Starry stonewort: What is it, what do we know, what do we need to … · 2016. 10. 28. · Otb...
Transcript of Starry stonewort: What is it, what do we know, what do we need to … · 2016. 10. 28. · Otb...
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Starry stonewort: What is it, what do we Starry stonewort: What is it, what do we know, what do we need to know?know, what do we need to know?
Dan LarkinDan LarkinAIS SummitAIS SummitO t b 6 2016O t b 6 2016October 6, 2016October 6, 2016
Photo: Dave Hansen
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OverviewOverview
• Introduction to starry stonewortstarry stonewort
• Knowledge gaps and researchand research
• Identification and detectiondetection
Photo: Dave Hansen
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Peoplep• Research team
• Ranjan• Ranjan Muthukrishnan (postdoc)
• Wes Glisson• Wes Glisson (research fellow)
• Mike Verhoeven (grad student)(grad. student)
• Carli Wagner (undergrad.)
• MAISRC• MAISRC collaborators
• Luis Escobar• Nick Phelps• Megan Weber
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PeoplePeople
Starry stonewort yworking group• MnDNR• University of Wisconsin• Central Michigan g
University• New York Botanical
G dGarden• University of Geneva
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Starry stonewortStarry stonewort
Nitellopsis obtusap• Green algae
Harmful blue-green algae
Three domains of living organisms(Gogarten, Taiz et al. 2015)(Gogarten, Taiz et al. 2015)
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Starry stonewortStarry stonewort
Nitellopsis obtusap• Charophyte
Phylogeny of green plants, Viridiplantae(Soltis Lab)
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Starry stonewortStarry stonewort
• Closely related toMcCourt et al. 1996Closely related to
stoneworts / muskgrasses native t Mi t
1996
to Minnesota• Ecologically
importantimportant• Water quality• Habitat
Chara aspera C. contraria Nitella flexilis
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Starry stonewortStarry stonewort
• Native to Eur & AsiaNative to Eur. & Asia• Red listed (CHE, CZE,
FIN, DEU, GBR, JPN, SWE), , , , )• Special concern• Near threatened
V l bl• Vulnerable • Endangered• Regionally extinct Photo: Scott Browng y
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Reproduction and spreadReproduction and spread
Di i l l• Dioecious, only males in North America to datedate
• Spread here by fragments and bulbils
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Reproduction and spreadReproduction and spread
C t t d i l k• Concentrated in lakes w/ accesses and high-use areashigh use areas
• Human movement
Photo: www mymuskegonow com/Photo: www.mymuskegonow.com/
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Invasion historyInvasion history
R l ti l i d• Relatively new invader• Quickly gaining ground• Increasing concern for AIS management
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Invasion processInvasion process
Long termLong-term management
ce
Containment
Abu
ndan
c
PreventionEradication
Species absent
Rare, localized
Rapidly increasing
Widespread and abundant
Invasion stage g(time→)
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Invasion processInvasion process
Long termLong-term management
ce
Containment
Abu
ndan
c
PreventionEradication curlyleaf
pondweed
hydrilla
Species absent
Rare, localized
Rapidly increasing
Widespread and abundant
Invasion stage g(time→)
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Invasion processInvasion process
Long termLong-term management
ce
Containment
Abu
ndan
c
starry t t
PreventionEradication curlyleaf
pondweed
hydrillastonewort
Species absent
Rare, localized
Rapidly increasing
Widespread and abundant
Invasion stage g(time→)
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Invasion processInvasion process
Long termStage of high Long-term management
ce
Stage of high uncertainty
Containment
Abu
ndan
c
starry t t
PreventionEradication
stonewort
Species absent
Rare, localized
Rapidly increasing
Widespread and abundant
Invasion stage g(time→)
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Invasion processInvasion process
Long termHow many lakes? Long-term management
cey
• Curlyleaf ~750• Eurasian ~330• Flowering rush ~36
Containment
Abu
ndan
c
starry t t
PreventionEradication
stonewort
Species absent
Rare, localized
Rapidly increasing
Widespread and abundant
Invasion stage g(time→)
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Invasion processInvasion process
H h f• How much of an invaded lake?
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Knowledge gapsKnowledge gaps
T di t ib ti• True distribution• Ecological impacts• Spread potential• Effective treatments
Larkin et al. In prep. ireview paper
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Knowledge gapsKnowledge gaps
T di t ib tiTrue distribution• Need expert
verificationverification• Need more search
efforteffort
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Knowledge gapsKnowledge gaps
E l i l i tEcological impacts• Concern about
potential effects onpotential effects on• Plant diversity• Fish habitat• Ecosystem condition
• No peer-reviewed lit t iliterature, rigorous data
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Spread potentialSpread potential
Wh t i it l i l “ i h ”?• What is its ecological “niche”?• Where are those conditions available?
