Roger McNamee - How To Revive The Web. 10 Hypotheses For Tech. Investing
STATE Ex Rel McNAMEE Et Al v Stobie
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92 S.W. 191 Page 1 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191 (Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191) STATE ex rel. McNAMEE et al. v. STOBIE, Justice of the Peace, et al. Mo. 1906. Supreme Court of Missouri. STATE ex rel. McNAMEE et al. v. STOBIE, Justice of the Peace, et al. Feb. 26, 1906. In Banc. Application for writ of prohibition, on relation of George T. McNamee and others, against Frank Stobie, justice of the peace of Central township, St. Louis county, and others. Writ denied. *192 This is an original proceeding in this court. It is a petition or application by relators addressed to this court asking for the issuance of a writ of prohibition. The petition was filed by the relators on July 28, 1905, and the grounds for relief and the particular relief sought are thus plainly stated: “Come now the relators herein, George T. McNamee, Patrick McKenna, Con Meehan, Patrick Kirk, Henry Meyer, Sydney Sears, John Kavanaugh, John McCarthy, Timothy Danaher, George Williams, Thomas Keily, Frank McKenna, Gratiot Cabbanne, R. L. Killian, Hugh McFarland, James Burke, George Greely, Charles Madsen, and James Hunt, and give the court to understand and be informed that said relators are now, and were at all times hereinafter mentioned, citizens of the state of Missouri and residents of the city of St. Louis therein; that said relator George T. McNamee is now, and was at all of said times, a captain, the relator Patrick McKenna, a lieutenant, and each of the other relators a member of the metropolitan police force of the city of St. Louis, duly appointed, commissioned, and qualified as such, and are now officers of the state of Missouri; that respondent Frank Stobie was then, and still is, an acting justice of the peace of Central township of St. Louis county, in the state of Missouri, and Fred Lenz, constable of said township. Relators further give the court to understand and be informed: “That Hon. Joseph W. Folk, Governor of the state of Missouri, by virtue of the authority vested in him by the Constitution and laws of the state of Missouri, on the 21st day of July, 1905, issued and delivered to Hon. A. C. Stewart, president of the board of police commissioners of said city of St. Louis, a communication in words and figures as follows, to wit: ‘Office of the © 2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. U.S. Govt. Works.
description
Land Mark case specifying that Penal is civil, and civil is commercial. Also goes with Title 27 CFR 72.11 "all crimes are commercial crimes;" and FRCP Rule 2 that there is only one action... a civil action.
Transcript of STATE Ex Rel McNAMEE Et Al v Stobie
92 S.W. 191 Page 1194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 2194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)ST$T% e& rel. M'N$M%% et al. ".STO()%, *+sti'e o, the Pea'e, et al.Mo. 190-.S+.reme Co+rt o, Misso+ri.ST$T% e& rel. M'N$M%% et al.".STO()%, *+sti'e o, the Pea'e, et al./e0. 2-, 190-.)n (an'. $..li'ation ,or 1rit o, .rohi0ition, onrelationo,!eorge T.M'Nameean2others, against/ran# Sto0ie, 3+sti'e o, the .ea'e o, Centralto1nshi., St. 4o+is 'o+nt5, an2 others. Writ 2enie2.*192 This is an original .ro'ee2ing in this 'o+rt. )t isa .etition or a..li'ation 05 relators a22resse2 to this'o+rt as#ing ,or the iss+an'e o, a 1rit o, .rohi0ition.The.etition1as ,ile205therelators on*+l526,1907, an2thegro+n2s,or relie, an2the.arti'+larrelie, so+ght are th+s .lainl5 state289Come no1 the relators herein, !eorge T. M'Namee,Patri'# M':enna, Con Meehan, Patri'# :ir#, ;enr5Me5er, S52ne5 Sears, *ohn :a"ana+gh, *ohnM'Carth5, Timoth5 e2 05 =.S.1699, N2770,either05 entr5inhis 2o'#et,05in2orsementon the 1arrant, or other1ise.Muni"i#al Cor#orations 26$4$(1)2-6 M+ni'i.al Cor.orations 2-6)Creation, $lteration, %&isten'e, an2ens o, the state, an2 to .rote't ,romarrest the .ersons engage2 at the ra'e tra'# in"iolating the la1, 1as no gro+n2 ,or the iss+an'e o,.rohi0ition to restrain the ,+rther .rose'+tion o, the.ro'ee2ings against s+'h o,,i'ers.%ro&i'ition 31410(3)C14 Prohi0ition C14) Nat+re an2 !ro+n2sC14#6 !ro+n2s ,or =elie, C14#10 Want or %&'ess o, *+ris2i'tionC14#10KCL#. Criminal Prose'+tions.Most Cite2 CasesWhere mem0ers o, themetro.olitan .oli'e ,or'e o,the 'it5o, St. 4o+is ha2no3+ris2i'tiontoarresto,,en2erso+tsi2ethe'it5,or "iolatingthegamingla1so,thestateinSt. 4o+is'o+nt5, the,a't thatmem0erso,s+'h.oli'e,or'e, ,or'i0l5enteringthegro+n2s o, a ra'ing asso'iation in s+'h 'o+nt5o+tsi2ethe'it5limits,or the.+r.oseo, e,,e'tings+'h arrest, ha2 a+thorit5 to so a't in their 'a.a'it5 as.ri"ate 'iti>ens, 1as no gro+n2 ,or the iss+an'e o, a1rit o, .rohi0ition .rohi0iting a 3+sti'e o, the .ea'e,rom ass+ming 3+ris2i'tion o, a .rose'+tion o, s+'h.oli'emen ,or ,or'i0l5 entering the ra'ingasso'iationFs in'los+re.%ro&i'ition 31411C14 Prohi0ition C14) Nat+re an2 !ro+n2sC14#6 !ro+n2s ,or =elie, C14#11 #. %rrors an2 )rreg+larities. MostCite2 CasesWhere a 'o+rt has 3+ris2i'tion o, the 'lass o, 'ases to1hi'h the .ro'ee2ing so+ght to 0e .rohi0ite20elongs, an2 a'@+ires 3+ris2i'tion o, the s+03e'tBmatter, the mere ,a't that the .etition or 'om.laint 051hi'h the .ro'ee2ing 1as ina+g+rate2 is 2e,e'ti"e isnot gro+n2 ,or a 1rit o, .rohi0ition.The $ttorne5 !eneral an2 W. M. Williams, ,orrelator. Chester ;. :r+m, ;. S. Priest, an2 (on2 O(on2, ,or res.on2ent./OM, *. Ka,ter stating the ,a'tsL.)t is mani,est ,rom the re'or2 in this 'a+se that 1e are'on,ronte21ith0+t one@+estion? that is, +.onthe,a'ts state2 in the .etition o, relators, are the5 entitle2totherelie, so+ght, an2isthis'o+rt 1arrante2ina,,or2ing s+'h relie, 05 the iss+an'e o, itse&traor2inar5 1rit o, .rohi0ition, as .ra5e2 ,or in the.etitionP$t the "er5in'e.tiono, the 'onsi2erationo, thes+,,i'ien'5 o, the allegations in the .etition as a 0asis,or the iss+an'e o, the 1rit .ra5e2 ,or, it is 1ell to,irst as'ertainthe gro+n2s +rge205relators +.on1hi'h this 'o+rt 'an sa,el5 .re2i'ate its a'tion,sho+l2 their re@+est ,or the 1rit 0e grante2. 4earne2'o+nsel,orrelators,ran#l5statethat the.rin'i.les+.on1hi'hthe3+2gment m+st +ltimatel5rest are,e1an2sim.le, an2'on'e2ean2sa5, inthe0rie,no1 0e,ore +s, that8 9The s+0or2ination o, themilitar5 to the 'i"il .o1er is not in"ol"e2. The re'or22oes not 2eman2 a 'onsi2eration o, the 'ir'+mstan'es+n2er 1hi'hthe militia ma50e .ro.erl5+se2tos+..ress riots, ins+rre'tions, or la1lessness.J Nor isit +rge2, either in the oral arg+ment or 0rie, o,'o+nsel, as a 0asis +.on 1hi'h to .re2i'ate theiss+an'e o, the 1rit o, .rohi0ition .ra5e2 ,or in this'a+se, that the relators K1ho1ere.oli'e o,,i'ersL1ereinSt. 4o+is'o+nt5atthe.la'e2esignate2inthe .etition, as a .art o, the militar5 arm o, the state,,or the .+r.ose o, e&e'+ting the la1, as 'ontem.late22007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 6194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)05 arti'le 7, N- o, the Constit+tion o, this state. Thiseliminates those @+estions ,rom the 2is'+ssion o, this'a+se, an2o+r attentionm+st 0e2ire'te2tothose.rin'i.les so a0l5 .resente2 05 'o+nsel ,or relators,1hi'h m+st +ltimatel5 ,orm the 0asis o, the'on'l+sions rea'he2 in this .ro'ee2ing. 4ittle is sai2inthe .etition asto thenat+re o, the'harge 0e,orethe3+sti'e o, the.ea'e, against therelators. )t isallege2 that 9on the 24th 2a5 o, *+l5, 1907,res.on2ent WilliamMathe1s,ile2an a,,i2a"it 1iththeres.on2ent /ran#Sto0ie, as 3+sti'eo, Centralto1nshi., inthe 'o+nt5an2state*196a,oresai2,'hargingrelators 1iththro1ing2o1nan2o.eningthe gate at the entran'e o, sai2 ra'e tra'#, an2 thenan2 there +n2ertoo# an2 attem.te2 to instit+te, 0e,oresai2Sto0ieass+'h3+sti'eo,the.ea'e, a'riminal.rose'+tion, as ,or a mis2emeanor, against therelators an2 ea'h o, them, ,or their a'tion as.oli'emenan2o,,i'ers o, thestateo, Misso+ri inletting2o1nsai2'hainor +n'las.ingthesameinor2ertoentersai2in'los+retoma#ethea,oresai2arrests.JWe2onot ,in2a'o.5o,thea,,i2a"it o,Mathe1s 1ith the .etition, nor has o+r attention 0een'alle2tothe,a't that s+'h'o.5a''om.anies the.lea2ings. )t 1o+l20em+'hmoresatis,a'tor5,an2more in harmon5 1ith the +s+al an2 or2inar5 .ra'ti'ein a..li'ations o,this'hara'ter, 1herethis 'o+rtisre@+este2 to iss+e its e&traor2inar5 .ro'ess,.rohi0iting a 3+2i'ial tri0+nal ,rom ,+rther a'ting or.ro'ee2ing,either ina 'riminal or'i"il .ro'ee2ing,to a''om.an5 the .etition 1ith a 'o.5 o, the ,iles an2.ro'ess iss+e2, 1hi'h ,+rnish the 0asis o, theass+m.tion o, 3+ris2i'tion. )n the a0sen'e o, a 'o.5o, the 'om.laint o, William Mathe1s, ,ile2 1ith the3+sti'e o, the .ea'e, 1hi'h 1as the 0asis o, the a'tiono, the 3+sti'e in iss+ing his 1arrant ,or the arrest o,the relators, the 'om.laint o, Mathe1s m+st 0etreate2 as a 'om.laint against the relators in a'riminal .rose'+tion, +n2er the .ro"isions o, the la1so, this state, o, 1hi'h 'om.laint the 3+sti'e ha23+ris2i'tion.The'om.lainto,Mathe1s0eing,ile2,the 3+sti'e ass+me2 3+ris2i'tion an2 iss+e2 his1arrant, +n2erthe.ro"isionso,se'tion2770, =e".St. 1699, in1hi'hitis.ro"i2e289That'om.laintss+0s'ri0e2 an2 s1orn to 05 an5 .erson 'om.etent totesti,5against the a''+se2ma50e ,ile21ithan53+sti'e o, the .ea'e, an2 i, the 3+sti'e 0e satis,ie2 thatthe a''+se2 is a0o+t to es'a.e, or has no #no1n .la'eor .ermanent resi2en'e or .ro.ert5inthe 'o+nt5li#el5torestrainhim,romlea"ing,or theo,,ense'harge2, he shall imme2iatel5 iss+e his 1arrant an2ha"e the a''+se2 arreste2 an2 hel2 +ntil the.rose'+ting attorne5 shall ha"e time to ,ile anin,ormation.J)t is insiste2 05 relators that, the 3+sti'e o, the .ea'eha"ing9noreasonto0elie"ethat therelators1ereli#el5totr5toes'a.eora"oi2.rose'+tion,Jthere1as nola1,+l a+thorit5or 3+ris2i'tiontoiss+e a1arrant ,or thearrest o, relators 0ase2+.ons+'h'om.laint. The .etition o, the relators sho1s +.on its,a'e that the51ere mem0ers o, the metro.olitan.oli'e,or'eo,the'it5o,St. 4o+is, an2there,ore.res+m.ti"el5, at least, not resi2ents o, St. 4o+is'o+nt5, either tem.oraril5or .ermanentl5.)t isnotessentialto theiss+an'e o,a 1arrant05the3+sti'ethat he sho+l2 0e satis,ie2 that the a''+se2 is a0o+t toes'a.e an2 a"oi2 arrest, 0+t, +n2er the se'on2s+02i"ision o, the .ro"iso o, se'tion 2770, s+.ra, i,the relators ha2 no #no1n .la'e o, .ermanentresi2en'eor .ro.ert5inthe'o+nt5, this ,+rnishe2a+thorit5 e@+all5 as satis,a'tor5 an2 'learl5 as legalas that +n2er the ,irst s+02i"ision, 1here the 3+sti'em+st 0e satis,ie2 that the a''+se2 1as a0o+t toes'a.e. The ,iling o, the 'om.laint 05 Mathe1s 1iththe 3+sti'e o, the .ea'e ga"e the 3+sti'e 3+ris2i'tion o,the s+03e'tBmatter. The .etition in this 'a+se no1hereallege2 that the relators 1ere the o1ners o, .ro.ert5in the 'o+nt5, or resi2ents thereo,, 0+t e&.ressl5 a"ersthat the51eremem0erso,themetro.olitan.oli'e,or'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, 1hi'h .res+ma0l5, atleast, lo'ates their resi2en'e in the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is,,+ll5 a+thori>e2 the 3+sti'e to iss+e the 1arrant. The3+sti'eo,the.ea'eha"ingo0taine23+ris2i'tiono,the s+03e'tBmatter, 05 the ,iling o, the 'om.laint 05Mathe1s, an2 reasons .ro"i2e2 05 the stat+tea+thori>ing the iss+an'e o, the 1arrant 0eing2is'lose2inthe.etition, ren2ers it +nne'essar5toe&.ressano.inionasto1hether or not this'o+rt1o+l2 0e 1arrante2 in iss+ing its e&traor2inar5 1ritKthe 3+sti'e ha"ing a'@+ire2 3+ris2i'tion o, thes+03e'tBmatterL .rohi0iting the .rose'+tion o, a'riminal .ro'ee2ing 0eg+n in .