State Building

1450-1750

Aim: How were empires successfully built in the period of 1450-1750?

The Ottomans Gain Strength

• Gunpowder made the Ottomans powerful

• Janissaries (elite fighting force made up of enslaved Christian boys)

• Janissaries selected by a process called devshirme

Jannisary

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300350/Janissary-corps

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.html

Learn more about the selection process of the Janissaries!

The Ottoman Empire Expands

• Ottomans started out as semi-nomadic Turks

• 1453 captured Constantinople, ended the Byzantine Empire (woohoo, lower taxes!)

• Added Syria, Egypt, North Africa to their empire

• Ottomans were a threat to the Hapsburg dynasty (Austria) until 1683

Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17th Century

• Constantinople renamed Istanbul

• Sophisticated city- aqueducts, marketplace, religious schools, hospitals

• Merchants and artisans• Government carefully

monitored trade• Haghia Sophia turned

into a mosque

Haghia Sophia

Religious, but Tolerant• The Ottoman Sultan was a political and

religious ruler (incorporated the idea of “caliph”)

• Europeans were afraid of the Ottomans, but admired them as well

• “He tramples the soil of Hungary with 200,000 horses, he is at the very gates of Austria, threatens the rest of Germany…”

» -1555 Excerpts from Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: Ambassador of the Hapsburg Empire

Q: Who do you think Busbecq is describing here?http://www.arts.ualberta.ca

Jean Bodin (16th cen. French philosopher)

• “The King of the Turks who rules over a great part of Europe safeguards the rites of religion as well as any prince in this world. Yet he constrains no one, but on the contrary permits everyone to live as his conscience dictates.”

• Q: Which aspect of Ottoman rule does Bodin admire?

Ways of the World p.649

Jews in the Ottoman Empire

• http://jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu/i-jewish-population/1-sephardic-diaspora-regional-trends/d-ottoman-empire/

Women in the Ottoman Empire

• Patriarchal society• Depending on the economic

situation, women did domestic work or supervised their servants

• Women were restricted from leaving the home but could legally attend weddings, cemeteries, and public baths

• Marriages were arranged• Few women were literate• Women could earn a living,

own industries, and practice medicine

http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/selj.htm

https://www.reconstructinghistory.com/rh406-ottoman-turkish-woman.php?s=&c=22&d=34&p=433&w=21

The Harem

• Private domain for the sultan

• Concubines and relatives of sultan lived there

• Women close to the sultan were powerful

• Slave origin, non-Muslim

• Trained in sewing, music, reading, Koran

http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html

Read about a powerful woman in the Ottoman harem!

The Mughal Empire

http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/image18.gif

The Mughals (1526-1700s)

• Founded by Babur in 1526

• First Islamic ruler to use muskets and artillery

• Grandson- Akbar the Great

http://lighthousepatriotjournal.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/13386500_1_babur.jpg

http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MUGHAL/BABUR.HTM

Akbar the Great• Akbar abolished the

jizya • Encouraged

intermarriage between Hindus and Muslims

• Established Din-i-llahi (“The religion of God”)as a universal religion- had elements of Zoroastrianism (i.e. divine kingship), and Jainism (respect for all living things)

Akbar the Great

http://images.exoticindiaart.com/mughal/a_portrait_of_king_akbar_the_falconer_mf93.jpg

The Red Fort

• Built in Agra in1565 by Akbar the Great

• It is one of the most obvious symbols of the Mogul grandeur under Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.

