hill slope(steeplysloping 30-50%)



20865 21

5

Hapludalfs23 Clayey skeletal,

mixedhyperthermicTypicKanhapludults

Gangganggiri Undulatinghills(moderatelysloping 8-15%)

275 Deep VIs Notsuitable

Low Forest 4590 22


Umsooing(Umsning)

Hill slopes(moderatelysloping 15-30%)



Medium Uplandagricultural&horticulturalwith erosioncontrol

7412 10

*Mapping units - Soil resource map of Meghalaya, NBSS& LUP PUBLICATIONS.,

EXPLANATION OF PARAMETERS:

LAND CAPABILITY

a. CLASSI Arable uses, slight or no limitations

II Arable uses, moderate limitations

III Arable uses, severe limitations

IV Arable uses, very severe limitations

V Non arable uses, slight limitations

VI Non arable uses, moderate limitations

VII & VIII Non arable uses very severe limitations

b. SUB CLASS (limitations)

e Erosion, loss of top soil, slope gradient

s Soil depth, root penetration/drainage/salinity/sodicity

t Topography, landform, landscape

Source : District and local research station&lab.Shillong

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1.5 Agricultural land use Area (‘000 ha) Cropping intensity %

Net sown area 30.917 121.81Area sown more than once 6.772Gross cropped area 37.689

Source: Central Ground Water Board North Eastern Region

1.6 Irrigation Area (‘000 ha)

Net irrigated area 1924.02Gross irrigated area 3994.03Rain fed area 1142.53

Sources of Irrigation Number Area (‘000 ha) Percentage of total irrigated area( Area may beindicated)

Canal IrrigatiNA N-ATanks - - -Open wells - - -Bore wells - - -Lift irrigation schemes - - -Micro-irrigation - - -Total Irrigated Area - - -Power tiller under State Plan Scheme - - -Power tiller under Centrally Sponsored Scheme - - -

Groundwater availability and use* (Datasource: State/Central Ground waterDepartment /Board)

No. of blocks/Tehsils

(%) area Quality of water (specify the problem such ashigh levels of arsenic, fluoride, saline etc)

Over exploited - - -Critical - - -Semi- critical - - -Safe - -Wastewater availability and use - - -Ground water quality Good fit for drinking

*over-exploited: groundwater utilization > 100%; critical: 90-100%; semi-critical: 70-90%; safe: <70%

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1.6. a. Fertilizer and Pesticides use Type Total quantity (tones)

1 Fertilizers* Urea

DAP

Potash

SSP

Other straight fertilizers (specify)

Other complex fertilizers (specify)

54.33MT

6.55MT

0.900MT

-

-

-

2 Chemical Pesticides* Insecticides

1) Chlorpyriphos

2) Fenvarelate

3) Carbofuran

Not Availalable

3 Fungicides Carbendazim

Biopesticide

Sticker

Rodenticides (Zinc Phosphide)

Not Available

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, District Statistical Handbook,WKH 2010

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1.7 Area under major field crops & horticulture (as per latest figures )

1.7 S. No. Major field cropscultivated

Area (‘000 ha)Kharif Rabi

Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Summer Grand total1. Rice - 7763 7763 52 - - 78152. Maize - 4255 4255 - - - - 42253. Soybean - 25 25 - - - - 254. Millets - - - 232 - 2325. Rabi pulses

PeaCowpea

---

---

---

-285

- -

336. Sesame - - - 28 - - 287. Rape & Mustard - - - 28 - - 288. Tobacco - - - 32 - - 32

Sl. No. Horticulture crops -Fruits

Area (‘000 ha)Total Irrigated Rainfed

1 Pineapple 727 - 7272 Citrus fruits 1169 - 11693 Banana 785 - 7854 Papaya 39 - 39

Horticulture crops Total Irrigated Rainfed

1 Potato 5437 - 54372 Sweet potato 1319 - 13193 Ginger 332 - 332

Tapioca 649 - 6494 Black Pepper 102 - 1025 Chillies 47 - 476 Turmeric 70 - 707 Arecanut 1224 - 1224

Source: (2011-12) Directorate of Agriculture, Meghalaya, Shillong

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1.8 Live Stock1.8 Livestock Male (‘000) Female (‘000) Total population (‘000)

1. Cattle:CrossbredIndigenous

0.160 0.342 0.50231.597 63.553 95.15

2. Buffaloes :Crossbred

4.092 1.757 5.85

3. Goat 14.190 28.187 42.3774. Sheep 1.191 1.810 3.0015. Pigs:

CrossbredIndigenous

6.07922.581

8.20020.715

14.279

43.296

6. Rabbits 0.015 0.017 0.032

7. Hens and ducks :DesiImproved

cock duck hen drakes468.05418.198

168.6547.552

0.0450.025

202.40010.605

0.0520.016

Yak - - -Others (Horse, mule, donkey etc., specify) 0.732 0.410 1.142Commercial dairy farms (Number) - - -

1.9 Poultry No. of farms Total No. of birds (‘000)Government Poultry Farm 13 319000=319.00Private Farms, Individual rearers # -

Source: Source: (2011, 19th Livestock census) Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Meghalaya.1.10 Fisheries (Data source: Chief Planning Officer)