+rs+an'e o, the.ro"isions o, se'tion 2770, on the gro+n2 alone thatthe 3+sti'e ha2 .remat+rel5 iss+e2 his 1arrant,1itho+t 0eing satis,ie2 that the a''+se2 1as a0o+t toes'a.e or ha2 no .ermanent resi2en'e or .ro.ert5 inthe 'o+nt5. We 'on,ess it 1o+l2 0e a no"el.ro'ee2ingto as'ertainthe,a'tthatthe3+sti'e 1assatis,ie2 or not satis,ie2 1ith the re@+isite 'on2itionso, the stat+te, 1hi'h 1o+l2 a+thori>e him to iss+e his1arrant. Whois to2etermine 1henthe 3+sti'e issatis,ie2P The stat+te sa5s, 9i, the 3+sti'e 0esatis,ie2,Jan2i,thea+thorit5toiss+ethe1arrantm+st 0esettle205a'o+rt, it might 0e'on,ronte21iththe.ro.ositionthat the3+sti'e1o+l22e'larethat he 1as the one, +n2er the e&.ress .ro"isions o,the stat+te, to 0e satis,ie2, an2 the 'o+rt might sa5 tothe 3+sti'e, 9Io+ are not satis,ie2, an2 ha2 noa+thorit5 to iss+e the 1arrant.J2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 9194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)O+r attention is 2ire'te2 05 'o+nsel ,or relators to the'ase o, M'Cas#e5 ". !arrett, 91 Mo. $... C74. )t 1ill0e o0ser"e2, in that 'ase, that the +n2erl5ing.rin'i.les 1hi'h a+thori>e this 'o+rt to iss+e its 1rito, .rohi0ition 1ere not in"ol"e2, an2 not e"en2is'+sse2. )t 1as an a'tion ,or mali'io+s .rose'+tion.The0asiso,thea'tion1asthat the2e,en2ant ha2,ile2 a 'om.laint 1ith a 3+sti'e o, the .ea'e 'hargingthe.lainti,,1itha'riminal o,,ense, a1arrant 1asiss+e2 +.on that 'om.laint, nothing ,+rther 1as 2one,an2the.lainti,,1as2is'harge2. The3+sti'eo,the.ea'e testi,ie2 an2 state2 s+0stantiall5 that he ha2 noreason ,or iss+ing the 1arrant, e&'e.t that the2e,en2ant tol2 himthat the .rose'+ting attorne52esire2 it iss+e2. )t 1as r+le2 in that 'ase that, +n2erthe e"i2en'e, it 1as not a 'ase ,or mali'io+s.rose'+tion 1itho+t .ro0a0le 'a+se, 0+t rather one o,,alse im.risonment. )t 1as also hel2, +n2er thee"i2en'e as gi"en 05 the 3+sti'e, that the 1arrant 1asillegall5 iss+e2, an2 ,inall5 the 'o+rt, in 'on'l+sion,*19! 2is'+ssing the .ro"isions o, se'tion 2770, sai289This is a 1ise an2 man2ator5 .ro"ision o, the la1,an2 in o+r o.inion the ne'essit5 arising ,or theiss+ingo, a1arrant ,or the arrest o, a 2e,en2ant0e,ore the ,iling o, the in,ormation 05 the.rose'+ting attorne5 o+ght to 0e e"i2en'e2 either 05an entr5 on the 3+sti'eFs 2o'#et, or 05 in2orsement onthe 1rit, or 05 some other 1riting e@+all5e,,i'a'io+s.J )t is +nne'essar5, 1ith the 2is'los+re o,the.etitioninhan2, toeithere&.resso+rassentor2issent ,rom the "ie1s anno+n'e2 in that 'ase, as tothe .ro"isions o, se'tion 2770 0eing man2ator5? 0+t1ill sa5, i, the 'o+rt means 05 1hat it sai2 that the1arrant 1o+l2 0e illegal, +nless the satis,a'tion to themin2o,the3+sti'eo, thene'essit5arising,ortheiss+an'eo,the1arrant is9e"i2en'e2either 05anentr5 on the 3+sti'eFs 2o'#et or 05 in2orsement on the1rit or05someother1ritinge@+all5e,,i'a'io+s,J1e'annot assent toit. Theo,,i'eo,3+sti'eo,the.ea'e is .+rel5a 'reationo, the stat+te, an2thein'+m0ent o, s+'h o,,i'e is onl5 a+thori>e2 to.er,ormthose 2+ties .ro"i2e2 05 it, an2 is notre@+ire2 to 2o an5thing in res.e't to the 2is'harge o,his 2+ties as s+'h 3+sti'e, e&'e.t s+'h as are .ro"i2e205 la1. $ 3+sti'e o, the .ea'e is not re@+ire2 to ma#ean5 entr5 in his 2o'#et e"i2en'ing the ne'essit5arising,or the iss+an'e o, the 1arrant +n2er the.ro"isions o, the se'tion hereto,ore re,erre2 to, nor ishe re@+ire2 to in2orse s+'h e"i2en'e +.on the 1rit orto e&e'+te an5 1riting e"i2en'ing s+'h ,a't. )t,ollo1s logi'all5, i, the stat+te 2oes not re@+ire thosethingsto0e2one, that the2oingo,them, +.onanin"estigation as to the e&isten'e o, the ne'essit5.ro"i2e2,or theiss+ingo, the1arrant, 1o+l2not'onstit+te e"i2en'e o, the e&isten'e o, s+'h ne'essit5.(5 this .ro'ee2ing it is so+ght to .rohi0it the 3+sti'eo, the .ea'e an2 the 'onsta0le to 1hom the 1arrant1asa22resse205the3+sti'e, an2the'om.lainant,William Mathe1s,,rom ,+rther .ro'ee2ing 1ith the'riminal'hargeina+g+rate205'om.lainant, an2to.re"ent them,romta#ing an5 ,+rther a'tion inres.e't to s+'h .ro'ee2ing. The insisten'e o, relatorsis so earnest that the .reliminar5 r+le iss+e2 in this'a+sesho+l20e ma2ea0sol+te, an2the@+estionsin"ol"e2 are so a0l5 .resente2 05 'o+nselre.resentingthemthatitne'essitatesa0rie,re"ie1o, the s+03e't o, the 1rit o, .rohi0ition, the o,,i'e it.er,orms, an2 the .rin'i.les +.on 1hi'h it ma5 3+stl50e in"o#e2. This s+03e't has ,re@+entl5 0een in3+2gment 0e,ore this 'o+rt, an2 the anno+n'ement o,the r+les an2 .rin'i.les a..li'a0le to the iss+an'e o,this e&traor2inar5 1rit ha"e 0een +ni,orm an2harmonio+s ,rom the 'ase o,Wilson ". (er#stresseret al., 47 Mo. 26C, 2o1n to the re'ent 'ase o, State e&rel. ". Sale, 166Mo. 49C, 67S. W. 9-7.$s thes+03e't no1 +n2er re"ie1 2eals .rin'i.all5 1ith the@+estion o, 3+ris2i'tion, it is 1ell to ,irst in@+ire 1hatis meant 05theterm 93+ris2i'tion.J )n $m.O%ng.%n'5. o, 4a1s K22 %2.L "ol. 17, 1041, it is sai28 9O,the "ario+s 2e,initions o, 3+ris2i'tion, .erha.s themost satis,a'tor5 is as ,ollo1s8 *+ris2i'tion isa+thorit5 to hear an2 2etermine a 'a+se. Sin'e3+ris2i'tionisthe.o1er tohear an22etermine, it2oes not, as 1ill 0e .ointe2 o+t later, 2e.en2 either+.on the reg+larit5 o, the e&er'ise o, that .o1er or+.on the right,+lness o, the 2e'isions ma2e.J)n State e& rel. ". Withro1, 106 Mo. 1, 16 S. W. 41,the 1rit o, .rohi0ition 1as 2enie2. !antt, *., s.ea#ing,or this'o+rt, a,ter ,+ll5re"ie1ingthe.ro.ositionin"ol"e2 in that 'ase, 'orre'tl5 an2 "er5 tersel5 th+s2e,ine23+ris2i'tion8 9)t is this "er5right tohear,2etermine, an2 2e'i2e, 1hether right,+ll5 or1rong,+ll5, that 1e 2enominate 3+ris2i'tion.J )nWilson ". (er#stresser et al., s+.ra, it 1as r+le28 9),the 'o+rt, 1hose a'tion is 'om.laine2 o,, a'ts 1ithinits 3+ris2i'tion, 0+t sim.l5 'ommits an error, the 1rit1ill not lie. )t is not to 0e 'on,o+n2e2 1ith a 1rit o,errororo,'ertiorari, an2m+st not 0e.ermitte2tota#e their .la'e.J )n State e& rel. ". So+thern =5. Co.,100 Mo. 79, 1C S. W. C96,(ar'la5, *., s.ea#ing ,orthis 'o+rt in 2is'+ssing the s+03e't o, a 1rit o,.rohi0ition, th+s state2 the la18 9Whether the.arti'+lar,a'tson1hi'hthe'o+rt.ro'ee2sare, orare not, s+,,i'ient to 3+sti,5 its e&er'ise o,3+ris2i'tion, is a @+estion o, la1, the sol+tion o,1hi'heither1a5'annot im.airthe'o+rtFsright toa..l5 its 3+2i'ial .o1er in the .remises a''or2ing to2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 10194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)its"ie1o, thela1an2o, the,a'ts0e,oreit. /orinstan'e, 1here a 'o+rt has 3+ris2i'tiontoren2er3+2gments, in or2inar5 'i"il 'a+ses, it 1o+l2 0emani,estl5im.ro.er toiss+ea1rit o, .rohi0itionagainst it on an a..li'ation alleging that it 1as a0o+tto .rono+n'e s+'h a 3+2gment on a .etition 1hi'h 2i2not state a 'a+se o, a'tion, 0+t 1hi'h the trial 'o+rtha2hel2s+,,i'ient, or 0e'a+sethelatterha2r+le2erroneo+sl5 that the .lainti,, ha2 a legal 'a.a'it5 tomaintain the a'tion. $mista#en e&er'ise o, a3+ris2i'tion 1ith 1hi'h the 'o+rt is, 05 la1, in"este22oes not ,+rnishas+,,i'ient 0asis ,or .rohi0ition.S+'hmista#ema50ere"ie1e2asothererrors?/ore&am.le, 05a..eal, 0+t not 05a .ro'ee2ingli#ethisJBCiting Mastin".Sloan, 96Mo.272, 11S.W.776. )n State e& rel. ". S'arritt, 126 Mo. CC1, C0 S. W.102-, it 1as again anno+n'e2 05 this 'o+rt8 9The 1rito,.rohi0itionma50ein"o#e2to'he'#the+seo,3+2i'ial .o1er 1hen so+ght to 0e e&erte2 0e5on2 thelines 1hi'h the la1 has mar#e2 as the limits ,or theo.eration o, the .o1er. )t ma5 0e a..lie2 to .re"enta'tion 05 a 'o+rt in e&'ess o, its legitimate a+thorit5in a .ro'ee2ing 1hose s+03e'tBmatter ,alls 1ithin thegeneral 'ogni>an'e o, the 'o+rt, as 1ell as to sta5 anass+m.tion o, .o1er o"er 'a+ses 1hi'h 05theirnat+re are not 'on,i2e205the la1tothe 'o+rtFs'onsi2eration.*19$(+t it sho+l2 not 0e iss+e2merel5 to'orre'tsome3+2i'ialerrorinr+lingonas+03e't 'ommitte2 to the 3+2gment o, the 'o+rtagainst 1hi'h the 1rit is so+ght. Still less ma5 it 0ea..lie2 to anti'i.ate a r+ling +.on a @+estion.ro.erl5 1ithin the a+thorit5 o, the 'o+rt to 2e'i2e.The1rit 'annot rightl50eem.lo5e2to'om.el a3+2i'ial o,,i'er, ha"ing ,+ll 3+ris2i'tion o"er the.arties an2 a 'a+se, to steer his o,,i'ial 'o+rse 05 the3+2gment o, someother 3+2ge, or tos+0stit+tetheo.iniono, another 'o+rt ,or his o1n2ealing1ithto.i's 'ommitte2 05 the la1 to his 2e'isionJB'iting )nre N. I., et'., Steamshi. Co. K1697L 177 . S. 72C, 17S+.. Ct. 16C, C94. %2. 24-.)nthat same'asethe2istin'tion 0et1een 1ant o, 3+ris2i'tion, an2 the mereomission to state a 'a+se o, a'tion in the 'ase 1here3+ris2i'tione&ists, 1as .lainl5mar#e2, an2it 1as,inall5 r+le2 that the reme25 o, .rohi0ition 'annot 0e'alle2into.la5, 1here the 'o+rt has 3+ris2i'tion,merel5 on the gro+n2 that the 'om.laint or .etition is2e,e'ti"e, e"en in some s+0stantial .arti'+lar.)n State e& rel. ". %l#in, 1C0 Mo. 90, C0 S. W. CCC, C1S. W. 10C7, this 'o+rt, in 2e,ining the .ro.osition an2o,,i'e o, the 1rit o, .rohi0ition, anno+n'e2 the r+leth+s8 9The 1rit o, .rohi0ition is a..li'a0le 1hene"er3+2i'ial ,+n'tions are ass+me2 1hi'h 2o notright,+ll5 0elong to the .erson or 'o+rt ass+ming toe&er'isethose ,+n'tions.The1ritisasa"aila0leto#ee. a 'o+rt 1ithin the limits o, its .o1er in a.arti'+lar .ro'ee2ing as it is to .re"ent the e&er'iseo, 3+ris2i'tion o"er a 'a+se not gi"en 05 the la1 to its'onsi2eration.J $n2 in that same 'ase it 1as 'learl5.ointe2 o+t that the 'ases to 1hi'h the 1rit o,.rohi0ition 1as s.e'iall5 2esigne2 to rea'h 1erethosein1hi'hthe'o+rt ass+me2a+thorit5to.ass3+2gment +.on a s+03e't not 'ommitte2 05 la1 to the2e'ision o, the tri0+nal so ass+ming to a't. )n=ail1a5Co. ".Wear,1C7Mo. 2C0, C-S. W.C77,-76, CC4. =.$. C41,the'o+rt, inanno+n'ingther+le a..li'a0le to the s+03e't no1 in han2, +se2 thislang+age8 9Where a 'o+rt or 3+2ge ass+mes toe&er'ise a 3+2i'ial .o1er not grante2 05 la1, itmatters not Kso ,ar as 'on'erns the right o,.rohi0itionL 1hether thee&hi0itiono,.o1er o''+rsin a 'ase 1hi'h the 'o+rt is not a+thori>e2 toentertain at all, or is merel5 an e&'essi"e or+na+thori>e2 a..li'ation o, 3+2i'ial ,or'e in a 'a+seother1ise .ro.erl5 'ogni>a0le 05 the 'o+rt or 3+2gein @+estion. State e& rel. ". Walls K1692L 11C Mo. 42,20S.W.6CC?)nre;olmesK1694L1Q. (. K1697L174. Prohi0ition, ho1e"er, 1ill not or2inaril5 0egrante2 1here the +s+al mo2es o, re"ie1 05 a..ealor 1rit o, error ,+rnishana2e@+ate an2e,,i'ientreme25 ,or the 'orre'tion o, an in3+r5 res+lting ,romthe +na+thori>e2 e&er'ise o, 3+2i'ial .o1er.J )n Statee& rel. ". Ra'hrit>, 1-- Mo. C07, -7 S. W. 999,this'o+rt 1as as#e2tointer.oseits1rit o, .rohi0ition.The .ro'ee2ing so+ght to 0e .rohi0ite2 1as oneinstit+te2 05 the $ttorne5 !eneral in the nat+re o, ane@+ita0lea'tionto'an'el'ertainli'ensesiss+e2torelators, an2 in the meantime restrain it ,romo.eratingits 0+siness +n2er s+'h li'enses. The1rit1as 2enie2, an2 one o, the .rin'i.al @+estionsin"ol"e2 1as as to the right o, the $ttorne5 !eneraltomaintainthea'tion. (ra'e, *., s.ea#ing,or this'o+rt, a,ter re"ie1ing all the a+thorities .ertinent tothe.ro.ositionsin"ol"e2,sai289Moreo"er, 1hetherthe state 'an maintain the a'tion is a @+estion to 0eraise2 an2 2etermine2 in the 'o+rt 1here the 'ase is.en2ing. )t 2oes not go to the .o1er or 3+ris2i'tion o,the'o+rt, an2its2e'isionhere'o+l2not,+rnisha0asis,or .rohi0ition.J)ns+..ort o, this'lear an2terseanno+n'ement o, thela1asa..li'a0leto that'ase, nearl5all o,the'aseshereto,orere,erre2to,anno+n'ingther+les inres.e't totheiss+an'eo,1rits o, .rohi0ition, 1ere 'ite2 a..ro"ingl5.The la1 +.on this s+03e't is no1here 0etter or more'learl5 state2 than in the 'ase o,S'h+0a'h ".M'e it, the5are not entitle2 to in"o#e the ai2 o, this e&traor2inar51rit.Thislea2s+stothe'onsi2erationo,theremaining.ro.ositionsin"ol"e2inthis .ro'ee2ing. The"ital@+estions+.on1hi'htheinsisten'eo,relatorsare.re2i'ate2, that the .reliminar5r+le inthis 'a+sesho+l2 0e ma2e a0sol+te, ma5 th+s 0e 0rie,l5 state28K1L That the relators 1ere mem0ers o, themetro.olitan .oli'e ,or'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, an2as s+'h, at the time the +nla1,+l a'ts are allege2 toha"e0een'ommitte205relator,the5ha2thesame.o1er in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is as the5 1erea+thori>e2 to e&er'ise in the 'it5, an2 there,ore "este21ith a+thorit5 to ma#e arrests ,or the 'ommission o,'riminal o,,enses in the sai2 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is, an2that the a'ts 'harge2 toha"e 0een2one 1ere in.