STAR TAP Waves Overview 01/06/05GN1Global Crossing Proprietary Waves Overview Gert Nieveld Global...

STAR TAP Waves Overview

01/06/05 GN1Global Crossing Proprietary

Waves Overview

Gert NieveldGlobal Crossing Europe



1727: Giovanni Pittoni, Monument to Isaac Newton

Waves History: Early Wave Experiments



Optical Wavelength Services

Only 1 year on the market:• Monday April 24, 2000, Rochester, N.Y.

Global Crossing (NYSE:GX) Introduces Wholesale Optical Wavelength Service• Tuesday May 9, 2000, Las Vegas, NV

Level 3 Communications, Inc. (Nasdaq:LVLT) today announced the introduction of Global Wavelength services.

Wave Definition (GX):• 2.5 & 10 Gb/s optical route through the network via an interconnection

at the optical multiplex systemsNote that:

– Full transparency not always guaranteed– Wave may actually be muxed into higher aggregate stream (i.e. 40 Gb/s)



PREFERRED:

Overhead Transparent Carrier Network

Customer Mesh Network

Can the full 2.5 G capacity be used for IP?

Packet Customer view:

• End-to-end link: Protection handled at IP multiplex layers

• Protection features of SDH/SONET are generally unexploited.

• Transparent end-to-end link allows in-band TMN signaling

• Signal protocol must be consistent (i.e. SONET OR SDH)



Transparency: SDH Overhead Components

Path

Multiplex Section

REGEN Section

PATHTERMINATINGEQUIPMENT

(PTE)

REGENSDH

TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER

PDH PDH

REGENMUX SECTIONTERMINATINGEQUIPMENT

(MSTE)

MUX SECTIONTERMINATINGEQUIPMENT

(MSTE)

SDH

VCDisassembly

VCAssembly



Global Transparency: SDH Overhead at 2.5 Gb/s level

145 4320

STM-16 Payload

1 97

RSOH

AU Pointer

MSOH

1

9

4

3

5

A1

B1

D10

D7

D4

B2

H1

D1

S1

A1

B2

H1

... A1

E1

B2

H1

D2

A2

D11

D8

D5

K1

H2

... J0

F1

D12

D9

D6

K2

H3

D3

E1

Z0

H3

...

... ... ...

H3

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

A2

H2

A2

H2

M1

49 144

STM-16 Frame38880 BYTES/FRAME * 8 BITS/BYTE * 8000

FRAMES/SEC = 2.488 Gb/s

bit



RSOH

AU Pointer

MSOH

1 97

1

9

43

5

A1

B1

D10

D7

D4

B2

H1

D1

S1

A1

B2

H1

... A1

E1

B2

H1

D2

A2

D11

D8

D5

K1

H2

... J0

F1

D12

D9

D6

K2

H3

D3

E1

Z0

H3

...

... ... ...

H3

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

A2

H2

A2

H2

M1

49 144

1. Semi-Transparent transmission of RSOH overhead bytes2. Semi-Transparent transmission of MSOH overhead bytes3. Recalculates B1 and B2 bytes

Transparency Example: 2.5 Gb/s – 10 Gb/s multiplexers



Multiplexing Methodologies

High Capacity

Fault Tolerance

Multiplexing

Quality of Service

Global Addressing

Feature/Product

SONET/ SDH

1

IP

2+Comm. Process Layer

ATM

2+



“…Like the final supernova of a brilliant star, SONET will blow up to thousands of times its original brightness - - just before it caves in in itself to a dark, silent death.”

George Gilder, Forbes ASAP, 1999

Wavelengths will rule the network by end 2002Wavelengths will rule the network by end 2002



Share of Traffic over SDH/SONET falls as Waves mature



Optical Fibre Cable

Wavelength (nm)

1600 1700140013001200 15001100

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Attenuation(all fibre types)

20

10

0

-10

-20

EDFA

band

DSF (G.653)

Attenuation(dB/km)

Dispersion(ps/nm-km)

45 channels100 GHz spacing

Dispersionunshiftedfibre (G.652)

G.655

500 channels at 100 GHz spacing

C L

<<< Visible Light (500 nm) Infrared (5000 nm) >>>



C and L-band lambda overview (terrestrial applications)

Supervisory Chan

100

50

50

Extended L Band

(nm)

(THz)

1570

186.0 185.0 184.0 183.0 182.0

1605 1610 1615 1620 1625 16651630

190.0 189.0

1575 1580 1585 1590

188.0 187.0

160015951565

191.0

(nm)

(THz) 190.0 189.0

1570 1575 1580 1585 1590

188.0 187.0

16001595

(50GHz), 81 channels ITU G.692

10G or 40G (100 GHz)

192.0193.0194.0196.0 195.0

15551530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1560 1565

ITU Grid Reference Point (193.1THz)