A. Capturei) Marine (Data Source: Fisheries Department) No. of fishermen Boats Nets Storage

facilities (Iceplants etc.)Mechanized Non-

mechanizedMechanized(Trawl nets,

Gill nets)

Non-mechanized(Shore Seines, Stake

& trap nets)

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- - - - - -ii) Inland (Data Source: Fisheries Department) No. Farmer owned ponds No. of Reservoirs No. of village tanks

B. CultureWater Spread Area (ha) Yield

(t/ha)Production (‘000 tons)

i) Brackish water (Data Source: MPEDA/ Fisheries Department) - - -

ii) Fresh water (Data Source: Fisheries Department)

Others - - -

1.11 Production and Productivity of major crops (Average of last 5 years: 2008, 09, 10, 11, 12)

1.11Name of

crop

Kharif Rabi Summer TotalCrop residue as

fodder (‘000 tons)Production('000 t)

Productivity(kg/ha)

Production('000 t)

Productivity(kg/ha)

Production('000 t)

Productivity(kg/ha)

Production('000 t)

Productivity(kg/ha)

Major Field crops (Crops to be identified based on total acreage)

Crop 1 Rice 11380 1466 108 2069 - - 11488 1470 0.310

Crop 2 Maize 4863 1143 - - - - 4863 1143 0.114

Crop 3Rabi

pulses- - 44 1333 - - 44 1333 0.199

Crop 4 Millets - - 234 1009 - - 234 1009 0.151

Crop 5 Soybean - - 26 1040 - - 26 1040 0.156

Crop 6 Sesame - - 20 714 - - 20 714 0.071

Crop 7 Rapeseed - - 19 649 - - 19 649 0.065

Crop 8 Tobacco - - 36 1125 - - 36 1125 0.113

Major Horticultural crops (Crops to be identified based on total acreage)

Crop 1 Potato - - 45325 8282 - - 45325 8282 -

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Crop 2Citrus

fruits- - 4933 4234 - - 4933 4234 -

Crop 3 Banana 4244 5406 - - - - 4244 5406 1.27

Crop 4 Pineapple 4131 5682 - - - - 4131 5682 -

Crop 5 Papaya 177 4538 - - - - 177 4538 -

Crop 6 Arecanut - - 1165 952 - - 1165 952 -

Crop 7 Ginger 2007 6045 - - - - 2007 6045 -

Crop 8Sweet

potato3916 2969 - - - - 3916 2969 0.594

Crop 9 Tapioca 3583 5521 - - - - 3583 5521 -

Crop 10 Turmeric - - 275 3929 - - 275 3929 -

Crop 11 Chillies - - 45 957 - - 45 957 -

Crop 12Black

pepper- - - - - - 66 645 -

Crop 13 Tea - - - - - - - - -

Source: (2012-13) Directorate of Agriculture, Meghalaya, Shillong.

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1.12 Sowingwindow for5 majorfield crops

Rice Maize

3: Rabi pulses 4: Millets 5: SoyabeanHighaltitude

Midaltitude

Loweraltitude

High altitudeMid &Loweraltitude

Kharif-Rainfedupland

MidApril - 1st

week ofMay

Last weekof AprilApril to 1st

week ofJuly

June to1st weekof July

Mid March –mid April April -May

1st week of April -3rd week of May

May –June

Kharif-IrrigatedRabi-Rainfed

- 1st week Oct - 1st weekof Nov till March 2nd

wk – april 2nd wk

2st week Oct - 1st

week of Nov1st week Oct - 1st

week of Nov

Rabi-Irrigated

Oct to Nov

Summer-irrigatedSummer-rainfed

1st week of June- 1st

week of july

1.13 What is the major contingency the district is prone to? (Tick mark) Regular* Occasional None

Drought √Flood √Cyclone √Hail storm √Heat wave √Cold wave √Frost √Sea water intrusion √

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Snowfall √

Landslides √

Earthquake √

Pests and disease outbreak (specify) : √

Others (like fog, cloud bursting etc.) √

*When contingency occurs in six out of 10 years

1.14 Include Digital maps of the district for Location map of district within State as Annexure I Enclosed: Yes

Mean annual rainfall as Annexure 2 Enclosed: Yes

Soil map : Not Available Enclosed: Yes

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Location map of West Khasi Hills districtAnnexure I

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Annexure 2 : Average Annual Rainfal l data for West Khasi Hills(mm)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Aver

age

annu

al R

ainf

all (

mm

)

Average Annual Rainfall (2009-2013)

15


Months

Average Annual Rainfall (2009-2013)

Average Annual Rainfall(mm)

15


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2.0 Strategies for weather related contingencies

2.1 Drought

2.1.1 Rainfed situation (maintain separate rows for each cropping system)

Condition

Suggested Contingency measures

Earlyseasondrought(delayedonset)

MajorFarmingsituation

Normal Crop / Cropping system Change in crop / croppingsystem including variety

Agronomic measures Remarks onImplementation

Delay by2 weeks(June 4th

week)*

1 ) Farmingsituation:Rainfed

Rice No change Normal agronomic measuresShift from long duration to short durationcrops/varietiesMore area put under nursery.

Spray of B and K increases drought tolerance.