+rs+an'eo,the2is'hargeo,their2+tiesas.oli'eo,,i'ersan21ithintheir .ro.er 3+ris2i'tion. ;en'ethe5 1ere "iolating no la1, an2 the .reliminar5 r+lesho+l2 0e ma2e a0sol+te +.on this gro+n2. K2L ), the51ere not a+thori>e2 to ma#e the arrests in St. 4o+is'o+nt5, an2 2o the a'ts 1ith 1hi'h the5 1ere 'harge2in the 'om.laint in the .ro'ee2ing 0e,ore the 3+sti'eo, the .ea'e, as .oli'e o,,i'ers, then the5 1erea+thori>e2, +n2er the ,a'ts 2is'lose2 05 the .etition,to 2o s+'h a'ts as .ri"ate 'iti>ens. KCL That theallegations in the .etition are a2mitte2 05 theinter.osition o, the 2em+rrer ,ile2 in this 'a+se, an2that it 0eingallege2inthe.etitionthat 9theonl5o03e't an2 .+r.ose o, sai2 .reten2e2 'riminal 'harge0e,ore sai23+sti'e o, the.ea'e againsttherelators,an2 the sole .+r.ose o, the .rose'+tion thereo,, are tohin2er, im.e2e, an2 .ost.one relators in the.er,orman'e o, their 2+ties as .oli'emen an2 aso,,i'ers an2 'iti>ens o, the state, an2 to .rote't ,romarrest .ersons engage2 on sai2 ation o, thego"ernment o, the 'o+nt5, the a23+stment o, therelations 0et1een the 'it5 th+s enlarge2, an2 resi2+eo, St. 4o+is 'o+nt5? in other 1or2s, the se.aration o,thego"ernment o, St. 4o+is 'it5, an2'o+nt5an2ma#ing them2istin't an2 se.arate m+ni'i.alities.The .o1ers o, the ,reehol2ers ele'te2 in .+rs+an'e o,the .ro"isions o, the Constit+tion1ere sim.l5to.er,orm the 2+ties an2 .ro.ose a s'heme in harmon51ith the Constit+tion an2 la1s o, this state,a''om.lishing the 1or# as 'ontem.late2 05 theConstit+tion 1hi'h "este2 them 1ith s+'h .o1er. )t is'lear that n+mero+s se'tions o, the s'heme an2'harter .ro.ose2 05 the ,reehol2ers, 'ontem.late2 05theConstit+tion, 1hi'h1ereinharmon51iththeConstit+tionan2la1s o, this state, 1ereo.erati"ean2 "ali2, an2 remaine2 so as long as the5 1ere notin 'on,li't 1ith an5 o, the general la1s or theConstit+tiono, this state. Ontheother han2, it ise@+all5'learthat, i,s+0se@+ent tothea2o.tiono,s+'h s'heme an2 'harter there sho+l2 arise a 'on,li't0et1een its .ro"isions an2 an5 general la1s+0se@+entl5 ena'te2 05 the !eneral $ssem0l5 or theConstit+tion o, the state, the .ro"isions o, the s'hemean2 'harter so in 'on,li't 1o+l2 0e'ome ino.erati"ean2 o, no ,or'e or "ali2it5. )n other 1or2s, i, there isa'on,li't 0et1eenthes'hemean2'harter an2thegeneral la1 or the Constit+tion, the .ro"isions o, thes'heme an2 'harter m+st gi"e 1a5 to the .ro"isionso, the la1 an2 Constit+tion o, this state.The metro.olitan .oli'e s5stem no1 in ,or'e,a..li'a0le to the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, is a 'reat+re o, thestat+te. (5 an a't o, the !eneral $ssem0l5 a..ro"e2Mar'h 27, 16-1 K4a1s 16-0B-1, .. 44-L, the .resents5stem 1as ina+g+rate2. This a't 'reate2 a 0oar2 o,.oli'e 'ommissioners an2 e&.ressl5 2e,ine2 their.o1ers. This a't 1as amen2e2 05 the !eneral$ssem0l5 at its session in 16-7, 05 an a't a..ro"e2Mar'h1C, 16-7K4a1s16-7, .. 176L. The!eneral$ssem0l5, in1699, 05ana't a..ro"e2Mar'h17,1699K4a1s 1699,.. 71L,1hile'ontin+ingin ,or'eman5o,the.ro"isionso,thea'to,16-1an2a'tss+..lementar5thereto, s+0stit+tes anentirel5*201ne1 a't, an2 .ro"i2es 05 the ,irst se'tion8 9That ana't entitle2 A$n a't 'reating a 0oar2 o, .oli'e'ommissioners an2 a+thori>ing the a..ointment o, a.oli'e ,or'e ,or the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is,E a..ro"e2Mar'h 27th, 16-1, an2 all a'ts s+..lementar5 to an2amen2ator5 thereo, 0e an2 the same are here05re.eale2.JThisa'te&.ressl52e,inesthe2+tiesan2.o1ers o, the 0oar2 o, .oli'e 'ommissioners 'reate205 it. The "ali2it5 o, this a't 1as assaile2 in State e&rel. ". Mason, 17C Mo. 2C, 74 S. W. 724. =es.on2ingto that assa+lt ma2e +.on this a't, this 'o+rt, s.ea#ingthro+gh !antt, *., sai28 9The ,+n2amental .rin'i.les+n2erl5ing the a'ts o, 16-1 an2 1699, 'reating 0oar2so, .oli'e 'ommissioners ,or the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, arethe same, an2 the 'onstit+tionalit5 o, s+'h legislationhas stoo2 the test o, the most 'riti'al 3+2i'iale&aminaion an2 re"ie1. 4a1s li#e these, an2 those o,otherstates.ro"i2ingametro.olitan.oli'es5stem,or large 'ities, are 0ase2 +.on the elementar5.ro.ositionthat the .rote'tiono, li,e, li0ert5, an2.ro.ert5, an2 the .reser"ation o, the .+0li' .ea'e an2or2er in e"er5 .art, 2i"ision, an2 s+02i"ision o, thestate, isago"ernmental 2+t51hi'h2e"ol"es+.onthe state, an2 not +.on its m+ni'i.alities an5 ,artherthan the state in its so"ereignt5 ma5 see ,it to im.ose+.on or 2elegate it to the m+ni'i.alities.J $s 1as sai2inthat 'ase, the2+t5o, .ro"i2inga metro.olitan.oli'e s5stem ,or large 'ities ,or the .rote'tion o, li,e,li0ert5, an2 .ro.ert5, an2 the .reser"ation o, the.+0li'.ea'ean2or2erine"er5.art, 2i"ision, an2s+02i"isiono,thestate, isim.ose2+.onthestate,an2 not +.on its m+ni'i.alities, an5 ,arther than thestate in its so"ereignt5 ma5 see ,it to im.ose +.on or2elegateittothem+ni'i.alities. ;en'etoas'ertainthe2+tiesan2.o1erso,theo,,i'ers'reate2+n2erthis .oli'e s5stem, a..li'a0le to the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is,'reate205thestate, thro+ghits!eneral$ssem0l5,1e m+st loo# to the original so+r'e o, s+'h s5stem,1here the .o1ers an2 2+ties o, those 1ho are'omman2e205thela1to.+t it ino.erationaree&.ressl5 2e,ine2.The.oli'es5stemo,the'it5o,St. 4o+is0eingas+03e't o, state legislation, an2 the !eneral $ssem0l5ha"ing'reate2s+'hs5stemas1ell astheo,,i'ers'onne'te21ith it,an2 ha"inge&.ressl5 2e,ine2 the.o1ers an22+ties o,theo,,i'ers, it 1asnot 1ithinthe .o1er o, the ,ramers o, the s'heme an2 'harter,'ontem.late2 05 the Constit+tion, to "est s+'ho,,i'ers 1ith.o1ers in'onsistent 1ith, an2not inharmon5 1ith, the general la1s o, the state 'reatings+'h.oli'es5stem. The.ro"isionso,se'tion7, ..446, Sess. $'ts 16-0B-1, so ,ar as the5 are a..li'a0letothe.ro.ositionno1inhan2, .ro"i2esthat9The2+ties o, the 0oar2 o, .oli'e here05 'reate2 shall 0eas ,ollo1s8 The5shall at all times o, the2a5an2night 1ithin the 0o+n2aries o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, as1ell on 1ater as on lan2, .reser"e the .+0li' .ea'e,.re"ent 'rime, an2 arrest o,,en2ers. SSS )n 'ase the5shall ha"ereasonto0elie"ethat an5.erson1ithinsai2 'it5 inten2s to 'ommit an5 0rea'h o, the .ea'e,or"iolationo,la1oror2er0e5on2the'it5limits,an5 .erson 'harge2 1ith the 'ommission o, 'rime inthe 'it5o, St. 4o+is, an2against 1hom'riminal.ro'ess shall ha"e iss+e2, ma5 0e arreste2 +.on thesameinan5.art o, this state05the.oli'e,or'e2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 14194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)'reate2 or a+thori>e2 05 this a't.J )t is a..arent thatthese .ro"isions limit the 2+t5 to arrest o,,en2ers as1ell as the .o1er to 2o so. )n the ,irst instan'e, the5are limite2 in arresting o,,en2ers to the 0o+n2aries o,the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is. Se'on2l5, it is .ointe2 o+t +n2er1hat 'ir'+mstan'esthe5ma5arrest .ersons1ithinthe'it5, 1herethereisreasonto0elie"ethat s+'h.ersons ,o+n2 1ithin the'it5 inten2to 'ommit an50rea'ho, the .ea'e or "iolationo, la1or or2er,0e5on2 the 'it5 limits. Thir2l5, 1here the o,,ense is'ommitte2 in the 'it5o, St. 4o+is, an2 'riminal.ro'esshasiss+e2against s+'ho,,en2er, thearrestma5 0e ma2e +.on s+'h .ro'ess 05 the .oli'e ,or'eo, s+'h 'it5 in an5 .art o, the state. n2er the.ro"isions o, the s'heme an2 'harter .ro.ose2 05 the1C ,reehol2ers, 05 se'tion 2, it is .ro"i2e28 9The 'it5o,St. 4o+is, as2es'ri0e2inthe.re'e2ingse'tion,an2 the resi2+e o, St. 4o+is 'o+nt5, as sai2 'o+nt5 isno1'onstit+te205la1, arehere052e'lare2to0e2istin't an2 se.arate m+ni'i.alities.J Con,ronte21ith these .ro"isions, it 1ill 'ertainl5 not 0eserio+sl5 +rge2 that, +n2er the .ro"isions o, the a't o,16-1, the .oli'e o,,i'ers o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is 1erea+thori>e2toma#earrestsinSt. 4o+is 'o+nt5,oro,,enses 'ommitte2 in that 'o+nt5, or to .er,orm an5other 2+t5 in their o,,i'ial 'a.a'it5 in sai2 'o+nt5, note&.ressl5a+thori>e205the a't 1hi'h'reate2theo,,i'es, an2 e&.ressl5 2e,ine2 the 2+ties o, thein'+m0ents thereo,. The e&.ress .ro"ision in the a't2e,ining the 2+ties o, the o,,i'ers m+st 0e treate2 ase&'l+2ingan5a+thorit5to.er,ormother ,+n'tionsnot em0ra'e2inthe a't. )ns+0stan'e, the stat+tee&.ressl5 .ro"i2ing the 2+ties to 0e .er,orme2 05 theo,,i'ers, +n2er the la1 ina+g+rating the .oli'e s5stemin the 'it5o, St. 4o+is, 1as a 'omman2 o, thela1ma#ing.o1erto theo,,i'ers.9This la1'reate2the o,,i'es 5o+ are ,illingan2 5o+ m+st 'on,ine5o+rsel"es to the .er,orman'e o, the 2+ties e&.ressl52esignate2 05 it.J We 'an 'on'ei"e o, no 'ase 1herethe ,amiliar ma&im, 9%&.ressio +ni+s, e&'l+sioalteri+s,J 'an 0e more a..ro.riatel5 a..lie2.The a't o, 16-1 1as amen2e2 05 an a't o, Mar'h 1C,16-7, an2 se'tion C o, that amen2ator5 a't, inre,eren'e to the 0oar2 o, .oli'e 'ommissioners o, the'it5 o, St. 4o+is, .ro"i2es that 9the 0oar2, 1hene"eran2 ,or so long a time as ma5 0e ne'essar5, is ,+rthera+thori>e2 to a..oint, mo+nt an2 e@+i. not more thant1ent5 .oli'emen ,or 2+t5 in the o+ts#irts an2 o.en.ortions o, the'it5an2else1hereinthe'it5an2'o+nt5 *202o, St. 4o+is.J The a't o, 16-1, an2 theamen2ator5 a't o, 16-7, 1ere in ,or'e at the 2ate o,the a2o.tion o, the s'heme an2 'harter 05 1hi'h the'o+nt5o,St. 4o+isan2the'it5o,St. 4o+is1erese.arate2 an2 2e'lare2 to 0e se.arate an2in2e.en2ent m+ni'i.alities. The .ro"isions o, se'tion14 o, sai2 s'heme an2 'harter, 1hi'h learne2 'o+nsel,or relators insist is still in ,or'e, 1as sim.l5 an e,,orton the .art o, the ,ramers o, the s'heme an2 'harterto harmoni>e the .ro"isions o, the s'heme an2'harter 1ith the e&isting .ro"isions o, the la1. This is'learl5 in2i'ate2 05 the terms em.lo5e2 in these'tion1hereit is.ro"i2e29that themetro.olitan.oli'eo,the'it5o,St. 4o+isshall ha"ethesame.o1er an2 3+ris2i'tion in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is as'onstit+te2 05 this s'heme, as no1 .ro"i2e2 05 la1.JThen ,ollo1s the .ro"ision re,erring to se'tion C o,the amen2ator5 a't o, 16-7. )t is a..arent, ,rom the"er5terms o, se'tion14, that the ,ramers o, thes'heme an2 'harter reali>e2 that the5 ha2 nothing to2o 1ith the 'reation o, the metro.olitan .oli'es+stem o, the'it5o,St.4o+is,an2 that,the2+tiesan2 .o1ers o, the o,,i'ers,.ro"i2e2 ,or 05 the la1'reatingthes5stem, ha"ing0eene&.ressl52e,ine205 an a't o, the !eneral $ssem0l5, the5 1ere 1itho+ta+thorit5 to .res'ri0e the 2+ties an2 .o1ers o, s+'ho,,i'ers, +nless s+'h a+thorit5 ha2 some e&isting la1+.on 1hi'h to .re2i'ate it. )t 1as ne"er 'ontem.late205se'tion14o, the s'heme an2'harter that the.ro"isions o, sai2 se'tion a..li'a0le to the .ro"isionso, the o,,i'ers o, the St. 4o+is .oli'e sho+l2 'ontin+ein,or'eregar2less o, the,a't that thela11hi'h'on,erre2 s+'h .o1ers sho+l2 0e re.eale2, lea"ing no0asis +.on 1hi'h the .ro"isions o, sai2 se'tion 'o+l2stan2. The la1ma#ing .o1er o, the state 'reate2 thiss5stem o, .oli'e ,or the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, an2 ha"ing2e,ine2 the 2+ties an2 the .o1ers o, the o,,i'ers o,s+'hs5stem, theright to.er,ormother 2+tiesan2e&er'ise a22itional .o1er o+tsi2e o, the limits o, theterritor5 ,or 1hi'h the s5stem 1as 'reate2,m+st 0e.re2i'ate2, not+.onamere.ro"isiono,aS'hemean2 Charter o, a m+ni'i.alit5, 0+t +.on e&.ressions,rom the so+r'e ,rom 1hi'h the Metro.olitan Poli'es5stem 1as 0ro+ght into e&isten'e. The 'orre'tness o,this'on'l+sionisem.hasi>e2, an2theintentiono,the 4egislat+re 'learl5in2i'ate2, 05the em.hati'termsem.lo5e2inse'tion1o, theoriginal a't o,16-1, in 1hi'h it is state2 that 9no or2inan'ehereto,ore .asse2, or that ma5 herea,ter 0e .asse2 05the 'ommon 'o+n'il o, St. 4o+is shall in an5 manner'on,li't or inter,ere 1ith the .o1ers or the e&er'ise o,the .o1ers o, the 0oar2 o, .oli'e 'ommissioners o,the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, as hereina,ter 'reate2, nor shallthe sai2 'it5 or an5 o,,i'er or agent o, the 'or.orationo, sai2'it5or the ma5or thereo, inan5mannerim.e2e, o0str+'t, hin2er, or inter,ere1iththesai20oar2o,.oli'eoran5o,,i'er, oragent, orser"antthereo, or there+n2er.JThea't o,16-1, as1ell astheamen2ator5a't o,2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 17194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)16-7, an2 all other s+..lementar5 a'ts, 1ere re.eale205 the a't o, 1699, hereto,ore re,erre2 to. This le,t the.ro"isions o, se'tion 14 o, the s'heme an2 'harter, so,ar as it 1as a..li'a0le to the e&er'ise o, 3+ris2i'tion05 the o,,i'ers o, the metro.olitan .oli'e o, the 'it5,1itho+t an5 ,o+n2ation +.on 1hi'h to stan2, +nless it'an 0e ,o+n2 in some o, the .ro"isions o, the a't o,1699. Se'tion 7 o, the a't o, 1699 K$'ts 1699, .. 