191.0

100

50

Extended C -Band

15251520

197.0

50

10G only (100 GHz)

XC-BandXC-Band

XL-BandXL-Band(50GHz)

10G or 40G (100 GHz)

10G only (100 GHz)



Subsea Fibre Cable, armoured

Courtesy: Alcatel



AC –1 Cable Route



Depth Chart of Atlantic Ocean



Cableship



Subsea Repeater



Ajigaura, Japan04 August 1999

Terminal Stations: Reason #1 for Waves



ATMSwitchATM

Switch

OTU/TxTransponder

OTU/RxTransponder

OpticalMultiplexer

TransmitAmplifier

ReceiveAmplifier

OpticalDe-Multiplexer

DWDMTerminal

Global Crossing POP

IPRouter

IPRouter

OC48STM16SDH/

SONET

OC48STM16SDH/

SONET

ODF/FDP

Vendor Colocation

Meet Me / MidSpan Meet2.5 & 10G

ITU G.957/G.691

LocalLoops

Customer ColocationCustomer Colocation

Optical Network Components

GigE, 2.5G, 10G



Waves with SDH/SONET versus IP: Protection vs. Capacity

POP A POP B

2.5 Gb/sSDH / SONET: 2.5 G max2.5 G fallback capacity

IP/ATM Router: 5 G max2.5 G fallback capacity

POP A POP B

2.5 Gb/s

2.5 Gb/s

POP A POP B

2.5 Gb/s

2.5 Gb/s

2.5 Gb/sIP/ATM Router: 7.5 G max5 G fallback capacity



SAC

PAC

MAC

AC-1

PEC

PC-1GAL

EAC

AC-2

PECNorth American Crossing

Global Crossing Wavelength Deployment (06/01)



Global Networks in 2001

• Waves on terrestrial and subsea will support Networking with N+1 protection (N > 2)

• Reduced protection investment is highly effective:>> Reason # 2 for Waves

• Equipment needs to support both a Ring and Mesh network

• Market pull for Optical Switches



Next Wavelength Technology:Optical Mux / Lambda Router / Optical Wave Cross-connect System

GigE / 2.5 Gb/s

ODF/FDP

Customer Interface

x

OTU

OTU

n

2.5 / 10 / 40 Gb/s

DWDMOptical Mux/

Router/Cross-Connect



Optical Cross-Connects: Lambda Router *

Input OpticalFibre Bundle

Output OpticalFibre Bundle

MEMS control cables

Hermetic Enclosure

Input MEMS Array

Output MEMS Array

• Inherently bit-rate and protocol independent fabric• < 5 ms switch time• Scalable fabric to 1024 x 1024• Cross-connects implemented by re-orienting mirrors• Design for low loss, mechanical stability, simplified assembly

*) WaveStar™ Lambda Router is a Lucent Technologies product0.5 mm



Global Crossing EuropeSDH Network Structure

AC-2

AC-1

AC-1

SDH

SDH

SDHSDH SDH

SDH



Global Crossing

AC-2

AC-1

AC-1’s

’s’s’s

’s

’s

’s’s

• Present:– Waves 10G on subsea and terrestrial networks– Waves GigE & 2.5 G on Metro Rings– Implement Optical Cross-Connects on subsea (AC-1&2)

• Mid 2002: Implement OXC’s on terrestrial networks



Electrical/OpticalServices

SDH/SONET

E

Hybrid CrossConnect(ElectricalSwitching

Fabric @ STS-1/AU-4)

O 10G/2.5G/622M/155M/51M

O

Metro/Access

IP

RouterISW

ISW

Router

GigE/2.5G/10G

OGroomingSwitch

(ElectricalSwitching

Fabric @ STS-1/AU-4)O

O

Metro/Access

ISW

Optical Interconnectivity Architecture

LongDistance

WAVES10GG

Photonic Cross Connect

(Optical SwitchingFabric)

10G/40G

Intelligent Software (ISW)

DWDM

10G/40G

10G/40G

10G/40G

10G/40G

10G/40G

O

O

O

O

O O

LongDistance

DWDM

DWDM

DWDM



Wavelengths and the Future

• Optical Wave services have caused a network revolution:– Core long distance SDH/SONET Rings will be replaced by Meshed networks

using Wave Cross-Connects – Re-invention of “PDH-like” (pre-SDH) network architecture– Semi-Automated optical route protection done < 50 ms

• Improved transport infrastructure will exist for IP/packet services• Electrical/Optical Grooming switches will emerge at periphery• Automated Restoration (algorithm/GMPLS driven) becomes technically feasible.

Operational implementation will take beyond 2002• In the mean time… keep on surfing the waves.

mail: [email protected]

STAR TAP Waves Overview 01/06/05GN1Global Crossing Proprietary Waves Overview Gert Nieveld Global...

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