Maize based Cropping Systema. Maize + Finger Millet(intercropping, HigherAltitude)b. Blackgram ( aftermaize, lower elevation)c. Maize + Soybean(intercropping, higherelevation)d. Maize + Ginger ( Midaltitude region)e. Maize + Vegetablesf. Rabi Maize +Vegetables/ Mustard/Toriag. Maize + Potato/Vegetablesh. Maize + Topoica

No change Delay the seedling raisingof finger milletWider spacing (60 X 30)cm for maizeFrequent intercultureoperation forconservation of moistureMulching in gingerManagement of soilaciditySolanaceous crops shouldbe planted in welldrained, slightly sloppyland

1 ) Farmingsituation:

Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflowe

No change Recommended package of practices

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Rainfedupland -(Sandy loamtoclay loam)

r/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/brocolli

Chilli/turmeric/ginger/pumpkin/radish/frenchbean/cucumber/ bitter gourd/brinjal/Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/brocolli


2) Farmingsituation:Rainfedmediumland/mediumlow land(Sandy loamtoclay loam)

Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/brocolli


Condition




Normal Crop/cropping system Change in crop/croppingsystem


Delay by4 weeks(July 2ndweek)


Cropping system 1: Rice Follow water conservation andmanagement practices.At higher altitude rice will bereplaced by other vegetablecrops such as cabbage orPossibility of taking a catchcropConserving moisture for ‘rabi’sowingUtilizing paddy fallows for

Use of short duration variety which are tolerantto droughtSeeds should be sown in nurserySRI method can be followed during drought atlower /mid altitudes

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second crop

Cropping system 2: MaizeMaize + Finger Millet(intercropping, Higher Altitude)Maize + Soyabean

(intercropping, higher elevation)d. Maize + Ginger ( Mid altituderegion)e. Maize + Vegetablesf. Rabi Maize + Vegetables/Mustard/Toriag. Maize + Potato/ Vegetables

Finger millet : Indaf- 5, 8, 9,localMaize :local yellow,localwhite, HQPM-1,DA61AVivek- 15, Vivek -9, Vivek-23Soybean: Bragg,Hill, PK-1042, 1024, PK-262, local( black bold) , VL-soya-47Ginger : Nadia.Topoica : LocalHorticultural cropsPotato: Kufri Jyoti, K. Giriraj,K. Megha

Delay the seedlingraising of finger milletWider spacing (60 X 30)cm for maizeFrequent intercultureoperation forconservation of moistureMulching in gingerManagement of soilacidityTimely thinning tomaintain proper spacing

Rainfed1 ) Farmingsituation:Rainfedupland -(Sandy loamto clayloam)



No change

No change

Recommended package of practicesRecommended package of practices

No change Recommended package of practices2) Farmingsituation:Rainfedmediumland/mediumlow land(Sandy loamtoclay loam)


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Condition




Normal Crop/cropping system Change in crop/cropping system Agronomic measures Remarks onImplementation

Delay by6 weeks(july 4thweek)

1 ) Farmingsituation:*Rainfed

Cropping system 1:Rice Follow water conservation and managementpractices.Possibility of taking a catch cropConserving moisture for ‘rabi’ sowingUtilizing paddy fallows for second crop.

Use of short duration variety which aretolerant to droughtSeeds should be sown in nurserySRI method can be followed duringdrought at lower altitudesTransplanting of rice should becompleted by mid july

Cropping system 2: Maize based :Maize + Finger Millet(intercropping, Higher Altitude)Maize + Soyabean

(intercropping, higher elevation)Maize + Ginger ( Mid altituderegion)Maize + Vegetables

Rabi Maize + Vegetables/Mustard/ToriaMaize + Potato/ Vegetables

Finger millet : Indaf- 5, 8, 9, localMaize :local yellow,local white, HQPM-1,DA61AVivek- 15, Vivek -9, Vivek-23Soybean: Bragg,Hill, PK-1042, 1024, PK-262, local( black bold) , VL-soya-47Ginger : Nadia.Topoica : LocalHorticultural cropsPotato: Kufri Jyoti, K. Giriraj, K. Megha

Mulching in gingerWider spacing (60 X30) cm for maizeFrequent intercultureoperation forconservation ofmoistureSelection of shortduration varieties(80-90) daysManagement of soilacidityTimely thinning tomaintain properspacingMulching of crops with green leavesSolanaceous cropsshould be planted inwell drained, slightlysloppy land.

1 ) Farmingsituation:

Short Duration Varieties Recommended package of practicePotato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carr No change

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Rainfedupland -(Sandy loamto clayloam)

ot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/brocolli

Chilli/turmeric/ginger/pumpkin/radish/frenchbean/cucumber/ bittergourd/brinjal/Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/brocolli

No change Recommended package of practice

2) Farmingsituation:Rainfedmediumland/mediumlow land(Sandy loamtoclay loam)


No change Recommended package of practice

Condition




Normal Crop/cropping system Change in crop/cropping system Agronomic measures Remarks onImplementation

Delay by8 weeks(Aug 2ndweek))


Cropping system 1:Rice Follow water conservation and managementpractices.*Possibility of taking a catch crop*Conserving moisture for ‘rabi’ sowing*Utilizing paddy fallows for second crop.