7CLis s+0stantiall5areBena'tment o, se'tion7o, theoriginal a't o, 16-1, em0ra'ing the same limitations,an2 e&'e.tions to s+'h limitations, as are 'ontaine2 inthe a't o, 16-1. The .+r.ose an2 intent o, the4egislat+re, in the a't o, 1699, is most 'learl52is'lose2 in the .ro"isions o, se'tion 16, .. 79, $'ts1699. )t .ro"i2es8 9The 0oar2s, 1hene"er an2 ,or solong a time as ma5 0e ne'essar5, is KareL a+thori>e2,o+t o, the ,or'e herein0e,ore .ro"i2e2 ,or, to a..oint,mo+nt an2e@+i.as man5.oli'emenasthe5ma52eemne'essar5,or2+t5inthe.ar#s, o+ts#irtsan2s+'h other .ortions o, the sai2 'ities as the 0oar2 ma52eem ne'essar5.J )t 1ill 0e o0ser"e2 that this se'tion'o"ers s+0stantiall5 the same s+03e't as 1asem0ra'e2 in the .ro"isions o, se'tion C o, theamen2ator5a't o, 16-7, herein@+ote2, an21hi'h1as re,erre2 toinse'tion14o, the s'heme an2'harter, hereto,ore in2i'ate2, e&'e.ts it ,ails an2omits to em0ra'e an5 .art o, the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+isas1as2oneinthea't o, 16-7. The2i,,eren'einthose se'tions, tho+gh slight, 0e'omes signi,i'ant,an2 1ill 0e rea2il5 note2. Se'tion C o, the a't o, 16-7.ro"i2esthat the0oar2sho+l2a..oint an2e@+i.a'ertain n+m0er o, .oli'emen ,or 2+t5 in the o+ts#irtsan2o.en.ortionso,the'it5,an2else1hereinthe'it5 an2 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is. Se'tion 16 o, the a't o,1699 also .ro"i2es ,or the a..ointment o, .oli'emen,or 2+t5inthe.ar#s an2o+ts#irts, 0+t limitsan2'on,ines the .er,orman'e o, s+'h2+t51ithinthelimits o, the 'ities em0ra'e2 in the a't.We ha"e 'are,+ll5 'onsi2ere2 ea'h an2 e"er5 se'tiono, the la1 o, 1699, ena'te2 05 the !eneral $ssem0l5o, this state, 'reating the metro.olitan .oli'e s5stemo, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, an2 1e are +na0le to ,in2 an5.ro"ision +.on 1hi'h the relators 'an .re2i'ate theira+thorit5,or+n2erta#ingtoe&er'ise3+ris2i'tioninthe 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is. (+t, on the other han2, the.ro"isions o, the a't o, 1699'learl5in2i'ate the.+r.ose an2 intention o, the 4egislat+re to 2i"est theo,,i'ers o, the .oli'e s5stem o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+iso, all a+thorit5 to e&er'ise 3+ris2i'tion in the 'o+nt5o, St. 4o+is? that is, all a+thorit5 in res.e't toarresting o,,en2ers in the 'o+nt5 ,or the 'ommissiono, o,,enses 'ommitte2 in sai2 'o+nt5.Co+nsel ,or relators, in s+..ort o, their*203insisten'ethat the.ro"isions o, se'tion14o, thes'heme an2 'harter are 'ontin+e2 in ,or'e, in"o#e the,amiliar r+le that re.eals 05 im.li'ation are not,a"ore2inthela1.Thisr+le, te'hni'all5s.ea#ing,a..lies onl5 to ena'tments o, la1s 05 the samelegislati"e 0o25, an2 it is e&tremel5 +n+s+al ,or the!eneral $ssem0l5o, the stateto e&.ressl5 re.eal a'harter.ro"isiono,am+ni'i.alit5.Thela1ma#ing.o1er o, the state 'o"ers a 0roa2er ,iel2 an2 .ro'ee2sto ena't s+'h general la1s +.on s+03e'ts a0o+t 1hi'hit has theright tolegislate, an2them+ni'i.alitiesm+stta#enoti'eo,s+'hlegislation, an2, 1hene"ertheir 'harter .ro"isions 'on,li't 1iths+'hgeneralla1s, it isnot essential that the4egislat+resho+l2re.eal s+'h'harter .ro"isions or inan51a5gi"ee&.ression to its 2isa..ro"al o, them? 0+t it is sim.l5the .lain 2+t5 o, the m+ni'i.alities to see that their'harter .ro"isions are in harmon5 1ith theConstit+tion an2 la1s o, this state, other1ise the5 areino.erati"e an2 o, no ,or'e or "italit5. )t ma5 0e sai2that these t1o lo'al go"ernments, sit+ate2 as the5 are,'reate2 the ne'essit5 ,or a la1 e&ten2ing the3+ris2i'tiono, the.oli'es5stemo, the'it5o, St.4o+is to the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is. This 05 no means'an 1arrant or ,+rnish a 3+sti,i'ation to this 'o+rt, inor2ertomeet a'on2ition'om.laine2o,, totreatala1 as e&isting, 1hen in ,a't none e&ists. While themetro.olitan.oli'es5stem1as 'reate2 05thestatethro+gh its !eneral $ssem0l5, it 1as 'reate2 ,or the'it5. The 'it5 an2 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is, 05 the e&.ress.ro"isions o, the s'heme an2'harter, 1ere ma2ese.arate, 2istin't, an2 in2e.en2ent m+ni'i.alities,an2, +nless 1e are to a0sol+tel5 ignore all the.rin'i.leso,lo'al sel,Bgo"ernment, 1hi'hhase"er0een the .ri2e o, this great 'ommon1ealth, it m+st 0ehel2, +n2er the la1no1in,or'e, that, as .oli'eo,,i'ers, relators 1ere 1itho+t a+thorit5 to arresto,,en2ers in St. 4o+is 'o+nt5 ,or o,,enses 'ommitte2in s+'h 'o+nt5..on the se'on2 .ro.osition, that relators 1ere at the.la'e in St. 4o+is 'o+nt5 1here the +nla1,+l a'ts are'harge2 to ha"e 0een 'ommitte2, as 'iti>ens, an2 ass+'h ha2 the right to 2o 1hat 1as 2one, an2 there,oreare not g+ilt5 o, an5 "iolation o, the la1, it iss+,,i'ient tosa5that these arematters o, 2e,ense+.on the trial o, the 'harge .re,erre2, an2 this 'o+rt+.on this a..li'ation ,or a 1rit o, .rohi0ition is not1arrante2in2eterminingtheg+ilt orinno'en'eo,the relators, an2 the allegations o, that nat+re ,+rnishno 0asis ,or the iss+an'e o, the 1rit.This 0rings +s to the 'onsi2eration o, the onl5remaining .ro.osition in"ol"e2inthere'or20e,ore+s. This .ro.osition is em0ra'e2 in the 'ontention o,2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 1-194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)relators that the allegations in the .etition, 1hi'h isa2mitte205 the2em+rrer, that 9theonl5 o03e'tan2.+r.ose o, sai2 .reten2e2 'riminal 'harge 0e,ore sai23+sti'e o, the .ea'e against the relators, an2 the sole.+r.ose o, the .rose'+tionthereo,, are tohin2er,im.e2e, an2 o0str+'t the relators in the .er,orman'eo, their 2+t5 as .oli'emen, an2 as o,,i'ers an2'iti>ens o, the state, an2 to .rote't ,romarrest.ersons engage2 +.on sai2 ens o, the state o, Misso+ri, resi2ents o, the 'it5o, St. 4o+is, mem0ers o, the metro.olitan .oli'e,or'e o, that 'it5, an2 that the res.on2ent Sto0ie 1as,an2 is, 3+sti'e o, the .ea'e o, Central to1nshi. in St.4o+is 'o+nt5, an2 the res.on2ent 4en>, the 'onsta0leo, sai2 to1nshi.. The .etition no1here 2is'lose2 thatWilliamMatthe1s, the other res.on2ent, has an5interest in the matter other than as a 'iti>en, nor 2oesit an51here a..ear that he has 0een .ersonall5aggrie"e2 in an5 manner 1hate"er.Se'on2. That ;on. *ose.h W. /ol#, !o"ernor o, thestate o, Misso+ri, 05 "irt+e o, the a+thorit5 "este2 inhim 05 the Constit+tion an2 la1s o, Misso+ri, on the21st 2a5 o, *+l5, 1907, iss+e2 an2 2eli"ere2 to ;on.$. C. Ste1art, .resi2ent o, the 0oar2 o, .oli'e'ommissioners o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, the ,ollo1ing'omm+ni'ation8 9O,,i'e o, the !o"ernor, State o,Misso+ri, Cit5 o, *e,,erson, *+l5 21st, 1907. ;on. $.C. Ste1art, Presi2ent (oar2 o, Poli'eCommissioners, St. 4o+is, Mo.B a0leonl505theo,,i'ers2esignate2 05 the la1s, an2 2etermine +.on.rohi0itionaniss+etria0leonl5as.ro"i2e205thestat+te, there 0eing no room ,or 'on,+sion e&'e.t inthe imagination o, the relators, an2 no 'on,li't e&'e.tas .ro"i2e2, 1itho+t 1arrant o, la1, 05 the+n.re'e2ente2 tira2e o, the e&e'+ti"e. Where,oreres.on2ents .ra5 3+2gment,J et'.1. The 'ase stan2s there,ore ,or a23+2i'ation +.on the.etition an2 the 2em+rrer thereto.n2er the Co2e .ra'ti'e in this state, the r+le o0tainsthat the .lea2ing sho+l2 0e literall5 'onstr+e2. /oster". =ailroa2, 117 Mo. 1-7, 21 S. W. 91-?O"erton ".O"erton, 1C1 Mo. 779, CC S. W. 1. The .lea2ing is to0eta#eninits.lainan2o0"io+s meaning, gi"ings+'h inter.retation to it as ,airl5 a..ears to ha"e 0eeninten2e2.4a1 ". Cra1,or2, -7 Mo. $... 170?;oo2". Ni'holson, 1C7 Mo. 400, C6 S. W. 1097.$2em+rrer a2mits e"er5 material allegation o, the.etition. !oo2son ". !oo2son, 140 Mo. 20-, 41 S. W.7C7? Shiel2s ". *ohnson Co+nt5, 144 Mo. 7-, 47 S. W.107.$2em+rrer a2mits all ,a'ts 1hi'h are 1ell.lea2e2, an2 also all ,a'ts 1hi'h are ne'essaril5im.lie2,romthe2ire't a"ermentso, the.lea2ing.Wea"er ". ;arlan, 46 Mo. $... C19?;oo2 ".Ni'holson, s+.ra.$ 2em+rrer 2oesnot a2mit mere'on'l+sions o, the .lea2er ,rom ,a'ts state2.Ne1ton". Ne1ton, 1-2 Mo. 17C, -1 S. W. 661?;an2 ". St.4o+is, 176 Mo. 204, 79 S. W. 92? :na.., Sto+t O Co.". St. 4o+is, 17- Mo. C4C, 7- S. W. 1102? State e& rel.". $loe, 172 Mo. 4--, 74 S. W. 494, 47 4. =. $. C9C.n2ertheCo2e, .lea2ingssho+l2not0e'onstr+e2most strongl5against the.lea2er. Thelang+ageo,the .lea2ing sho+l2 0e ta#en in its .lain an2 o0"io+smeaning, an2 s+'h an inter.retation gi"en it as ,airl5a..ears to ha"e 0een inten2e2 05 its a+thor.Still1ell". ;amm, 97Mo. 779, 11S. W. 272?S+mner ".=ogers, 90 Mo. C24, 2 S. W. 47-. Where a .lea2ing isassaile2on2em+rrer,the'o+rtsho+l2leanto1ar2,ratherthanagainst,the.lea2er,ino0e2ien'etothemo2ern r+le o, gi"ing himthe 0ene,it o, e"er5reasona0le inten2ment an2.res+m.tion.;oo2".Ni'holson, 1C7 Mo. 400, C6 S. W. 1097. Se'tion 792,=e". St. 1699, .ro"i2es that the .etition shall 'ontain9a .lain an2 'on'ise statement o, the ,a'ts'onstit+ting the 'a+se o, a'tion 1itho+t +nne'essar5re.etition.JTher+le, there,ore, 2e2+'i0le,romthestat+tesan22e'isionso,thisstateisthat.lea2ingsm+st 0e rea2 li0erall5, m+st not 0e so+rl5 'onstr+e2,m+st 0eta#eninthesense,airl5inten2e205the.lea2er, an2 1hen the5 are atta'#e2 05 2em+rrer allthe,a'ts1hi'hare1ell .lea2e2, an2all the,a'ts1hi'h ma5 ,airl5 0e 2e2+'i0le ,rom the ,a'ts .lea2e2,are 'on,esse2, an2 the *20$'o+rts m+st lean to1ar2rather than against the .lea2er.)t is in the light o, these r+les an2 .rin'i.les that the.etitioninthis 'ase m+st 0e'onstr+e2. The ,a'tsstate2 in the.etitionma50e0rie,l5s+mmari>e2 as,ollo1s8 /irst. The e2+n2er thela1s o, thisstate.One o, the .+r.oses set ,orth in its arti'les o,asso'iation is to o1n ra'e tra'#s an2 gro+n2s an2 toengage in .oolBselling, 0oo#Bma#ing, an2 registering0ets +.on the e&hi0ition o, s.ee2 an2 on ra'es at sai2tra'#s an2 .remises, an2 to let the right to others soto 2o. The tra'#s o, sai2 'l+0 are lo'ate2 .artl5 in the'it5 o, St. 4o+is an2 .artl5 in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is.The 0ets, .oolBselling, an2 0oo#Bma#ing are ha2+.onthe .ortion1hi'hlies inthe 'o+nt5o, St.2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 21194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)4o+is. $t the time the 'l+0 1as organi>e2, an2 ,romthen'e +ntil the ta#ing e,,e't o, the a't o, Mar'h 21,1907, the .+r.oses an2 .ra'ti'es a,oresai2 o, the 'l+01ere la1,+l in this state. (+t on the 21st o, Mar'h,1907, the !eneral $ssem0l5 o, the state o, Misso+ri.asse2 an a't ma#ing s+'h a'ts an2 .ra'ti'es a ,elon5,.