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Spread potentialSpread potential
Used climate to predict invasion (ecological niche modeling)Used climate to predict invasion (ecological niche modeling)• Occurrences from native and invaded ranges• Examined relationship to climatic factors
P di t d t ti l f i• Predicted potential for range expansion
http://www.unil.ch/
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Ecological niche modelEcological niche model
O• Occurrences
Escobar et al. 2016. Sci. Reports
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Ecological niche modelEcological niche model
• Predictions of suitable habitat
Escobar et al. 2016. Sci. Reports
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Ecological niche modelEcological niche model
• Uninvaded areas (Mid-Atlantic, Great Plains, ( , ,Intermountain West) potential high suitability
Escobar et al. 2016. Sci. Reports
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Ecological niche modelEcological niche model
• Minnesota may have limited suitabilityy y
Escobar et al. 2016. Sci. Reports
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Ecological niche modelEcological niche model
U f t t l d l• Unfortunately, model now being tested
TurtleUpper Red Moose
CassTurtle Winnibigoshish
Moose
KoronisRice
Sylviay
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Ecological niche modelEcological niche model
I SSW li t• Is SSW climate-limited in Minn.?
• Correlative models• Correlative models• Nature full of
surprises (e gsurprises (e.g., Upper Red)
© Photomonger
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Climate tolerance experimentsClimate tolerance experiments
SSW lt i l b• SSW cultures in lab• Will mimic potentially
range limitingrange-limiting conditions
• Duration• Photoperiod• Light quality
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Scaling down to Minn lakesScaling down to Minn. lakes
Ch i t f SSW l kChemistry of SSW lakes• High pH• High conductivity
• Ca• Mg• Mg
• Wide N, P rangesbased on data from NY (Sleith)based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon)
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Scaling down to Minn lakesScaling down to Minn. lakes
Ch i t f SSW l k What lakes is it found in now?
Chemistry of SSW lakes• High pH
What are physiochemical
diti f th
• High conductivity• Ca• Mg conditions of these
lakes?• Mg
• Wide N, P rangesbased on data from NY (Sleith)
Which Minnesota lakes overlap with these conditions?
based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon)
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Scaling down to Minn lakesScaling down to Minn. lakes
Ch i t f SSW l k What lakes is it found in now?
Chemistry of SSW lakes• High pH
What are environmental
diti f th
• High conductivity• Ca• Mg conditions of these
lakes?• Mg
• Wide N, P rangesbased on data from NY (Sleith)
Which Minnesota lakes overlap with these conditions?
based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon)
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Scaling down to Minn lakesScaling down to Minn. lakes
Ch i t f SSW l k What lakes is it found in now?
Chemistry of SSW lakes• High pH
What are environmental
diti f th
• High conductivity• Ca• Mg conditions of these
lakes?• Mg
• Wide N, P rangesbased on data from NY (Sleith)
Which Minnesota lakes overlap with these conditions?
based on data from NY (Sleith) and Europe (Rey-Boissezon)
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Overland spreadOverland spread
If t i t d• If contaminated boat… how long does material stay viable?material stay viable?
Photo: NYS DECPhoto: NYS DEC
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Overland spreadOverland spread
D i ti t i lDesiccation trials• Still able to grow after
1h 2h 4h 8h ?1h, 2h, 4h, 8h….?
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Starry stonewort controlStarry stonewort control
Difficult to control starry ystonewort• No vasculature• “Haircut”—dead tops,
able to resprout• No publications
Pullman and Crawford 2010
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Starry stonewort controlStarry stonewort control
Difficult to control starry ystonewort• “Seedbank” of bulbils
left behind• Herbicide sensitivity of
b lbil kbulbils unknown
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Starry stonewort controlStarry stonewort control
• Testing sensitivity of plants and bulbils to g y pdifferent herbicides
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Starry stonewort controlStarry stonewort control
• Lab trials• Chelated copper
algaecides• Non copper herbicides• Non-copper herbicides
(diquat, endothall, flumioxazin)
Photo: MAISRC Facebook
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Starry stonewort controlStarry stonewort control
• Non-target effects on gnative charophytes and vascular plants
Photos: Ville Karvinen, articulo.mercadolibre.com.ec/, Gary Fleming, C. B. Hellquist)
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Starry stonewort controlStarry stonewort control
I l k t t t t• In-lake treatment outcomes• Upper Red• CassCass• Moose
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IdentificationIdentification
• May grow dense, tally g ,• Can have robust,
plant-like appearance underwaterunderwater
Photo: Paul Skawinski
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IdentificationIdentification
• May grow dense, tally g ,• Can form thick mats
Photos: Dan Larkin, Minnesota DNR
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IdentificationIdentification
• Whorls of 4-6 long branchlets
Photo: Paul Skawinski
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IdentificationIdentification
• Whorls of 4-6 long branchlets
Photo: Scott Brown
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IdentificationIdentification
• Small, star-,shaped bulbils
Photos, L-R: Dan Larkin, MN DNR, Paul Skawinski
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IdentificationIdentification• Unlike most Chara, smooth stems
YouTube: Starry stonewort identification, Paul Skawinski (UWEX)
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IdentificationIdentification• Unlike Nitella, asymmetrical branching
YouTube: Starry stonewort identification, Paul Skawinski (UWEX)
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IdentificationIdentification• More stiff out of water
YouTube: Starry stonewort identification, Paul Skawinski (UWEX)
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Starry trekStarry trek
• Minnesota & WisconsinMinnesota & Wisconsin• Statewide, coordinated
shoreline searches• Tentative date:
Saturday, Aug. 5th, 2017 y, g ,
Photo: Dave Hansen
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Questions?Questions?Questions?Questions?
Photo: Dave Hansen