Use of short duration variety which aretolerant to droughtSeeds should be sown in nurserySRI method can be followed duringdrought at lower altitudes

Cropping system 2:Maize basedMaize + Finger Millet(intercropping, Higher Altitude)

Finger millet : Indaf- 5, 8, 9, localMaize :local yellow,local white, HQPM-1,DA61A

Mulching in gingerWider spacing (60 X30) cm for maize

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Maize + Soyabean(intercropping, higher elevation)Maize + Ginger ( Mid altituderegion)Maize + Vegetables


Vivek- 15, Vivek -9, Vivek-23Soybean: Bragg,Hill, PK-1042, 1024, PK-262, local( black bold) , VL-soya-47Ginger : Nadia.Topoica : LocalHorticultural cropsPotato: Kufri Jyoti, K. Giriraj, K. Megha

Frequent intercultureoperation forconservation ofmoistureSelection of shortduration varieties(80-90) daysManagement of soilacidityIntercropping ofpulses with maizeTimely thinning tomaintain properspacingMulching of crops with green leaves

1 ) Farmingsituation:Rainfedupland -(Sandy loamto clayloam)



Chilli/turmeric/ginger/pumpkin/radish/frenchbean/cucumber/ bittergourd/brinjal/Potato//turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/brocolli


2) Farmingsituation:Rainfedmediumland/mediumlow land



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Condition Suggested Contingency measuresEarly seasondrought(Normal onset)


Normal Crop/cropping system Crop management Soil nutrient & moisture conservationmeasures

Remarks onImplementation

Normal onsetfollowed by 15-20 days dryspell aftersowing leadingto poorgermination/crop stand etc.

1 )Farmingsituation:Rainfed

1. Rice2. Rice based :Rice -Mustard/Vegetables

No changeChoice of crops and varieties for late sowingFollow water conservation and managementpractices.Possibility of taking a catch cropConserving moisture for ‘rabi’ sowingUtilizing paddy fallows for second crop

Maize based cropping system :Maize - rice/soybean -

potato/vegetables/ wheat/mustardMaize - Maize + French

Beans(Local)/vegetablesGinger + MaizeMaize - Finger Millet/ Rice

Bean(Relay) + vegetableGingerTurmeric

Maize: HQPM-I, RCM1- 1, RCM 1-2.Rice: Shah Sarang-1,RCPL,megha rice 1

Mulching with green/dryleaves & grassesWider spacing (60 X 30cm)for maizeFurrow application of FYMFrequent interculturaloperation for moistureconservation

1 )Farmingsituation:RainfeduplandSandyloam toclayloam)


No change -Life saving supplemental irrigation-Weeding and thinning at critical stages ofgrowth.-Application of sufficient quantity of FYMor compostin the main field.

Water harvestingstructures

Chilli/turmeric/ginger/pumpkin/radish/frenchbean/cucumber/ bitter gourd/brinjal//Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/brocolli

No change -Life saving supplemental irrigation-Weeding at critical stages of growth.

- Application of sufficient quantityof FYM or

compost in the main field

-do-

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Rainfedmediumland/mediumlow land(Sandyloam toclayloam)

Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/ cabbage/brocolli

No change Supplemental irrigation in the nursery bed ofrice.-Application of sufficient quantity of FYMor compostin the nursery bed and main field.

-do-

Condition Suggested Contingency measuresMid seasondrought(long dryspell,consecutive 2 weeksrainless(>2.5 mm)period)

Major Farmingsituation

Normal Crop/cropping system Crop management Soil nutrient & moistureconservation measures


Atvegetativestage

Rainfed : withmoderate to highrainfall and noirrigationfacilities

Cropping system 1:RiceNo change Nursery raising of seedling

Weeding at regular intervalsWider spacing

Cropping system 2:Maize basedMaize + Finger Millet(intercropping, Higher Altitude)Maize + Soyabean



Thinning to maintain optimumplant population.Life saving irrigation by usingwater of Dug-out ponds and rainwater harvesting structure.Weeding and weed mulching.

FYMMulching withgreen/dry leaves &grassesWider spacing (60 X30) cm for maize,followed withintercroppingIn-situ soil moistureconservation measuresFrequent interculturaloperation for moistureconservation

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1 ) Farmingsituation:Rainfed upland(Sandy loam toclay loam)


No change Life saving supplementalirrigation-Weeding at critical stages ofgrowth.-Application of sufficient quantityof FYM or compost in themain field.


-Life saving supplementalirrigation-Weeding at critical stages ofgrowth.- Application of sufficientquantity of FYM or compost inthemain field- Thinning to maintain optimumplant population.

2) Farmingsituation:Rainfedmediumland/mediumlow land(Sandy loam toclay loam)

Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/ cabbage/ brocolli

No change Gap filling if requiredLife saving supplementalirrigation at critical stages of cropgrowth

Condition Suggested Contingency measuresMid seasondrought(long dryspell)

Major Farmingsituation

Normal Crop/cropping system Crop management Soil nutrient &moistureconservationmeasures


Atflowering/fruitingstage

Cropping system 1:RiceNeed based plant protection measures should befollowedSpray of antitranspirantsMoisture conservation practices such as ridgingand mulching can be followed

Weeding should bedone at regularinterval waterharvesting structurescan be constructed soas to provide

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irrigation during thecritical stages

Cropping system 2:Maize basedMaize + Finger Millet(intercropping, Higher Altitude)Maize + Soyabean



Thinning to maintain optimumplant population.Life saving irrigation by usingwater of Dug-out ponds and rainwater harvesting structure.Weeding and weed mulching.