+nisha0le 05 im.risonment in the .enitentiar5 ,or aterm not less than t1o nor more than ,i"e 5ears, 05im.risonmentinthe'o+nt53ail,oratermnotlessthan si& months, nor more than a 5ear, or 05 a ,inenot less than T700, or 05 0oth ,ine an2 im.risonment.That a't 1as in ,+ll ,or'e an2 e,,e't on the 1-th o,*+ne, 1907, an2 is still in e,,e't. There,ore the a'ts o,the e all o, the.ro"isions o, that re"ision. This 'onstr+'tionem.hasi>esan2a''ent+atesthe'onstr+'tionherein.la'e2 +.on the la1, to 1it, that, as to tres.asses o,the 'hara'ter o, that here in"ol"e2, the5 are not eithere&.ressl5 or in,erentiall5 ma2e mis2emeanors 05 la1,0+t that the5are, 1hat the5ha"e0eene"er sin'e1617, mere 'i"il 1rongs.(+t e"en 'on'e2ing that s+'h is not the tr+e'onstr+'tionormeaningo,thela1,an2'on'e2ingthat sin'e 16-7 the a'ts here 'om.laine2 o,, arising+n2erse'tion477C, amo+nttoamis2emeanor,an2'on'e2ing that 3+sti'es o,the.ea'e or2inaril5ha"e3+ris2i'tion in mis2emeanor 'ases, ne"ertheless,se'tion4774.ro"i2esthat the.enalties .res'ri0e2,or the 2oing o, the a'ts here 'om.laine2 o, might 0ere'o"ere2 05 'i"il a'tions, 05 in2i'tment orin,ormation, 9at theo.tiono,the.art5in3+re2. )nother 1or2s, the4egislat+rehasgi"entheright toinstit+te a 'i"il a'tion or to initiate an in2i'tment orin,ormation, an2 the right so to 2o is limite2e&.ressl5, 05 the stat+te, to the .erson in3+re2. )t is noans1er to this to sa5 that or2inaril5 a gran2 3+r5 hastheright toin2i't 1itho+t 0eingmo"e2thereto05an5one, an2that the.rose'+tingattorne5hastheright to lo2ge an in,ormation e"en at his o1ninstan'e. /or the 4egislat+re has seen ,it, in res.e't tothis .arti'+lar 'lass o, o,,enses, to sa5 that no.ro'ee2ing ,or righting the 1rong 2one shall 0e0eg+n 05 an5 one e&'e.t the .art5 in3+re2, an2 that2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 27194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)he has the o.tion to 2etermine 1hether that.ro'ee2ing shall 0e a 'i"il or a 'riminal .ro'ee2ing.The 1hole matter, then, resol"es itsel, into this8 ;a2the 4egislat+re the right to th+s ma#e an e&'e.tion o,s+'h 'ases, sothat or2inar5r+les inre,eren'e toin2i'tments or in,ormations ,or mis2emeanors sho+l2not a..l5P No 'onstit+tional .rohi0ition againstlegislation o, this 'hara'ter 'an 0e ,o+n2. The4egislat+reha2thesameright tolimit theright toinitiate .ro'ee2ings 1hether 'i"il or 'riminal, in'ases o,this #in2,tothe.art5 in3+re2, as itha2 to'on,er+.on.rose'+tingattorne5s, orin,ormers, orgran2 3+ries, the right to initiate .ro'ee2ings inor2inar5 'ases. The .o1er o, the 4egislat+re to ena'tthe la1 0eing gi"en, the res+lt ine"ita0l5*212,ollo1s that in this 'ase there 1as no "ali2 'riminal.ro'ee2ing,oramis2emeanorinstit+te20e,orethe3+sti'eo, the.ea'e, an2there,orehea'@+ire2no3+ris2i'tioninthe.remises.Theonl5'hangema2e05 the re"ision o, 1679 1as in re,eren'e to the thir2se'tion, an2 ,or the ,irst time it 1as .ro"i2e2 that the.enalt5 .res'ri0e2 in the original a't might 0ere'o"ere2 05 a 'i"il a'tion ,o+n2e2 on the stat+te, or05in2i'tment or in,ormation, at theo.tiono, the.art5 in3+re2. The .ro"ision in re,eren'e to the.enalties0eing.ai2intothe'o+nt5treas+r5,i,the.ro'ee2ing 1as 05 in2i'tment, 1as retaine2. Nothing1assai2a0o+t 1hosho+l2re'o"erthe.enaltiesi,the.ro'ee2ing1as 05in,ormation, 0+t it ma50eass+me2 that the .enalt5 1ent to the 'o+nt5. )n 166Cthe se'on2 se'tion 1as amen2e2 05 inserting all thatno1a..earsinse'tion477C, inthe.ro"iso1hi'hrelates to ,en'es ere'te2 a'ross 1ater 'o+rses, an2 isnot material in this in@+ir5. The la1 as it 1as in there"isiono,1679, an2amen2e205thea't o,166C,1as then 'arrie2 into there"isiono, 1669,=e".St.1669, .. 2004. There 1as no 'hange in the re"ision o,1699. =e". St. 1699, .. 1090.Th+s it a..ears that there has 0een no 'hange in thela1asit ise&.resse2inse'tion477C, so,arasismaterial in this 'ase, sin'e the original a2o.tionthereo, in1617. /romtimetotimethemanner o,en,or'ingthe.enalties.res'ri0e205that la1ha"e0een 'hange2. Originall5 an a'tion o, 2e0t 0e,ore a3+sti'e o, the .ea'e, or in tres.ass 0e,ore a 'o+rt o,re'or2, 1eretheonl5reme2ies, an2thea'tion1as.+rel5 an2 solel5 a 'i"il a'tion ,or the re'o"er5 o, a.enalt5an2,or2o+0le2amages.$,ter1ar2s, inthere"ision o, 16C7, an a'tion o, tres.ass or 2e0t ,or there'o"er5o, the .enalt505the .art5in3+re2 1asgi"en. Still the a'tion 1as .+rel5 a 'i"il a'tion, an2the right o, a'tion 1as gi"en onl5 to the .art5 in3+re2.)nthere"isiono, 1647areme2505ana'tiono,tres.ass or 2e0t, ,o+n2e2 on the stat+te, or 05in2i'tment, at theo.tiono, the.art5in3+re2, 1as.ro"i2e2, an2, in 'ase the .ro'ee2ing 1as 05in2i'tment, the .enalties 1ereto0e .ai2intothe'o+nt5treas+r5. )n1677thereme251as 05'i"ila'tion or in2i'tment at the o.tion o, the .art5 in3+re2.)n the re"isiono, 16-7the reme251as 05'i"ila'tion, in2i'tment, or in,ormation, at the o.tion o, the.art5 in3+re2. $n2 this has 0een the lang+age o, thela1 e"er sin'e, an2 is the lang+age o, se'tion 4774 o,there"isiono,1699. Se'tion477C, there,ore, ,romthe 0eginning, e&.ressl5 .ro"i2e2 that i, an5 .ersonshall "ol+ntaril5 thro1 2o1n or o.en an5 2oors, 0ars,gates, or ,en'es, et'., 9he shall .a5to the .art5in3+re2thes+mo, T7, an22o+0letheamo+nt o,2amagesheshalls+stain05reasono,s+'h2oors,Jet'., ha"ing 0een o.ene2, an2 the right to re'o"er the.enalties 1as th+s 'on,erre2 +.on the .art5 in3+re2,an2+.onhimalone, an2ma50een,or'e205'i"ila'tion, or 05 in2i'tment or in,ormation, at the o.tiono, the.art5in3+re2. No1hereinthela1,,romitsin'e.tion+.tothis time, 'anthere0e,o+n2an5e&.ression o, legislati"e 1ill that s+'h an a't shall 0etreate2 or regar2e2 as a 'riminal a't or as amis2emeanor. $ll the 1a5thro+gh the histor5o,legislation, the i2ea has 0een .reser"e2 that the.ro'ee2ingistore'o"era.enalt5or,or,eit+rean22amages. The onl5 gro+n2 ,or 'ontention that the a'tisinan5res.e't orsensea'riminal .ro'ee2ingisthat the .enalties ma5 0e re'o"ere2 05 in2i'tment orin,ormation, or05'i"ila'tion, at theo.tiono,the.art5 in3+re2, an2 those 1or2s, a22e2 to the originalstat+te, 2o not 'hange the 'hara'ter o, the o,,ense norma#e that a 'riminal, 1hi'h 1as thereto,ore sim.l5 a'i"il, 1rong.There is a "ast an2 1ellB2e,ine2 2i,,eren'e 0et1een a.enal stat+tean2a'riminal stat+te. )n $t'heson".%"erett, 1 Co1.. C62, 4or2 Mans,iel2 sai28 9There isno 2istin'tion 0etter #no1n than the 2istin'tion0et1een 'i"il an2 'riminal la1, or 0et1een 'riminal.rose'+tions an2 'i"il a'tions. Mr. *+sti'e(la'#stone, an2 all mo2ern an2 an'ient 1riters +.onthe s+03e't, 2isting+ish 0et1een them. Penal a'tions1ere ne"er 5et .+t +n2er the hea2 o, 'riminal la1 or'rimes. The 'onstr+'tion o, the stat+te m+st 0ee&ten2e2 05 e@+it5 to ma#e this a 'riminal 'ase. )t isas m+'h a 'i"il a'tion as an a'tion ,or mone5 ha2 an2re'ei"e2. (la'#stone 2e,ines .enal stat+tes as 9s+'ha'ts o, Parliament 1here05 a ,or,eit+re is in,li'te2 ,ortransgressing .ro"isions therein ena'te2. C (la'#.Comm. 1-0.J )n 1- %n'. o, Pl. O Pr. .. 2C1, a .enalstat+te is th+s 2e,ine28 9$ stat+te .ro.erl5 2esignate2as .enal is one 1hi'h in,li'ts a ,or,eit+re o, mone5 orgoo2s 05 1a5 o, .enalt5 ,or 0rea'h o, its .ro"isions,an2 not 051a5o, ,ine ,or a stat+tor5'rime or2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 2-194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)mis2emeanor.$ .enala'tionisa'i"ils+it0ro+ght,or the re'o"er5o, this stat+tor5,or,eit+re, 1henin,li'te2as .+nishment ,or theo,,enseagainst the.+0li'.Penal a'tions are'i"il a'tions, ontheonehan2, 'losel5relate2to'riminal .rose'+tions, an2,on the other, to a'tions ,or .ri"ate in3+ries, in 1hi'hthe .art5 aggrie"e2 ma5, 05 stat+te, re'o"er .+niti"e2amages.J $n2 this is the "ie1 ta#en 05 this 'o+rt inParish ". =ailroa2, -C Mo. 264. The %n'5'lo.e2ia o,Plea2ingan2Pra'ti'eat .age2C4, "ol. 1-, ,+rthersa5s8 9The 'om.rehensi"e meaning gi"en to the 1or2A.enalE in 'ommon +sage, an2 the in2is'riminate +seo, the 1or2s A.enalt5,E A,ine,E an2 A,or,eit+re,E ma#e it2i,,i'+lt at times to 2etermine 1hether a stat+tesho+l20een,or'e205a'riminal .rose'+tionor a.enal a'tion. Withre,eren'e to.enal a'tions, the1or2A.enalt5Emeans the ,or,eit+re in,li'te205a.enal stat+te? the 1or2 A,ine,E a s+mo, mone5im.ose2 05 a 'riminal la1. The +se o, these an2 otherte'hni'al 1or2s or .hrases 1ill ,re@+entl5 2eterminethe ,orm o, a'tion as res.e'ti"el5 'i"il or 'riminal.JThe same a+thor, at .age 2C7, sa5s8 9Where the s+mgi"en 05 the stat+te is 'alle2 2amages*21305 it, the,a't 1ill not .re"ent its 0eing a .enalt5 to 0ere'o"ere2 05 a .enal a'tion, i, s+'h is its real nat+re.JThesamea+thor ,+rthersa5s, at .age2C7, that in.enal a'tions a nons+it ma5 0e s+,,ere2 05 the.lainti,,asinother 'i"il a'tions, an2alsothat the2e,en2ant is not entitle2to0e'on,ronte2ino.en'o+rt 05the1itnessesagainst him, as in'riminal.rose'+tions, 0+t the e"i2en'e ma5 0e ta#en 052e.osition. $n2 ,+rther sa5s that8 9)n some instan'esa general stat+te or the .enal stat+te itsel, 2esignatesa ,ormo, 'i"il a'tion, 1hi'h shall or ma5 0e.+rs+e2.J The same a+thor, at .age CC9, sa5s89Where the reme25 is .res'ri0e2 05 the stat+te 1hi'h2eno+n'es the o,,ense, no other .ro'ess or .ro'e2+re'an 0e ma2e +se o, to en,or'e o0e2ien'e tothestat+tethanthat 1hi'hthestat+teitsel, .res'ri0es.The reme25 m+st 0e so+ght in the .re'ise mo2e, an2s+03e't to the .re'ise limitations, .ro"i2e2 05 the a't1hi'h'reatestheo,,ense.J $n2thisisinharmon51ith the general r+le o, la1 that, 1here a ne1 o,,enseis 'reate2 05 stat+te, an2 the reme25 ,or theen,or'ement thereo, is .ro"i2e2 05 the stat+te'reating the o,,ense, the reme25 as .ro"i2e2 ise&'l+si"e. :ing ". Marriott, 4 Mo2. =e.. 144?S+therlan2 on Stat+tor5 Constr+'tion, N 206?Se2g1i'#Fs Stat+tor5 an2 Constit+tional 4a1 K22 %2.L... C41, C4C? %n2li'h on )nter.retation o, Stat+tes, N4-7? Smith on Mo2ern 4a1 o, M+ni'i.alCor.orations, "ol. 1, N 747?=i22i'# ". !o"ernor, 1Mo. 147?2- $m. O %ng. %n'. o, 4a1 K22 %2.L -79,-71.)n s.ea#ing o, the reme2ies a"aila0le ,or theen,or'ement o, .enaltiesan2,or,eit+res .res'ri0e205 a stat+te, %n'. o, Pl. O Pr. "ol. 1-, .. 242, sa5s8 9$'riminal .rose'+tion 05 in2i'tment 1ill not lie 1herethe,ormo,.enal a'tion1hi'hshall 0e.+rs+e2is2esignate2 05 the stat+te. ), the stat+te, in a22ition togi"inga,ormo,a'tion, +sesgeneral 1or2s1hi'hsho1that no.ro.er .ro'ee2ingis inten2e2to0ee&'l+2e2, an in2i'tment as 1ell as .enal a'tion 1illlie.J )n Peo.le ". (ro1n, 1- Wen2. KN. I.L 7-1, it 1assai28 9)t 1asa2mitte2that, 1hereana't isnot ano,,ense at 'ommon la1, 0+t is ma2e so 05 stat+te, anin2i'tment 1ill notlie,1herethere isa s+0stanti"e.rohi0itor5 'la+se, 0+t that it is other1ise 1here thestat+te is not .rohi0itor5, an2 onl5 in,li'ts a ,or,eit+re,or the 2oing o, a s.e'i,ie2 a't, an2 .ro"i2es ,or thereme25.J )nState". ;+,,s'hmi2t, 47Mo. 7C,the2e,en2ant 1as in2i'te2 an2 'on"i'te2 ,or sellingli@+or on S+n2a5. ;e a..eale2 on the gro+n2 that theo,,ense 1as not an in2i'ta0le one. The 3+2gment 1asre"erse2 05 this 'o+rt? the 'o+rt sa5ing8 9The$ttorne5!eneral 'onten2s, an2sothe'o+rt 0elo1hel2, that astat+tor5o,,ense, 1herenoreme25ormo2e o, .+nishment is .ro"i2e2, ma5 0e .rose'+te205in2i'tment, or an5other 'ommonBla1reme25a2a.te2 to the 'ase. This is a so+n2 "ie1, 0+t 1ill nota"ail the state in this 'ase, ,rom the ,a't that anotherreme25 is .ro"i2e2.J $n2 it 1as hel2 that onl5 a 'i"ila'tion 1as a+thori>e2 05 stat+te, an2 that a 'riminal.rose'+tion 1o+l2 not lie in the state o, the stat+tor5la1 at that time. )t 1as ,+rther hel28 ), an a't, 1hi'his not in2i'ta0le at 'ommonla1, is .rohi0ite205stat+te, an2 a .arti'+lar metho2 o, .ro'ee2ing isgi"en05thestat+te, that metho2m+st 0e.