Allposters.com

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251

• Shah Jahan- patron of the arts• Blend of Islamic domes,

arches, minarets, with Hindu decorations

• Built Taj Mahal (tomb for his deceased second wife, Mumtaz Mahal)

• Shah Jahan’s son, Aurangzeb, imprisoned him in Agra Fort for 8 years(where he died)

• Aurangzeb tried to rid India of Hindu influences and he brought back the jizya

http://www.memo.fr/Media/Taj_Mahal.jpg

Other Mughal Rulers: Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb

http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html

jbapwoh.wikispaces.com

The Islamic Gunpowder Empires

The Songhay Empire

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/songhai-empire0.gif

The Songhay Empire (1464-1591)

• Sunni Ali consolidated empire, expanded former Mali empire (conquered Timbuktu and Jenne)

• Promoted Islam• Timbuktu- city of learning (mosques, schools,

Islamic university)• Jenne- major trading city• Organized army, navy• Trans-Saharan trade brought salt, textiles, and

metal in exchange for gold and slaves)• Largest empire in African history• Defeated by Moroccans in 1591

Kaplan

Wsu.edu

Jenne: Center of Trade

• “The town of Jenne (Djenne) was founded near Jenne-jeno between 800 and 1250 A.D. and grew to become an even more significant trans-Saharan trading center than its neighbor. By the fourteenth century, gold, kola, and slaves from the southern savanna, salt and manuscripts from the Sahara, and the staple foods of the Inland Niger Delta were bartered here in an extensive web of trade reaching as far as northern Africa and Europe. By the sixteenth century, Jenne had become one of the foremost market centers on the African continent.” Source: Inland Niger Delta | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Architecture in Timbuktu

Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion?Newsrescue.com

The Kongo Kingdom (1300s-1600s)

Kongo

• 14th century- Kongo was a centralized state along the west coast of central Africa

• 1482- Portuguese arrive and establish relations with the king

• King Affonso I converted to Catholicism and tried to convert all of his subjects

• Portuguese brought textiles and weapons• Africans supplied Portuguese with gold, silver,

ivory, and slaves (dealt with local leaders)• King felt undermined, and was defeated in a war

by the Portuguese in 1665

Learn more about the Christian Influences in the Kongo!

• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acko/hd_acko.htm

Latin America Before Independence

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/resource/latiname.htm

The Spanish Empire

• 1492- voyages of Columbus• Papal lines of demarcation made Spain in charge of the

New World• Conquistadors (i.e.Cortes, Pizarro) expanded Spanish

Empire• 1535- viceroyalty system started in New Spain• Spread Catholicism• Extracted gold and a lot of silver• Instituted a system of forced labor, the encomienda

system. Clergy protested.• When the encomienda system was abolished in 1542,

African slaves were imported

Portugal

• Brazil- major territory for the Portuguese• Discovered by accident by Pedro Cabral• Portuguese had superior technology and diseases• Exploited natives for labor• Mass conversions to Catholicism• Plantations produced sugarcane• African slaves imported to work on plantations• Brazil was the last country in the Americas to

outlaw slavery (1888)

Maritime Empires AP A

LERT!

spivey.wikispaces.com

Land Empires AP A

LERT!

https://qed.princeton.edu/index.php/User:Student/Eurasian_Land_Empires_c._1700

• A.k.a The Manchus- nomads from the north of China• Manchus had the highest positions in government but

kept the civil service exams• Maintained China’s patriarchal society and footbinding• Han Chinese men had to wear a queue braid• Manchus could not perform manual labor• Intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus forbidden• Chinese could not enter the Manchu homeland• Technological innovation slowed

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Learn more about the queue!

http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History5603.html

A Chinese man with a traditional Chinese queue hair design getting a pedicure

The Tokugawa Shogunate(A.K.A. the Edo Period)

Excerpts from the Closed Country Edict of 1635

• Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.

• No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority.

• If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death.

• If there is any place where the teachings of the [Catholic] priests is practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation.

• All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of the priests.

1640- Every member of a Portuguese delegation was executed upon arrival to Japan

Some cultural achievements during the Tokugawa Era

• Haiku poetry (17 syllable poem)

• Kabuki theater (musical drama)

• Woodblock art

• Bunraku (plays using puppets- 3 puppeteer operation)

http://www.ric.edu/faculty/gpamental/japan/bunraku.html

Kabuki Theater

Woodblock image of Kabuki Theater

http://www.indiana.edu/~ealc100/JArt1.html

The Japanese Feudal System

Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion in this social pyramid?