FYMMulching withgreen/dry leaves &grassesWider spacing (60 X30) cm for maize,followed withintercroppingIn-situ soil moistureconservationmeasuresFrequent interculturaloperation formoistureconservation

Rainfedupland (Sandy

Potato//turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/ cabbage/ brocolli

No change -Life savingsupplementalirrigation

- Waterharvestingstructures

Chilli/turmeric/ginger/pumpkin/radish/frenchbean/cucumber/ bitter gourd/brinjal/Potato///turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/cabbage/ brocolli

No change Life savingsupplemental irrigation-Weeding atcriticalstages ofgrowth.

- Thinning tomaintain optimumpopulation.Mulching with cropresidues

Rainfedmediumland/

Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/ cabbage/brocolli

No change -Life savingsupplementalirrigation at critical

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Medium lowland(Sandyloam

to clay loam)

stages of cropgrowth

Condition Suggested Contingency measuresTerminaldrought(Earlywithdrawalofmonsoon)


Normal Crop/cropping system Crop management Rabi Crop planning Remarks onImplementation

1 )Farmingsituation:Rainfed

Cropping system 1: riceRice basedRice - Mustard/Vegetables

Follow water conservation andmanagement practices.Efficient use of stored water for lifesaving irrigationShort duration varieties of pulses,

oilseeds, minor milletsHarvesting the crop at

physiological maturity.Prepare for the ensuing ‘rabi’season.

Water harvesting structures forirrigating rabi crops

Cropping system 2: Maize based croppingsystem :1. Maize - rice/soybean -potato/vegetables/wheat/mustard2. Maize - Maize + FrenchBeans(Local)/vegetables3. Ginger + Maize4. Maize - Finger Millet/ RiceBean (Relay) + vegetableGingerTurmeric

Maize: HQPM-I, RCM 1- 1, RCM1-2,Soybean: Ahilya-1,bragg,hill.

Conservation measuresFurrow application ofFYMMulching withgreen/dry leaves &grassesWider spacing (60 X 30cm) for maizeFrequent interculturaloperation for moistureconservation

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1 )Farmingsituation:Rainfedupland(Sandyloamto clayloam

Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/ cabbage/ brocolli

Life saving supplemental irrigation- Pre-sowing irrigation for nurseryraising and life saving irrigationaftertransplanting

- Growing of Tomato, Brinjal,and Leafyvegetables like Spinach, Radishetc. withimproved package of practices- Growing of mid season colecrops such asCauliflower (varieties –Improved Japanese, PusaSynthetic, Pusa Snowball etc.)and Cabbage(Varieties – Golden Acre, Prideof India, PusaMukta etc.), Knolkhol (WhiteVienna) etc.

Chilli/turmeric/ginger/pumpkin/radish/frenchbean/cucumber/ bitter gourd/brinjal//Potato/turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/ cabbage/brocolli

Life saving supplementalirrigation-Harvesting of kharif cropsatphysiological maturitystage.- Pre-sowing irrigation fornurseryraising and life savingirrigation after

transplanting

Growing of Tomato, Brinjal,and Leafyvegetables like Spinach, Radishetc. withimproved package of practices- Growing of mid season colecrops such asCauliflower (varieties –Improved Japanese, PusaSynthetic, Pusa Snowball etc.)and Cabbage(Varieties – Golden Acre, Prideof India, PusaMukta etc.), Knolkhol (WhiteVienna) etc.

2) Farming Potato/ -Life saving supplemental - - Growing of mid season cole

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2.1.2 Drought - Irrigated situation

Condition Suggested Contingency measuresMajor Farmingsituation



Delayed release ofwater in canals dueto low rainfall

Lower altitudes Rice No change Medium or short durationvariety can be grown if

water is delayed by 15daysRice seeds should be

replaced by Short durationvariety such as luit vivek

dhan 82 etcRice should be replacedby other crops such aspulses If the water in

canals is delayed by 90days

Limited releaseofwater in canals dueto low rainfall

Lower altitudes Rice Rice sowing nursery delayedSRI nursery to be used

Late duration varieties8-10days old seedling isused for transplanting

Non release ofwater in canalsunder delayed onsetof monsoon in

Lower altitudes Rice SRI hybrids can be usedDelayed transplanting

Low seed rateDirect sown under

transplanting

situation:Rainfedmediumland/Mediumlowland(Sandyloamto clayloam)

turnip/beetroot/tomato/carrot/cauliflower/onion/peas/lettuce/ cabbage/ brocolli

irrigation- Pre-sowing irrigation for nurseryraising and life saving irrigationaftertransplanting- Harvesting of kharif crops atphysiological maturity stage

crops such asCauliflower (varieties –Improved Japanese, PusaSynthetic, Pusa Snowball etc.)and Cabbage(Varieties – Golden Acre, Prideof India, PusaMukta etc.), Knolkhol (WhiteVienna) etc.Mulching in Rabi crops