+rs+e2,an2 an in2i'tment 1ill not lie +nless e&.ressl5.ro"i2e2 ,or 05 the a't? altho+gh, i, the a't is merel5.rohi0ite2, an2nometho2o,.ro'ee2ingis.ointe2o+t, an in2i'tment 1ill lie. )n the re"ision o, 1677 theo,,ense 1ith 1hi'h 2e,en2ant is 'harge2 is ma2e so05 the same a't 1hi'h .ro"i2es ,or the 'i"il reme25s.o#en o,? an2, inasm+'h as the se'tion .ro"i2ing ,oran in2i'tment has 0een re.eale2 an2 not reBena'te2,the 'i"il reme25 is alone le,t.J)t 1ill 0e o0ser"e2 that the original a't o, 1617, an2s+0se@+ent ena'tments +ntil 1647, ga"e onl5 a 'i"ilright o, a'tiontothe.art5in3+re205thetres.ass2eno+n'e2 05 the la1. The reason, there,ore, ismani,est. The tres.ass 1as +.on .ri"ate .ro.ert5, an2the in3+r5 res+lting there,rom 1as a .ri"ate an2 not a.+0li' in3+r5. ;en'e the la1 .ro"i2e2 ,or a ,or,eit+reo, T7 an2 the .a5ment o, 2o+0le 2amages to the .art5in3+re2, an2 s+'h is the lang+age o, the la1 +. to thistime. )n 1647 the la1 1as amen2e2 so as to .ermitthe .enalties 2eno+n'e2 05 the a't to 0e re'o"ere2 052007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page 27194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)a'i"il a'tionor 05 in2i'tment,atthe o.tiono,the.art5 in3+re2. )n the re"ision o, 16-7 it 1as ,+rtheramen2e2 so as to .ermit s+'h .enalties to 0ere'o"ere205in,ormation. (+t the a22itiono, thereme2505in2i'tment orin,ormation2i2not ma#ethe o,,ense a 'riminal one, nor 2i2it 'hange theoriginal'hara'tero,the o,,ense.Theo,,enseisnotone1hi'his.rohi0ite2. Thestat+teonl5in,li'tsa,or,eit+re ,or the 2oing o, the a't o, tres.ass.Penalties an2 ,or,eit+res ha"e e"er 0een re'o"era0le05 'i"il a'tions or 05 in2i'tment or in,ormation, 0+tthe ,orm o, the reme25 2oes not 'hange the 'hara'tero, the o,,ense, nor 2oes it ma#e that 'riminal 1hi'h0e,ore the 'hange o, the reme25 1as sim.l5 a 'i"il1rong. )n e"er5'ase in 1hi'h a ne1o,,ense is'reate2 05 stat+te an2 a .enalt5 .res'ri0e2, thela1ma#ers ha"e e&.ressl5 2e'lare2 it to 0e amis2emeanor, i, it 1as inten2e2to0ea'rimeor.+0li' o,,ense, an2 not merel5 an in"asion o, a.ri"ate right o, a 'iti>en. This is ill+strate2 inre,eren'e to the a'tion o, tres.ass. The amen2ment o,thetres.assa't ,irst,o+n2inthere"isiono,16-7,no1 se'tions 477- to 4779, re"ision o, 1699, relatingto the o.ening o, an5 sha,t, mine, or @+arr5,e&.ressl5 2e'lare2 that the .art5 o,,en2ing sho+l2 0ea23+2ge2 g+ilt5 o, a mis2emeanor. The original a't o,1617 'ontaine2 no s+'h .ro"ision, 0+t le,t the o,,ensea .+re in"asion o, .ri"ate rights. The general r+le o,la1 in s+'h 'ases is th+s state2 in 1- %n'. o, Pl. O Pr... 24C8 9Where the stat+te 'reates a ne1.+0li'o,,ense, an*214a'tionat 'ommonla11ill not+s+all5 lie at the s+it o, the .art5 aggrie"e2, 0+t the.enal a'tion is e&'l+si"e. )t is other1ise, ho1e"er, i,the.+r.oseo,theena'tment isto'on,era.ri"ateright in a22ition to in,li'ting a .+nishment.J )nTa5lor ". 4a#e Shore, et'., =ailroa2, 47 Mi'h. 74, 7N. W. 726, 40 $m. =e.. 477, Coole5, *., in s.ea#ingo, the test to 0e a..lie2 in 2etermining 1hether the.art5in3+re2ma5ha"eana'tionat 'ommonla1,sai28 9The nat+re o, the 2+t5, an2 the 0ene,its to 0ea''om.lishe2 thro+gh its .er,orman'e, m+stgenerall5 2etermine 1hether it is a 2+t5 to the .+0li'in.art or e&'l+si"el5, or 1hether in2i"i2+als ma5'laim that it is a 2+t5 im.ose2 1holl5 or in .art ,ortheir s.e'ial 0ene,it.J Chitt5, in his 1or# on Criminal4a1, .. 1-C, sa5s8 9Where a stat+te .rohi0its an a't to0e 2one +n2er a 'ertain .enalt5, tho+gh no mention isma2e o, in2i'tment, the .art5 o,,en2ing ma5 0ein2i'te2 an2 ,ine2 to the amo+nt o, the .enalt5? 0+t,1here it is merel5 .ro"i2e2 that i, an5 .erson 2o a'erain a't he shall ,or,eit a s+m to 0e re'o"ere2 05a'tion o, 2e0t, et'., no in2i'tment 'an 0e s+..orte2.$n2 1here a stat+te 'reates an2 .oints o+t a.arti'+lar mo2e o, .+nishment, as 05 in,ormation, or'on"i'tion 0e,ore a magistrate, this .ro'ee2ing'annot 0e maintaine2? 0+t the s.e'i,i' mo2e .ointe2o+t in the a't m+st 0e o0ser"e2.J Th+s it a..ears thatthestat+te'reatesonl5a'i"ilrightin,a"oro,the.art5 in3+re2, an2 that the .ro'ee2ing ,or there'o"er5 o, the .enalt5, an2 2o+0le 2amages allo1e205 the a't, m+st 0e initiate2 05 the .art5 in3+re2, an205 no one else, not e"en the state. $n2, ,+rther, that,1hether the a'tion 0e a 'i"il a'tion or an in2i'tmentor in,ormation, the s+mre'o"ere2 is a .enalt5,,or,eit+re, or 2amage, an2 that the .art5 in3+re2 hasthe o.tion, +n2er the stat+te, to 2etermine the'hara'ter o, the a'tion that shall 0e instit+te2. )n an5'ase the a'tion is 'i"il an2 not 'riminal, an2 the righto, a'tion an2 the .ro'ee2ings asserting the right arisesolel5,romthea't in@+estion. )t ,ollo1sthat the.ro"isions o, se'tions 2746, 2749, an2 2770 o, arti'le12, '. 1-, o, the re"ision o, 1699, 'on,erring3+ris2i'tion +.on 3+sti'es o, the .ea'e ,ormis2emeanors, an2 .res'ri0ing that an5 .erson ma5,ile an in,ormation 0e,ore the 3+sti'e, ha"e noa..li'ation to the 'ase o, a'tions arising +n2erse'tion 477C, =e". St. 1699.)t 'learl5 an2 'on'l+si"el5 a..ears ,rom the .etitionthat Mathe1s 1as not the .art5 in3+re2 in this 'ase.Theel, 1C7 Mo. 4C7,C7 S. W. 921, C6 S. W. 9-1? State e& rel. ". Withro1,1CC Mo. 700, C4 S. W. 247, C- S. W. 4C? State e& rel.". ens 1hen the la1 o,,i'ers an2 thelo1er 'o+rts o, that 'omm+nit5 1ere either +na0le or+n1illing to 2o their 2+t5 an2 en,or'e the la1? an2,,+rther, that the 2anger o, a 'on,li't 0et1eens+0or2inate.oli'eo,,i'ers an2'onsta0+lar5o, thestate 'oming into 'on,li't 1as not onl5 imminent an2im.en2ing, 0+ta't+all5threatene2. The'aseat0arthere,ore ,alls 'learl51ithinthe 1ise an2'orre't"ie1 o, the la1 e&.resse2 05 *+2ge (ra'e in State e&rel. ". =oss, s+.ra, an2 im.erati"el5 2eman2s, at thehan2s o, this 'o+rt, the iss+an'e o, a 1rit o,.rohi0ition to .re"ent the res.on2ents ,rom.rose'+tingthe.reten2e2'aseagainst therelators.This'ase,alls1ithinthere'ogni>e2an2ne'essar5e&'e.tion to the general r+le in re,eren'e to.rohi0ition. Or2inaril5 the nat+res o, a litigant are o,no im.ortan'e in a la1s+it, tho+gh there aree&'e.tions to this r+le? 0+t in a 'ase li#e this, 1herethe goo2 name o, the 1hole state, the 1el,are o, the.eo.leo, alarge'omm+nit5, an2theor2erl5an2.ro.er a2ministrationo, thela1s, is so+ght to0einter,ere21ith05theiss+an'eo, asham1arrantagainst the.ea'eo,,i'erso,thestate1hileinthe2is'harge o, their 2+ties, the 'ase is one o, ,irst2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page C1194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)im.ortan'e, an2 1o+l2 'onstit+te, in itsel,, ane&'e.tion to the general r+les o, la1 in re,eren'e to.rohi0ition, e"en i, s+'h e&'e.tion ha2 not hereto,ore0een re'ogni>e2 an2 en,or'e2 05 this 'o+rt. When the'onstit+te2 a+thorities o, a 'omm+nit5 are +na0le to.er,ormtheir2+ties, orarere'reant intheir2+ties,an2 1hen the la1s o, this state are o.enl5 2e,ie2 an2"iolate2, a 'on2ition is .resente2 1hi'h im.erati"el52eman2s e&traor2inar5 reme2ies a2e@+ate to meet thee&igen'ies./or these reasons the .reliminar5 r+le in .rohi0itionsho+l2 0e ma2e a0sol+te in this 'ase.4. The thir2 an2 ,o+rth gro+n2s o, the 2em+rrer 2en5the right o, the !o"ernor to 'all on the .oli'e ,or'e o,the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is to .reser"e the .ea'e an2 or2eran2 to s+..ress o+tla1r5 in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is,an2 assert that, e"en i, the !o"ernor ha2 s+'ha+thorit5, his assertions in his 9.ro'lamationJ to the.resi2ent o, the .oli'e 'ommissioners, i, tr+e, 2o not'onstit+teor sho1astateo, either la1lessness oro+tla1r5 in St. 4o+is 'o+nt5.The.etition, o+tsi2eo, the'omm+ni'ationo, the!o"ernor, sho1s inits e"er5allegationthat there1ere .ersons inthe 'o+nt5 o,St.4o+isengage2in'ommittingo.ena'ts, 1hi'hthela1so,thisstate2eno+n'e as ,elonies, an2 this, too, in 2e,ian'e o, thelo'al a+thorities. The .etition there,ore+n@+estiona0l5 states the e&isten'e o, ,elonies in the'o+nt5o, St. 4o+is at that time. This lea"es ,or'onsi2eration the .o1er o, the !o"ernor to or2er the.oli'e ,or'e o, St. 4o+is into the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+isto s+..ress the same.The metro.olitan .oli'e ,or'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is1as 'reate205thea't o, 16-1K$'ts 16-0B-1, ..44-L. Se'tion 4 K.age 446L, o, that a't 'on,erre2 +.onthe !o"ernor o, the state the .o1er to a..oint ,o+r'ommissioners, 1ho 1ere a+thori>e2 to a..oint,enroll, an2 em.lo5 a .ermanent .oli'e ,or'e.Se'tion7 o, the a't ma2e it the 2+t5 o, the 0oar2 o, .oli'e to.reser"e the .ea'e o, the .+0li', .re"ent 'rime, an2arrest o,,en2ers, .rote't the rights o, .ersons an2.ro.ert5,g+ar2the.+0li'health, .reser"eor2erate"er5 .+0li' ele'tion, en,or'e all the la1s an2or2inan'es o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, an2 9in 'ase the5shall ha"ereasonto0elie"ethat an5.erson1ithinthe sai2 'it5 inten2s to 'ommit a 0rea'h o, the .ea'e,or"iolationo,la1oror2er0e5on2the'it5limits,an5 .erson 'harge2 1ith the 'ommission o, 'rime inthe 'it5o, St. 4o+is, an2against 1hom'riminal.ro'ess shall ha"e iss+e2, ma5 0e arreste2 +.on thesameinan5.art o, this state05the.oli'e,or'e'reate2 or a+thori>e2 05this a'tJ? .ro"i2e2 that,0e,ore the .erson arreste2 shall 0e remo"e2 ,rom the'o+nt5in1hi'hthearrest1asma2e, hesho+l20eta#en0e,oresome3+2geor3+sti'eo,the.ea'eo,that 'o+nt5an2sho+l2not 0e remo"e2,romthe'o+nt5+nless the remo"al 1as a..ro"e205s+'h3+2geor 3+sti'eo, the*21$.ea'e. Thethirteenthse'tion o, the a't ma2e it the 2+t5 o, the sheri,, o, the'o+nt5o, St. 4o+is, 1hene"er 'alle2 on,or that.+r.ose05 the 0oar2,toa't +n2er their 'ontrol,orthe .reser"ation o, the .+0li' .ea'e an2 @+iet, an2, i,or2ere2 05themto2oso, tos+mmonthe .osse'omitat+s an2 hol2 or em.lo5 s+'h .osse s+03e't totheir 2ire'tion. )t also ga"e the 0oar2 .o1er,1hene"er it 2eeme2 ,it, to 'all o+t s+'h o, themilitar5,or'eorgani>e2an2e&istinginthe'it5asthe5 might see ,it, in .re"enting threatening 2isor2eror o..osition to the la1s, or in s+..ressingins+rre'tion, riot, or 2isor2er at all times. $n2,,+rther, 1hene"er the e&igen'5or'ir'+mstan'es,intheir 3+2gment, 1arrante2 it, it ga"e the 0oar2 .o1ertoass+me 'ontrol an2 'omman2o,all 'onser"atorso, the .ea'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, 1hether sheri,,,'onsta0le, .oli'emen, or others, an2 re@+ire2 the.ea'eo,,i'erstoo0e5thela1,+l 'omman2so,the0oar2, s+03e't to a .enalt5 nominate2 in the stat+te.(5se'tion11o,thea't o,Mar'h1C, 16-7K$'ts16-7, .. 179L, amen2ator5o, sai2original a't o,16-1, it 1as e&.ressl5.ro"i2e2as ,ollo1s8 9Themem0ers o, the .oli'e ,or'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is,organi>e2 an2 a..ointe2 05 the .oli'e 'ommissionerso, sai2 'it5, are here05 2e'lare2 to 0e the o,,i'ers o,the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, +n2er the 'harter an2 or2inan'esthereo,, an2 also to 0e o,,i'ers o, the state o,Misso+ri, an2shall 0eso2eeme2an2ta#eninall'o+rts ha"ing 3+ris2i'tion o, o,,enses against the la1so, this state or the or2inan'es o, sai2 'it5.J Se'tion CK.age 176L o, the a't o, 16-7 ,+rther .ro"i2e2 that89The 0oar2 1hene"er an2 ,or so long a time as ma50e ne'essar5, is ,+rther a+thori>e2 to a..oint, mo+ntan2 e@+i. not more than t1ent5 .oli'emen ,or 2+t5 inthe o+ts#irts an2 o.en .ortions o, the 'it5 an2else1here in the 'it5 an2 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is.JSe'tion12K.age179L o, that a't ,+rther ga"ethe0oar2 .o1er to reg+late an2 li'ense all .ri"ate1at'hmen an2 in .ri"ate .oli'emen in the 'it5 o, St.4o+is, an2.rohi0ite2an5.ersonser"ingas.ri"ate1at'hmanor .ri"ate .oli'emaninthe 'it5o, St.4o+is 1itho+t ,irst ha"ing o0taine2 a li'ense so to 2o,rom the 0oar2, on .ain o, .