Code of Bushido!

The Code of Bushido

• The Tale of the 47 Ronin demonstrates the Code of Bushido. There is a lesson that people need to live their lives honorably.

• The story is about a group of samurai who were left masterless in 1701 by the execution of their master, for assaulting a court official whom he felt had insulted him. After over a year of patient waiting and plotting, they succeeded in avenging him by killing the court official. Although they had committed murder, they had done so for that most noble of reasons (to the Japanese) - in obedience to their duty. As a result, they were allowed an honorable death (seppuku).

• The story was turned into a series of Kabuki plays• Q: What central lesson do you think the Tale of 47 Ronin is trying to

convey?

http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc//prints/47ronin.html

Women during the Tokugawa Period• Wives had to obey their

husbands or face a death penalty

• Women received less education than men

• Women were encouraged to pursue artistic and cultural activities

• Sometimes girls were sold into prostitution by their families (they were less valued than boys)

• Some gained status as geishas who were especially talented musicians, artists, and conversationalists

http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2102.html

• Western ideas penetrated Japan via the Dutch despite the Tokugawa policy of isolationism.

• Except for books on Christianity, a ban on western books was removed in 1720.

• In 1736 the importation and translation of Dutch literature on astronomy were ordered by the shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa.

• There were translations of western books on physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography, navigation and military tactics.

The Western Influence on Japan

Monarchies in France and England

France• Estates General• Divine Right• Strong military, wars

for expansion• High taxes • Organized

bureaucracy

England• Parliamentary

monarchy• Glorious Revolution

1689 limited power of monarch

• High taxes• Organized

bureaucracy

Louis XIV(r. 1661-1715)

• The Sun King• Built Versailles• Revocation of Nantes

1683• Mercantilism (under

finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert)

Q: Why was Louis XIV known as the “Sun King?”

The Royal PalaceVersailles, France

It’s not as glamorous as it seems…

Versailles reservations…Yes, I have a room available.Well, we have 226 rooms Altogether. Of course, we do Have 1000 nobles and their4000 servants occupying them…Not all rooms have windows, Sir.We do have some rooms with Windows, but the smell of theOutdoor latrines seep through them…

Decisions, Decisions…

Sir, if you prefer weDo have theCloset-like roomsWithout windows…Would you like toCome in the winter soYou can freeze? Or doYou prefer to stay hereIn the summer so youCan broil?

Perspectives on the Past

The Rise of the Russian Empire

• Ivan III (aka Ivan the Great) stopped paying tribute to the Mongol Empire in 1480

• Established a strong central government ruled by a czar who ruled by divine right

• After the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/ivanthegreat.html

The Expansion of the Russian Empire

Peter I (Peter the Great)• Reign: 1682-1721• Strict autocrat and firm believer in military

power• Began the “westernization” movement in

Russia• Beard Tax• Developed “Secret Police” who prevented

dissent and supervise bureaucracy• Gained territory on eastern coast of Baltic Sea• Created first Russian navy• Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg• Agriculture was the focus of the economy;

serfdom encouraged

Catherine The Great • Reign : 1762- 1796• Westernization policies (art,

architecture, justice)• Reduced severe punishments for

crimes• Advanced Russia’s borders to Black

Sea & waged 2 successful wars against Ottoman Empire

• Founded Russia’s first college of medicine

• Brought ideas of the Enlightenment to Russia

• Strictly enforced serfdom

Social System of the Russian Empire

CZARS

Assumed throneBy bloodline line

NOBLES

Provincial governors

SERFS

Peasants; labor sources to support economy

Now for the Comparative Essay…

• 2007 AP World Exam

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/exam/exam_information/216943.html