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Condition Suggested Contingency measuresMajor Farmingsituation



catchmentLack of inflows intotanks due toinsufficient /delayedonset of monsoon

Lower altitudes Rice Delayed transplanting Direct sown underunpuddled condition

Insufficientgroundwaterrecharge due tolow rainfall

Lower altitudes Rice Late duration Direct sown underunpuddled condition

2.2 Unusual rains (untimely, unseasonal etc) (for both rainfed and irrigated situations)

Condition Suggested contingency measure

Continuous high rainfallin a short span leading towater logging

Vegetative stage Flowering stage Crop maturity stage Post harvest

Crop1 Rice Not a substantial problem as uplandsdon’t maintain water logging conditionfor long time

Provide drainage if possible Drain out, Harvesting atphysiological maturity stage

Shifting to a saferplace in a wellventilated space

Crop2 Maize Not a substantial problem as uplandsdon’t maintain water logging conditionfor long time

Provide drainage if possible

Horticulture

Crop1 Vegetables Proper drainage Proper drainage Drain out, Harvesting atphysiological maturity stage Store at optimum

temperature andpacked properly

Adoption of proper measures todrain out excess water-Light hoeing and weeding- Adoption of plant protectionmeasures against Anthracnosedisease

- Adoption of proper measuresto drain out excess water- Adoption of plant protectionmeasures against Anthracnosedisease

Adoption of proper measuresto drain out excess water- Harvesting at physiologicalmaturity- Adoption of plant protectionmeasures against Anthracnose

Drying of the produce- Immediate sale oftheproduce- Shifting of theproduce to

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disease drier place/coldstorage

Heavy rainfall with highspeed winds in a shortspan2

Crop1 Rice Drainage if water logging persistsSmall seedling withstand the problem

Drainage if water logging persistsSmall seedling withstand the problem

Lodged panicles may beharvested at physiologicalmaturity stage.

Dry and store in airtight condition

Crop2 Maize Ridge planting, proper drainage Proper drainage

Horticulture

Crop1 VegetablesRidge planting, proper drainage- Make trenches/furrows tofacilitate drainage of excess water- Proper support for climbers

Proper drainage- Make trenches/furrows tofacilitate drainage of excesswater- Application of hormones,nutrients to prevent flower drop

Drain out and harvest the cropat optimum stage.- Make trenches/furrows tofacilitate drainage of excesswater

Store at optimumtemperature andpacked properly- Shifting of theproduce todrier place/Coldstorage

Crop2 Citrus Fruits Proper drainage Application of PGRs, (Auxin) and boron toenhance fruit set

Drain out and harvest the cropat maturity.

Outbreak of pests anddiseases due tounseasonal rains

Crop1 Rice

Monitoring incidence of pest anddisease through survey andsurveillance programme

Clipping the tip of rice seedlings beforetransplanting to kill egg massess ofstem borer

During flowering stage crop is usuallyinfected by blast and sheath blight. Cropcan be protected by spraying withPseudomonas fluorescens @ 2.5 kg/ha

Release of egg parasitoid Trichogrammajaponicum and T. chilonis for stem borerand leal floder respectively

Spraying with neem based formulationpesticide to disrupt the growth anddevelopment of sucking pests

Draining out water for themanagement of bacterial leafblight

Proper sun drying andsafe storage forpratection againstpests, diseases androdents

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Crop2 Maize Early sowing to overcome cob borerattackGrowing RCM1-1 and local yellowvarieties to escape from cob borerdamage

Spraying of Neem oil @3ml/l at thesilking stage reduce cob borer and suckingpests

Harvesting at Physiologicalmaturity to avoid furtherattack of pests and diseases

Safe storage againststorage pest anddiseases

Crop3 Potato Avoiding planting in low lying waterlogged areasGrowing varieties having moderate tohigh degree of resistance to late blightGive prophylactic spray withTrichoderma based formulation as sonas the weather conditions becomecongenial for blights to occur

Roguing off off type , diseased plantsshowing necrosis, wilting, mottling,mosaic, crinkle and leaf rolling symptoms

Release of Trichogrammabrasilensis during high adultactivities of caterpillarsIrrigate judiciously at the timeof tuber initiation to maturityto manage common scab

Store healthy tubersin cold storage withmoth proof structureswith 2-3 cm thicklayers of choppeddried leaves ofLantana camara

Crop4 Ginger Soil drenching with Trichodermaviride @ 2.5-5 kg ammended withFYM against soil borne pathogens

Application of GF1 botanical formulation@ 5ml/l against soft rot

Remove and destroy infested plant parts toreduce rhizome fly infestation

Harvesting of crop at propertiming to prevent furtherinfection and infestation ofdiseases and pests

Storage in dry placesto avoid rottingduring storage

Horticulture

Crop 1 Cabbage Disease resistant varieties,

Crop rotationSeed treatment with Trichodermaviride @4g/kg seedSoil solarization with black polythenesheet in nursery beds for 2-3 weeks

Growing of two rows of mustard afterevery 25 rows as a trap crop

Spray NSKE 5% at primodial stage tocheck Diamond back moth

If required spray Trichoderma viride @5g/l to check Alternaria blight

Harvest the crops atphysiological maturity stage

Crop 2 Tomato Seed bed about 10 cm high for gooddrainage to avoid soil borne diseasesSeed treatment with Trichodermaviride @ 4g/kg seed