+nishment ,or amis2emeanor? an2 the a't o, /e0r+ar5 17, 1677 K$'ts1677, .. CC7L, enlarge2 the .ro"isions last a,oresai2so as to in'l+2e .ri"ate 1at'hmen, .ri"ate 2ete'ti"es,an2 .ri"ate .oli'emen in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is, as1ell as in the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is.Se'tions 20 to 27 o,2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page C2194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)arti'le 9 o, the Constit+tion o, 1677 .ro"i2e2 ,or these.aration o, the 'it5 an2 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is, an2 ,orthe ele'tion o, a 0oar2 o, 1C ,reehol2ers to .ro.ose as'heme there,or, an2 ,or a 'harter ,or the 'it5 o, St.4o+is, an2 ,+rther .ro"i2e2 that, i, the .eo.le "ote2in ,a"or o, the a2o.tion o, s+'h s'heme o, se.arationan2 'harter, 9then s+'h s'heme shall 0e'ome theorgani' la1 o, the 'o+nt5 an2 'it5, an2 s+'h 'harter,the organi' la1 o, the 'it5, an2, at the en2 o, -0 2a5stherea,ter, shall ta#ethe .la'e o, an2s+.erse2e the'harter o, St. 4o+is an2 all amen2ments thereo,, an2all s.e'ial la1s relating to St. 4o+is 'o+nt5in'onsistent 1ith s+'h s'heme.J Se'tion 2C .ro"i2e2that s+'h 'harter an2 amen2ments shall al1a5s 0e inharmon51ith, an2s+03e't to, theConstit+tionan2la1s o, Misso+ri. $n2 se'tion 27 .ro"i2e2 that89Not1ithstan2ingthe.ro"isionso, thisarti'le, the!eneral$ssem0l5shall ha"ethesame.o1er o"erthe 'it5 an2 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is that it has o"er other'ities an2'o+nties o, thestate.J The s'hemean2'harter th+s a+thori>e2 1ere a2o.te2.Se'tion 14 o,thes'heme.ro"i2e2as,ollo1s8 9Themetro.olitan.oli'e ,or'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, as no1esta0lishe2 05 la1, shall 0e maintaine2 at the 'ost o,the 'it5o, St. 4o+is? .ro"i2e2, ho1e"er, that themetro.olitan .oli'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is shall ha"ethe same .o1er an2 3+ris2i'tion in the 'o+nt5 o, St.4o+is, as 'onstit+te2 05 this s'heme, as no1 .ro"i2e205 la1? .ro"i2e2, that +.on a .etition o, the 'o+nt5'o+rt o, St. 4o+is 'o+nt5, the 0oar2 o, .oli'e'ommissioners shall a..oint an2 e@+i. not more thant1ent5.oli'emen, as.ro"i2e2inthea't, a..ro"e2Mar'h 1Cth, 16-7, ,or 2+t5 in sai2 'o+nt5. The 'osto, e@+i..ing an2 maintaining sai2 .oli'emen shall 0e.ai2 05 the 'o+nt5 as herein esta0lishe2.J (5 the a'to,/e0r+ar5-, 16-4K$'ts16-CB-4, .. 477L, it1as.ro"i2e2, inse'tionCK.age47-L thereo,, that the'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is shall 0e 'harge2 1ith oneB,o+rtho, the 1hole e&.ense o, the .oli'e ,or'e o, the 'it5 o,St. 4o+is ,or the 5ear 16-4 an2 ,or ea'h 5eartherea,ter, an2 the 'o+nt5 'o+rt 1ere re@+ire2, ,romtime to time, to a..ro.riate mone5 o+t o, the 'o+nt5treas+r5 to meet that .ro.ortion o, sai2 e&.ense. The"ali2it5 an2 'onstit+tionalit5 o, that a't 1as'hallenge2 in the 'ase o, State e& rel. St. 4o+is Poli'eCommissioners".St. 4o+isCo+nt5Co+rt, C4Mo.74-,an2 this 'o+rt, s.ea#ing thro+gh (ates, *., hel2the a't 'onstit+tional an2 the 'o+nt5 lia0le there,or.Th+s the matter stoo2 +ntil Mar'h 17, 1699, 1hen the!eneral $ssem0l5 o, the state .asse2 an a't o, that2ate K$'ts 1699, .. 71L. The ,irst se'tion o, that a'tre.eale2 in e&.ress terms the a't o, Mar'h 27, 16-1,an2alla'tss+..lementar5an2amen2ator5thereo,.The a't then .ra'ti'all5 reBena'te2 the ol2 an2original metro.olitan .oli'e a't, ma#ing 'hangestherein, s+0stantiall5 onl5, as to the n+m0er o, .oli'ean2 the 'om.ensation there,or. Se'tion 27 K.age -0L,o, that a't is s+0stantiall5 in the lang+age o, se'tion11K.age179Lo,thea't o,16-7, an22e'lare2the.oli'e ,or'e to 0e 'it5 o,,i'ers an2 also state o,,i'ers,an2 that the5 sho+l2 0e so ta#en an2 2eeme2 in all'o+rts ha"ing 3+ris2i'tion or o,,enses against the la1so, this state, or the or2inan'es o, the 'it5. Se'tion 2-.reser"e2 the ol2 la1so ,ar as li'ensing.ri"ate1at'hmen, et'., 1henthe'it51as'on'erne2. The"ali2it5o,thea't o,1699'ame0e,orethis'o+rt,*219in 0an', in the 'ase o,State e& rel. ". Mason,17C Mo. 2C, 74 S. W. 724. !antt, *., in 2eli"ering theo.inion o, the 'o+rt, sai28 9$n anal5sis o, the a't o,16991ill 2emonstratethat inthelargest .art it isi2enti'al in its terms 1ith the la1 o, 16-1.J $n2 then,a,ter 'iting, anal5>ing, an2 'om.aring the .ro"isionso, the t1o a'ts, he sai28 9The ,+n2amental .rin'i.les+n2erl5ing the a'ts o, 16-1 an2 1699, 'reating 0oar2so, .oli'e 'ommissioners ,or the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, arethe same, an2 the 'onstit+tionalit5 o, s+'h legislationhas stoo2 the test o, the most 'riti'al 3+2i'iale&aminationan2re"ie1.J;ethen.ointe2o+tthat89The .rote'tion o, li,e, li0ert5, an2 .ro.ert5, an2 the.reser"ationo,the.+0li'.ea'ean2or2erine"er5.art, 2i"ision, an2 s+02i"ision o, the state, is ago"ernmental 2+t51hi'h2e"ol"es +.onthestate,an2 not +.on its m+ni'i.alities, an5 ,+rther than thestate in its so"ereignt5 ma5 see ,it to im.ose +.on or2elegate it to the m+ni'i.alit5. The right to esta0lishthe .ea'e an2 or2er o, so'iet5 is an inherent attri0+teo, go"ernment, 1hate"er its ,orm, an2 is 'oe&tensi"e1iththe geogra.hi'al limits thereo,, an2to+'hinge"er5 .art o, its territor5.J ;e then e&ha+sti"el52is'+sse2 the 'onstit+tionalit5 o, se"eral la1s'reatings+'hmetro.olitan.oli'e, an2sho1e2thatthe metro.olitan .oli'e s5stem .re"aile2 inMi'higan, Massa'h+setts, Mar5lan2, 4o+isiana,:ansas, an2Ohio. Starting1iththetr+ismthatthe.+r.oseo, ametro.olitan.oli'es5stemis,or the.rote'tion o, li,e, li0ert5, an2 .ro.ert5, an2 the.reser"ationo,the.+0li'.ea'ean2or2erine"er5.art, 2i"ision, an2 s+02i"ision o, the state, an2 that itis a go"ernmental, inherent 2+t5 o, the state toesta0lish .ea'e an2 or2er in e"er5 .art thereo,,'oe&tensi"e1ithitsgeogra.hi'al limits, it ,ollo1sthat the state has a .ermanent interest in the.reser"ationo,.ea'ean2goo2or2erine"er5.artthereo,, an2 that it is 'harge2 1ith the 2+t5 o,.reser"ing the same, in2e.en2ent o, an2 s+.erior tothe 1ishes e"en o, the .eo.le o, a .arti'+lar lo'alit5o, the state? an2 it also logi'all5 ,ollo1s that, 1herethe .eo.le o, a lo'alit5 are +na0le to .rote'tthemsel"es, 05 reason o, the ine,,i'ien'5 or re'rean'52007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page CC194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)o, their lo'al o,,i'ers, or1heres+'hlo'al o,,i'ers'annot or 1ill not .ro.erl5 2is'harge their 2+ties, the2+t5 a,oresai2, rests +.on the state, an2 thee&igen'ies o, thesit+ation2eman2imme2iatean2e,,e'ti"e a'tion on the .art o, the state. 4o'alin,l+en'esan2s+rro+n2ingsma#eit im.ossi0le, ore&tremel52i,,i'+lt, ,orthelo'al a+thoritiesto2eal1ith e&traor2inar5 'on2itions a,,e'ting the .ea'e,goo2go"ernment, an2or2erinalo'alit5,an2s+'h'on2itions im.erati"el5 2eman2 a'tion on the .art o,the state. The @+estion then arises, 1hose 2+t5 is it tota#e a'tionP $'tion 'an onl50e ha2 thro+gh the'o+rts05theinstit+tiono,.ro'ee2ingsinthelo'al'o+rts, an2, i, the 'on2itions in the lo'alit5 are s+'has a0o"e2es'ri0e2, e,,i'ient reme2ies ,or e&istinge"ilsmani,estl5'o+l2not 0eo0taine2thro+ghthe'o+rts, an2 es.e'iall5 is this tr+e 1ith re,eren'e to theen,or'ement o, the 'riminal la1s an2 the .oli'e la1so, the state. n2er the 2i"ision o, .o1ers in o+r ,ormo, go"ernment 0et1een the e&e'+ti"e, legislati"e, an23+2i'ial 2e.artments, it ne'essaril5,ollo1s that, intimeso,s+'he&igen'ies1hi'h2eman2imme2iatea'tion, the .o1er ne'essaril5 rests 1ith the e&e'+ti"eo, the state to en,or'e the .oli'e .o1er o, the statean2 to restore or2er in the lo'alit5. ), this is not so,then there is no s+,,i'ientan2 a2e@+atean2 s.ee25reme25 a,,or2e2 05 o+r s5stem o, go"ernment, an2,i, this 0e tr+e, then it 1ere 1ell that the .eo.le o, thisstate 1ere a2"ise2 o, s+'h in,irmit5 in in o+rinstit+tions, to the en2 that the5 ma5 ta#e s.ee25 an2e,,e't+al means to .ro"i2e a2e@+ate reme2ies 05 theorgani'la1so,thestate. (+t it isnot 'on'ei"a0lethat o+r instit+tions are so im0e'ile an2 in,irm as to0e +na0le to gra..le 1ith an2 master s+'h 'on2itions.$rti'le 7 o, o+r Constit+tion 2eals 1ith the e&e'+ti"e2e.artment o, the state. Se'tion 4 o, that arti'le2e'lares8 9The s+.reme e&e'+ti"e .o1er shall 0e"este2 in a 'hie, magistrate 1ho shall 0e st5le2 AThe!o"ernor o, the State o, Misso+ri.JE Se'tion -.ro"i2es8 9The !o"ernor shall ta#e 'are that the la1sare 2istri0+te2 an2,aith,+ll5e&e'+te2?an2 heshall0e a 'onser"ator o, the .ea'e thro+gho+t the state.JSe'tion 7 .ro"i2es8 9The !o"ernor shall 0e'omman2er in 'hie, o, the militia o, this state, e&'e.t1henthe5shall 0e 'alle2intothe ser"i'e o, thenite2 States, an2 ma5 'all o+t the same to e&e'+tethela1s, s+..ressins+rre'tionan2re.elin"asion,Jet'.)t 1ill 0e o0ser"e2 that nothing is sai2 in this.ro"ision o, the Constit+tion a0o+t the e&er'ise o, the.oli'e .o1er o, the state or o, the .o1er o, the!o"ernor 1ith re,eren'e thereto. $n2 it is arg+e2 thatthe !o"ernor has onl5 .o1er to see that the la1s o,the state, as 2e'lare2 05 the 3+2gments o, the 'o+rts,shall 0e e&e'+te2, an2 that he has no .o1er e"en to'all o+t themilitiatoe&e'+tethela1s, e&'e.t in,+rtheran'e o, a 3+2gment o, a 'o+rt? an2 ,+rther that,1hilst heisa'onser"ator o, the.ea'e, hehasnomore .o1er than an5 other 'onser"ator o, the .ea'einthe state.)tma5 0e 'on'e2e2 that,.rimaril5, the.o1er is "este2 in the !eneral $ssem0l5 o, the stateto.ro"i2e05la1themeansan2agen'ies,or theen,or'ement o,the.oli'e.o1erso,thestate. The!eneral$ssem0l5o,thisstatehas, 05the"ario+smetro.olitan .oli'e a'ts herein0e,ore re,erre2 to,.ro"i2e2 means 05 that s5stem ,or the .rote'tion o,li,ean2.ro.ert5an2o, the.reser"ationo,.+0li'.ea'e an2 or2er, not onl5 in the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, 0+tin e"er5 .art, 2i"ision, an2 s+02i"ision o, the state,'oe&tensi"e 1ith its geogra.hi'al limits, as 1as 1ellsai205!antt, *., inStatee&rel. ".Mason, s+.ra.n2erthat a't the!o"ernora..ointsthe0oar2o,.oli'e 'ommissioners, an2 those 'ommissionersa..oint the *220 o,,i'ers. Primaril5, there,ore, the a't'on,ers the right an2 2+t5 +.on the !o"ernor to seethat the metro.olitan .oli'e s5stem 2o their 2+t5. )t isa .art o, the 2+t5 o, that s5stem to .reser"e the .+0li'.ea'eine"er5.arto,thestate, an2allo,thea'tsrelating to that s5stem, in'l+2ing the a't o, 16-7, an2the a't o, 1699, e&.ressl5 2e'lare, e"i2entl5 in,+rtheran'e o, .rin'i.les +n2erl5ing that s5stem, thatthe o,,i'ers o, that s5stemshall 0e not onl5'it5o,,i'ers, 0+t shall 0estateo,,i'ers, an2shall 0esota#en an2 2eeme2 05 all the 'o+rts o, this state. The.+r.ose o, this ena'tment is .lain. )t 1as the e"i2entan2 +n@+estiona0le .+r.ose o, the !eneral $ssem0l5th+s to a,,or2 the 'hie, e&e'+ti"e o, this state as+,,i'ient an2e"er rea25,or'ean2means ,or thee,,i'ient .reser"ation o, the .ea'e an2 the .rote'tiono,li,ean2.ro.ert5ine"er5.art o,thestate. Thes5stemth+s'reate2ma50e.ro.erl52esignate2asthe .oli'e arm o, the 'hie, e&e'+ti"e o, the state, an2is 'learl5 2isting+isha0le ,rom the militar5 arm o, the'hie, e&e'+ti"e, 'om.ose2 o, the militia o, the state.The .oli'e s5stem th+s 'reate2 is essentiall5 a state'onsta0+lar5, s+03e't to the imme2iate or2ers o, the0oar2 o, 'ommissioners, 1ho, in t+rn, are s+03e't tothe or2ers o, the !o"ernor, 1ho a..ointe2 them, an21ho is res.onsi0le to the .eo.le ,or theirste1ar2shi..There 'an 0e no 2i,,eren'e 0et1een ,airmin2e2 menthat, inth+s'reatingastate.oli'earm, it 1astheintention o, the la1ma#ers to gi"e the 'hie, e&e'+ti"ethe.o1er to2is'hargehis2+t5 as a'onser"ator o,the .ea'e. There 'an also 0e no reasona0le 2o+0t that,+n2er o+r s5stem o, la1s, the !o"ernor is the 'hie,'onser"ator o, the .ea'e in the state, an2 es.e'iall5 intimes o, lo'al 2ist+r0an'es 1hi'h 2onot amo+ntto2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page C4194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)ins+rre'tion, 0+t 1herethelo'al ma'hiner5o, thela1 is ina2e@+ate or ins+,,i'ient to restore or2er an2.reser"e goo2 go"ernment. )t has 1ell 0een sai2 that9the o,,i'e o, !o"ernor o, the state 'orres.on2s,1ithinits.arti'+lars.here, tothePresi2ent o,thenite2States, an2theanalog5has,re@+entl50eennoti'e2 05 the 'o+rts.J 14 $m. O %ng. %n'. o, 4a1K22%2.L.. 1097. Mr.So+therlan2, inhisnotesonnite2 States Constit+tion K.ages 471B477L, an2'ases 'ite2, la5s 2o1n the r+le that the Presi2ent o,the nite2 States has .o1er to 'all o+t the militia orto 2e'lare martial la1 1ithin the territorial limits in1hi'h it ma5 0e ne'essar5, an2 that he is thee&'l+si"e 3+2ge o, 1hether the e&igen'5 o, theo''asion 2eman2s s+'h a'tion, an2 his 2e'ision is nots+03e'tto 3+2i'ial re"ie1.)n ,a't the r+leo, la1is+ni"ersal that 9the e&e'+ti"e, in the .ro.er 2is'hargeo, his 2+ties +n2er the Constit+tion, is as in2e.en2ento, the'o+rts as heiso, the4egislat+re.JCoole5,Const. 