Use nylon nets to avoid entry of white flies

Spray 5% NSKE against leaf miner andother sucking pests

Release of Trichogramma chilonis 50,000eggs /ha six times from flower initiation

Harvest the crops atphysiological maturity stage

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Citrus Pruning and burning oof dried andweathered branches and pasting withbordeaux paste

Collection and destruction of adults byshaking the trees for the control of trunkborerPasting the tree trunk with Bordeauxmixture is effective against PhythophthorarotInjecting 5 ml of kerosene per bore holeand sealing with mud is effective againsttrunk and shoot borer

Fallen fruit shoor be collectedregularly and burried deep tocontrol friut flies

Harvest the fruits atphysiological maturity stage

Safe storage to protectagainst storage rots

2.3 Floods

Condition Suggested contingency measure

Transient water logging/ partialinundation1

Seedling / nursery stage Vegetative stage Reproductive stage At harvest

Crop1 : Rice Drain out excessive waterRidge planting, proper drainage

Drain out excessive waterProper drainage

Drain out, Harvesting atphysiological maturitystage

Dry and store in air tightcondition

Crop2:Maize

Horticulture /Plantation crops

Vegetables Drainage of flood water-Hoeing in between lines foraeration in root zone after flood

-Drainage of flood water-Hoeing in between lines foraeration in root zone after flood

Drainage of flood water-Hoeing in between lines

foraeration in root zone

after flood

-Harvesting of produce asearly as

possible

Continuous submergencefor more than 2 days2

Crop1: RiceCrop 2: Maize

Drain out excessive waterRe sowing may required if cropis damaged by flood

Drain out excessive water Drain out, Harvesting atphysiological maturitystage

Dry and store in air tightcondition

Horticulture / Plantation crops

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Vegetables Drainage of flood water- Re sowing may required if cropis damaged by flood.-Hoeing in between lines foraeration in root zone after flood

-Drainage of flood water-Hoeing in between lines foraeration in root zone after flood-

-Drainage of flood water-Hoeing in between linesforaeration in root zone afterflood

-Harvesting of produce asearly aspossible

Sea water intrusion3

Not Applicable

2.4 Extreme events: Heat wave / Cold wave/Frost/ Hailstorm /Cyclone

Extreme event type Suggested contingency measurer

Seedling / nursery stage Vegetative stage Reproductive stage At harvest

Heat Wave Not applicable

Cold wave

Frost

RiceMaizeRapeseed/MustardWheat

Nursery should be raised inside wellcovered structure and about 50 percentmore seedlings should be raised for rice.Provide irrigation, grow frost resistant variety

Provide irrigation

Horticulture

Cole cropsProvide shade Irrigation before and just after

the occurrence of frost

Fruits trees Mulching Mulching Mulching Mulching

Hailstorm

Rice Replanting of seedlings ITK & Top dressing Availing Insurance. Availing Insurance

Maize Introduction of short duration late sowingvarieties.Resowing may be advocated .Crop/weather insurance.

Cultural operations-Earthingup,Top dressingCrop can be used as fodder.Availing Insurance

Crop can be used asfodder.Availing Insurance.

Availing Insurance.

Rabi Pulses Resowing can be done if seedling is damaged Cultural operations-Earthing Availing Insurance Availing Insurance

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up

Horticulture

Potato Resowing with short duration varieties Cultural operations-Earthingup

Availing insurance dehalming

Vegetables Replanting of seedlings, Introduction of shortduration late sowing varietyCrop/weather insurance

Gap filling Availing Insurance. Availing Insurance.

Ginger - Adequate mulching. AvailingInsurance.

- -

Cyclone Not applicable

Sand deposition or heavy siltation

2.5 Contingent strategies for Livestock, Poultry & Fisheries

2.5.1 Livestock

Suggested contingency measuresBefore the event s During the event After the event

DroughtFeed and fodder availability i. Encourage perennial fodder on bunds

and waste land on community basis;ii.Establishing fodder banks

iii.Encouraging hedge row species forfodder crops

i. iv Preparation of Hay & silagev. Training & awareness camp amongextension personnel for needful at timeof exigencies

i. i.Utilizing fodder from perennial treesand Fodder bank reserve.ii.Import of excess fodder from otherdistricts.iii. utilization of non- conventionalfodders.iv. Unproductive animals should beculledv. Use of feed mixtures and feed blocksCulling

i. i. animal insuranceii. ii. Health care facilitiesiii. iii. Programme for fodder rejuvenationiv.

Drinking water i. i. Roof top water harvestingii. ii. Water preservation in tanks for

drinfking purpose.iii. iii. Water harvesting in Jalkund

Structure

i. i. utilization of stored water fordrinking

ii. ii. Avoid wastage of water andrecycling of used water for otherpurposes

Maintainance and construction of watersource

i.

Health and Disease management i. i. vaccination and medical supply to bemade available.

i. i. Supplementation of essentialminerals.

iii. animals infected with contagiousdiseases to be culled.