4im. K7th%2.L1-2. This.rin'i.lehas0eenin"aria0l5a2here2to05this'o+rt.Statee&rel. ".Stone, 120 Mo. 429, 27 S. W. C7-, 2C 4. =. $. 194,41 $m. St. =e.. 707?State e& rel. (artle5 ".!o"ernor, C9Mo. C66.$n2thesame2o'trinehas0eena..lie2tothelegislati"e2e.artment.Statee&rel. ". (olte, 171 Mo. C-2, 72 S. W. 2-2, 74 $m. St.=e.. 7C7.S.ea#ingo,thee&e'+ti"e2e.artment o,the go"ernment, *+2ge Stor5 K2 Stor5, Const. K7th %2LN1411L sa5s8 9The ,e2eralist has remar#e2 that thereis har2l5 an5 .art o, o+r s5stem the arrangement o,1hi'h 'o+l2 ha"e 0een atten2e2 1ith greater2i,,i'+lt5, an2 none 1hi'h has 0een in"eighe2 against1ithless 'an2or or 'riti'ise21ithless3+2gment.JThesamea+thor,inse'tion1417, sa5s89%nerg5inthe e&e'+ti"e is a lea2ing 'hara'ter in the 2e,initiono, a goo2 go"ernment. )t is essential to the .rote'tiono, the'omm+nit5against ,oreignatta'#s. )t isnotless essential to the st+r25 a2ministration o, the la1s,tothe.rote'tiono,.ro.ert5against thoseirreg+laran2 high han2e2 'om0inations 1hi'h sometimesinterr+.t theor2inar5'o+rseo, 3+sti'e, an2tothese'+rit5 o, li0ert5 against the enter.rises an2 assa+ltso, am0ition, o, ,i'tion an2 o, anar'h5. SSS $ ,ee0lee&e'+ti"e im.lies a ,ee0le e&e'+tion o, thego"ernment. $ ,ee0le e&e'+tion is 0+t another .hrase,or a 0a2 e&e'+tion? an2 a go"ernment ill e&e'+te2,1hate"erma50eitstheor5,m+st, in.ra'ti'e, 0ea0a2 go"ernment.J )t has li#e1ise 0een 1ell sai2 that9the!o"ernor, re.resentingtheso"ereigne&e'+ti"e.o1er o, the state, is al1a5s "irt+all5 .resent in 'o+rttoe&e'+teits.ro'ess, 1hene"erthe.o1erso,themarshal an2 or2inar5 .osse ma5 not 0e s+,,i'ient ,orthe.+r.ose, or1henthe.ea'ean22ignit5o,thestate ma5 so re@+ire.J )t is also a 1ellBre'ogni>e2 r+leo, la1 that the 1rit o, .rohi0ition 1ill not lie againstthe !o"ernor o, the state in matters .ertaining to hise&e'+ti"e,+n'tionsan22+ties. - $m. O%ng. %n'.4a1 K22 %2.L .. 1020./romthe ,oregoing it ine"ita0l5,ollo1s that themetro.olitan .oli'e o, the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is are stateo,,i'ers? that the5 are .oli'e or 'onsta0+lar5 o,,i'ers,es.e'iall5'reate2to.reser"ethe .ea'e an2goo2or2er ine"er5.art o, thestate? an2that the5ares+03e't to the or2ers o, the go"ernor, an2 1ere'reate2 ,or the e&.ress .+r.ose o, a,,or2ing the!o"ernor an e,,i'ient arm ,or the en,or'ement o, the.oli'e .o1ers o, the state, an2 that no other o,,i'er inthe state, an2 no other tri0+nal in the state, has an5'ontrol o"er them, or .o1er to 'all them into a'tion,e&'e.t the go"ernor, a'ting thro+gh the 0oar2 o,.oli'e 'ommissioners a..ointe2 05 him. *+2geens are so .ro+2, 1o+l2 ha"e 0een in3+re2 in thee5es o, the'i"ili>e21orl2. S+..ose, instea2o, a'or.orationorgani>e2as the e2, the 'o+rts ne"er regar2the.riorstat+teasre.eale205im.li'ation05laterstat+te. There 'an 0e no 2o+0t that there is no s+'hin'onsisten'5 0et1een se'tion 14 o, the s'heme an2thea't o,1699, as to .re"ent0oth 0eingtreate2 ase&isting la1s. )t has hereto,ore 0een .ointe2 o+t that,atthetimethe .eo.leo, the 'it5an2'o+nt5 o, St.4o+is a2o.te2 the s'heme an2 'harter, themetro.olitan .oli'e o, St. 4o+is ha2 .o1er to ma#earrests an2 to .reser"e the .ea'e not onl5 in the 'it5o, St. 4o+is, 0+t alsointhe'o+nt5o, St. 4o+is.Se'tion C o, the a't o, 16-7 e&.ressl5 'on,erre2 s+'h.o1er +.on the .oli'e. )t has also 0een .ointe2 o+tthat, .rior to the se.aration, the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is1as re@+ire2to.a5oneB,o+rtho, the e&.ense o,maintainingthemetro.olitan.oli'e. Se'tion14o,the s'heme 'hange2 the la1 as it thereto,ore e&iste2so as to re@+ire the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is to .a5 the 1hole'ost o, the metro.olitan .oli'e, an2 that se'tione&.ressl5.ro"i2e2that 9themetro.olitan.oli'eo,the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is shall ha"e the same .o1er an23+ris2i'tion in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is as 'onstit+te205 this s'heme, as no1 .ro"i2e2 05 la1.J )t ,+rther.ro"i2e2 that, +.on .etition o, the 'o+nt5 'o+rt, the0oar2o, .oli'e'ommissioners sho+l2a..oint an2e@+i.not morethan20.oli'emen,or 2+t5inthe'o+nt5, an2 the 'o+nt5 sho+l2 .a5 the e&.ensethereo,. This last .ro"ision e"i2entl5 'ontem.late2 a.ermanent .oli'e ,or'e ,or the 'o+nt5 as 1ell as the'it5. (+t, rea2 in its entiret5, the 'on'l+sion isirresisti0le an2 a0sol+tel5 logi'al that it 1as theintention o, the ,ramers o, the s'heme to*223.reser"e to the .oli'e the same .o1er an23+ris2i'tion in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is that the5 ha20e,orethese.aration, an20e,orethese.arationthea't o, 16-7 e&.ressl5 ga"e them .o1er in the 'o+nt5o, St. 4o+is.The a't o, 1699 'ontains no .ro"ision1hate"er in 'on,li't 1ith the .o1er an2 3+ris2i'tionth+s retaine2 to the .oli'e in the 'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is.There is no re.+gnan'5 0et1een the a't o, 1699 an2se'tion 14 o, the s'heme. The t1o 'an+n@+estiona0l5 stan2 together. )t m+st 0eremem0ere2 that the Constit+tion e&.ressl5 2e'lare2that, 1hen the s'heme an2 'harter 1ere a2o.te2 05the "oters, the s'heme sho+l2 0e'ome the organi' la1o, the 'o+nt5, an2 sho+l2 s+.erse2e all s.e'ial la1sthereto,oreena'te2inre,eren'ethereto. Thisma2ethe s'heme 'ertainl5 as e,,e'ti"e as a legislati"e a't.Thes'heme1asnot anamen2ment totheoriginal2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page C7194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191).oli'ea't, nor toan5a't amen2ator5thereo,, an2there,ore it 'annot 0e 'onstr+e2 to0e 1ithinthemeaning o, se'tion 1 o, the a't o, 1699, 1hi'hre.eale2 the a't o, 16-1 an2 its amen2ator5 a'ts. The.+r.ose an2 o03e't o, the4egislat+re,in gi"ing themetro.olitan .oli'e .o1er an2 3+ris2i'tion in the'o+nt5 o, St. 4o+is, as 1ell as in the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is,mani,estl5 1as 0e'a+se it 1as ne'essar5 ,or thee,,i'ient en,or'ement o, the la1s in St. 4o+is, an2 ,orthe.rote'tiono, the.eo.leo, the'o+nt5against.ersons 1ho either li"e2 in St. 4o+is an2 'ommitte2o,,enses in St. 4o+is 'o+nt5, or "i'e "ersa. The 'it5an2'o+nt51ere.ra'ti'all5ones+02i"isiono,thestate at that time. Onl5 an imaginar5 line 2i"i2e2 thet1o. )t 1o+l2 ha"e .aral5>e2 the han2 o, the .oli'e2e.artment i, it ha2 not ha2 the .o1er o, arrest in St.4o+is 'o+nt5 as 1ell as in St. 4o+is 'it5, an2 it 1o+l2ha"e 0een mani,estl5 +n3+st to the .eo.le o, St. 4o+is'o+nt5 not to ha"e gi"en the .oli'e .o1er to .reser"ethe.ea'einthe'o+nt5as1ell asinthe'it5.The.eo.le o, the 'o+nt5 +n2erstoo2 an2 a..re'iate2 theim.ortan'e o, these .ro"isions o, la1, an2, inagreeing to the se.aration o, the 'it5 ,rom the 'o+nt5,the5 too# the .re'a+tion to .ro"i2e, in se'tion 14 o,thes'heme, ,or the.reser"ationo, the.o1er an23+ris2i'tion o, the .oli'e in the 'o+nt5 as itthereto,oree&iste2, sothat these.arationintot1os+02i"isions o, the state sho+l2 not 2e.ri"e the.eo.le o, the 'o+nt5o, the 0ene,it o, the stateFs.oli'e lo'ate2 in St. 4o+is. n2er s+'h 'on2itions, it1o+l2 0e an +n3+st re,le'tion +.on the intelligen'e o,the!eneral $ssem0l5o, this statetohol2that in.assing the a't o, 1699 the mem0ers thereo, inten2e2to ta#e a1a5 ,rom the .eo.le o, St. 4o+is 'o+nt5 the.oli'e .rote'tion 1hi'h the la1 ha2 .re"io+sl5a,,or2e2 them. No 'o+rt, +n2er an5 r+les o,'onstr+'tion 1ith re,eren'e to re.eals 05 im.li'ation,sho+l2 ta#e a1a5 that .rote'tion ,rom the .eo.le o,St. 4o+is 'o+nt5. The ,a't that the 'it5 o, St. 4o+isno1.a5sthe1hole'ost o,maintainingthe.oli'e2oes not inan5manner a,,e't the@+estiono, the.o1er an2 3+ris2i'tion o, that .oli'e s5steman51hereinthestate, ,or, as herein0e,ore.ointe2o+t, this 'o+rt, in State e& rel. ". Mason, s+.ra,e&.ressl5hel2that themetro.olitan.oli'es5stemhas 3+ris2i'tion 'oe&tensi"e 1ith the territorial limitso, this state, an2 that it is the means a,,or2e2 05 thestate ,or the e,,i'ient en,or'ement o, the la1s o, thisstate ,or the .rote'tion o, li,e, .ro.ert5, an2 the .ea'eo, the 'iti>ens o, this state./or these reasons it is too 'lear to a2mit o, arg+mentthat the .oli'e ha2 the .o1er the5 1ere e&er'ising inSt. 4o+is 'o+nt5 atthetimethe .ro'ee2ings 0e,orethe3+sti'eo,the.ea'e'om.laine2o,inthis'ase1ere instit+te2, an2 that it 1as the 2+t5 o, this 'o+rt,+n2er the 'ir'+mstan'es, to e&er'ise its high.rerogati"e 05 a 1rit o, .rohi0ition to sta5 the han2o, the3+sti'eo, the.ea'ean2the'onsta0le,rominter,ering1ith, or attem.tingtoarrest, the.oli'e1hile so 2oing. n2er o+r 'om.le& s5stem o,go"ernment noother a2e@+ate or e,,i'ient reme25has 0een s+ggeste2 or 'an 0e 'on'ei"e2 ,or the'orre'tion o, the e"ils an2 1rongs e&isting at the 2ateo,theiss+an'eo,the.reliminar5r+leinthis'ase,an2 no other means has 0een s+ggeste2 1here05 the+nseeml5 'on,li't 0et1een the .o1er o, the 'onsta0lean2 the .o1er o, the .oli'e an2 the !o"ernor 'o+l2ha"e0eena"erte2an2.re"ente2. The"ario+sa'tsrelati"e to the metro.olitan .oli'e s5stem 2e'lare the.oli'e o,,i'ers to 0e state o,,i'ers, an2 e&.ressl5 "estthem 1ith .o1er in St. 4o+is 'o+nt5, an2 the a't o,1699 1ill 0e rea2 in "ain ,or a single 1or2 e&.ressi"eo, a legislati"e intention to '+rtail the .o1er.re"io+sl5"este2. )n,a't, thea't o,16991asnotinten2e2 to ta#e a1a5 an5 .o1ers .re"io+sl5'on,erre2, either as to the 'it5 o, St. 4o+is, or as toan5 other .ortion o, the state. The mani,est .+r.oseo, that a't 1as to.ro"i2e ,or anin'rease inthen+m0er an2 .a5 o, the .oli'e, 0+t not to 2e'rease an5o, its .o1ers or 3+ris2i'tion. That a't 1as a '+rati"e,enlarging a't in the res.e'ts note2, an2 1as notinten2e2 to 2estro5 an5 .o1er the .oli'e .re"io+sl5ha2. )t is in'on'ei"a0le that, a,ter the 4egislat+re ha2,soman5times, e&.ressl52e'lare2that the .oli'e1ere stateo,,i'ers an2 sho+l2 ha"e3+ris2i'tionan2.o1erinSt. 4o+is'o+nt5,an2a,terthat ,or'eha20een so o,ten +se2 05 the !o"ernors o, this state torestore or2er an2 s+..ress la1lessness in "ario+s.arts o, the state, the /ortieth !eneral $ssem0l5, in1699, sho+l2ha"einten2e2to'+rtail the.o1ero,the.oli'e. ), the4egislat+reha2sointen2e2, the51o+l2 +n@+estiona0l5 ha"e sai2 so in e&.ress terms.The .rior +se o, the .oli'e 05 ,ormer go"ernors ha20eena'@+ies'e2inan2.res+ma0l5a..ro"e2o,05the .eo.le o, this state, an2, in the a0sen'e *224o,an e&.ress .ro"ision o, stat+te ,or0i22ing ,+rther +seon similar o''asions, no 'o+rt 1o+l2 0e 3+sti,ie2 in'onstr+ing the a't o, 1699 to ha"e the e,,e't to ta#ea1a5.re"io+sl5'on,erre2.o1ers 05im.li'ation,+nless there 1as s+'h mani,est re.+gnan'5 0et1eenthe a't o, the 4egislat+re an2 o, the s'heme a,oresai2as that 0oth 'o+l2 not stan2 together, an2 s+'h is notthe 'on2ition here .resente2./or these reasons the .reliminar5 r+le in .rohi0itionsho+l2 0e ma2e a0sol+te, an2 the 2em+rrer sho+l2 0eo"err+le2.D$44)$NT, *., 'on'+rs herein.2007 Thomson/West. No Claim to Orig. .S. !o"t. Wor#s.92 S.W. 191 Page C6194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191(Cite as: 194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191)Mo. 190-.State e& rel. M'Namee ". Sto0ie194 Mo. 14, 92 S.W. 191%N< O/