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ii. Ii. Insurance of the livestockiii.

ii. ii.Conducting animal health camp

Floods Not applicableFeed and fodder availabilityDrinking waterHealth and Disease managementCyclone Not applicableFeed and fodder availabilityDrinking waterHealth and Disease managementHeat wave and cold waveShelter/ environment management i. the animal shed should be constructed

with wooden floorings and the wallsmust be well protected.ii. artificial light must be provided inthe creep area to prevent mortality ofpiglets.iii. the shed should be located wherethere is good wind control

i. worn out sheds must be renovated .ii. ensure that the shed have the facilityfor sufficient sunlight during the day(half walled)iii. use of bedding materials like drypaddy straw or saw dust to keep theanimals warm

Health and Disease management i. veterinary assistance i. vaccination and health campsii. supplying of essential vitamins andminerals

2.5.2 Poultry

Suggested contingency measuresBefore the event s During the event After the event

DroughtShortage of food ingredients i. i. buying of feed ingredients and proper

storage facility.ii. ii. Local production of feed ingredientsiii.

i. use of reserved feeds from feed banksand storage facility.ii. use of non conventional feeds

ii. Proper supplementation to the poultryiii.

Drinking water iv. i. Roof top water harvestingv. ii. Water preservation in tanks for

drinking purpose

i. Use of water from water harvested waterand from tanks

.

Health and Disease management iv. i. vaccination and medical assistance tothe birds

v. ii.insurance

i.Vitamins and feed supplementsii. mass vaccination and health camps

iv. animals infected with contagiousdiseases to be culled.

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Floods Not applicableCycloneHeat wave and cold waveShelter/ environment management i. provision for artificial heat should be

availableii.saw dust, paddy husk should be keptin stock

i. continual supply of light to maintainoptimum temperatureii. chowlas can be used in absence ofelectricity.iii.

v. animals infected with contagiousdiseases to be culled.

Health and Disease management Veterinary preparednesswith medicines and vaccines

i. Urgent vaccination andquarantine of affected birdsii. Supplementationof vitamins

2.5.3 Fisheries/ Aquaculture

Suggested contingency measuresBefore the event a During the event After the event

1) DroughtA. Capture

Marine NA NA NAInland NA NA NA

(i) Shallow water depth due toinsufficient rains/ inflow

NA NA NA

(ii) Changes in water quality NA NA NA(iii) Any other NA NA NAB. Aquaculture NA NA NA(i) Shallow water depth due toinsufficient rains/ inflow

1. Water supply from other sources 1. Water supply from othersources/Reduce stock

1. Partial harvesting & lime/fertilizerapplication

(ii) Impact of salt load build up in ponds/change in water quality

1. Aeration of water surface to increasethe dissolved Oxygen

2. Analysis of water quality (pH,alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.)

1. Partial dewatering, refilling withfresh water


1. Partial harvesting & lime/fertilizerapplication


2) FloodsA. Capture NA NA NA

Marine NA NA NA

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Inland NA NA NA(i) Average compensation paid due toloss of human life

NA NA NA

(ii) No. of boats/ nets damaged NA NA NA(iii) No. of houses damaged NA NA NA(iv) Loss of stock NA NA NA(v) Changes in water quality NA NA NA(vi) Health and Diseases NA NA NAB. Aquaculture NA NA NA(i) Inundation with flood water 1. Provision of overflow drainage

system2. Drainage system on the sides of the

pond to prevent the surface runoffwater from entering the pond

1. Siphon excess water from the pond2. Analysis of water quality (pH,

alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.)3. Lime, fertilizer application based on

the water quality

1. Maintaining desired water level2. Analysis of water quality (pH,

alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.3. Liming, fertilizer application based

on the water quality(ii) Water continuation and changes inwater quality


2. lime, fertilizer application based onthe water quality





(iii) Health and diseases Maintaining proper hygiene/waterquality


2. Lime, fertilizer application based onthe water quality

3. Separation of infected fishes inquarantine ponds/identification of thecausing agent/proper treatmentprocedure to be followed.




3) Cyclone/ TsunamiA. Capture NA NA NA

Marine NA NA NA(i) Average compensation paid due toloss of fishermen lives

NA NA NA

(ii) Average no. of boats/ nets damaged NA NA NA(iii) Average mo. of houses damaged NA NA NA

Inland NA NA NAB. Aquaculture(i) Overflow/ flooding of ponds Provision of overflow drainage

systemDrainage system on the sides of the

Siphon excess water from the pondAnalysis of water quality (pH,alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.)

Maintaining desired water levelAnalysis of water quality (pH,alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.

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pond to prevent the surface runoffwater from entering the pond

Lime, fertilizer application based onthe water quality

Liming, fertilizer application basedon the water quality

(ii) Changes in water quality (freshwater/ brackish water ratio)

Analysis of water quality (pH,alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.)lime, fertilizer application based onthe water quality



(iii) Health and diseases Maintaining proper hygiene/waterquality

Analysis of water quality (pH,alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.)Lime, fertilizer application based onthe water qualitySeparation of infected fishes inquarantine ponds/identification of thecausing agent/proper treatmentprocedure to be followed.

Analysis of water quality (pH,alkalinity, salinity, temperature etc.)Lime, fertilizer application based onthe water qualitySeparation of infected fishes inquarantine ponds/identification of thecausing agent/proper treatmentprocedure to be followed.

4. Heat wave and cold waveA. Capture

Marine NA NA NAInland NA NA NA

B. Aquaculture(i) Changes in pond in pond environment(water quality)







(ii) Health and Disease management Maintaining proper hygiene/waterquality







(iii) Any other

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