Standards 4 & 5Standards 4 & 5

Standard 4Standard 4 All organisms respond to their environment. All organisms respond to their environment. A A responseresponse is a reaction to a is a reaction to a stimulusstimulus. For example, if . For example, if

a lion charges a gazelle, the gazelle may respond by a lion charges a gazelle, the gazelle may respond by running away. running away.

Stimulus & Response Video

Most living things have adaptations that help them Most living things have adaptations that help them survive. survive. AdaptationsAdaptations are responses by organisms to are responses by organisms to an internal or environmental stimulus that help them an internal or environmental stimulus that help them survive. survive.

Examples of animal responses to Examples of animal responses to temperature changes temperature changes that help that help maintain internal temperature:maintain internal temperature:

Shedding: Used to maintain internal Shedding: Used to maintain internal temperaturestemperatures

animals form thick coasts of fur to animals form thick coasts of fur to insulate their body from cold weather insulate their body from cold weather

in hot weather animals will shed this in hot weather animals will shed this extra fur, providing a cooling effect. extra fur, providing a cooling effect.

Sweating: Used to get rid of excess Sweating: Used to get rid of excess heatheat

When sweat evaporates from the When sweat evaporates from the surface of the skin, it removes excess surface of the skin, it removes excess heat and cools the animal.heat and cools the animal.

Panting: Used to get rid of Panting: Used to get rid of excess heatexcess heat

When an animal pants When an animal pants (breathes heavily), increased air (breathes heavily), increased air flow causes an increase in flow causes an increase in evaporation from the animal’s evaporation from the animal’s mouth and lungs, cooling the mouth and lungs, cooling the animal.animal.

ShiveringShivering: Used by mammals to : Used by mammals to increase heat production.increase heat production.

Shivering is an involuntary Shivering is an involuntary response to a drop in the response to a drop in the temperature outside or within the temperature outside or within the body,body,

It is a method that the body uses to It is a method that the body uses to increase the rate at which energy is increase the rate at which energy is transformed into heat.transformed into heat.

Examples of other common Examples of other common responses to changes in responses to changes in environmental stimuli:environmental stimuli:

BlinkingBlinking– Blinking is a response to Blinking is a response to

moisture loss; it also provides moisture loss; it also provides protection to the eye. protection to the eye.

– Animals need to blink to keep Animals need to blink to keep their corneas covered with a their corneas covered with a tear film. tear film.

– This tear film serves to protect This tear film serves to protect the eye from drying out and the eye from drying out and from potential infection. from potential infection.

– The blink response also serves The blink response also serves to protect the eye from injury if to protect the eye from injury if a foreign object comes near the a foreign object comes near the eye.eye.

Food gathering: Food gathering: The process The process of finding food by hunting or of finding food by hunting or fishing or the gathering of fishing or the gathering of seeds, berries, or roots, may be seeds, berries, or roots, may be seasonal.seasonal.

Storing food:Storing food: Many Many animals will begin to gather and animals will begin to gather and store food for the winter. One store food for the winter. One such animal is a squirrel or a such animal is a squirrel or a rat.rat.

Storing nutrition in the form of Storing nutrition in the form of fat:fat: Many animals will overeat Many animals will overeat and reduce their physical and reduce their physical activity to conserve energy in activity to conserve energy in response to environmental response to environmental stimuli such as cold weather or stimuli such as cold weather or drought. Ex: Bears, Whales, drought. Ex: Bears, Whales, Seals Seals

Standard 5Standard 5 A complex set of responses to a stimuli is A complex set of responses to a stimuli is

called a called a behaviorbehavior. . Behavioral responses how animals cope Behavioral responses how animals cope

with changes in their environments. with changes in their environments.

Examples of behavioral responses to Examples of behavioral responses to environmental stimuli that animals environmental stimuli that animals exhibit are: exhibit are:

Hibernation : Hibernation : a state of greatly reduced a state of greatly reduced body activity, used to conserve food body activity, used to conserve food stored in the body.stored in the body.– Stimulus is cold weather. Conserves food Stimulus is cold weather. Conserves food

storage in the body. storage in the body. – Some animals "hibernate" for part or all of the Some animals "hibernate" for part or all of the

winter.winter.– The animal’s body temperature drops, its The animal’s body temperature drops, its

heartbeat and breathing slow down, and it uses heartbeat and breathing slow down, and it uses very little energy.very little energy.

– Ex: ants, snakes, black bears, beavers, and Ex: ants, snakes, black bears, beavers, and ground squirrels.ground squirrels.

Migration: Migration: the movement of animals the movement of animals from one place to another in from one place to another in response to seasonal changes. response to seasonal changes. They travel to places where food is They travel to places where food is available.available.– Migrating animals usually use the same routes Migrating animals usually use the same routes

year after year.year after year.– The cycle is controlled by changes in the The cycle is controlled by changes in the

amount of daylight and the weather. amount of daylight and the weather. – Ex: monarch butterflies, orcas, caribou, and Ex: monarch butterflies, orcas, caribou, and

ducks.ducks. DefenseDefense Defense mechanisms vary Defense mechanisms vary

with different types of animals. Some with different types of animals. Some examples are: examples are:

CamouflageCamouflage is a protective coloration is a protective coloration to aid an animal to survive in its to aid an animal to survive in its environment. Some animals develop environment. Some animals develop their camouflage in response to the their camouflage in response to the weather.weather.– The artic fox and snowshoe hare. They The artic fox and snowshoe hare. They

develop a white coat for the winter to blend in develop a white coat for the winter to blend in with the snow and a gray coat in the summer with the snow and a gray coat in the summer to blend in with the forest. The chameleon to blend in with the forest. The chameleon adjust their color to match their surroundings.adjust their color to match their surroundings.

SmellsSmells: Skunks use an offensive : Skunks use an offensive odor in response to fear. The odor in response to fear. The smell is a stream of oily, foul smell is a stream of oily, foul smelling musk that repells smelling musk that repells predators.predators.

StingersStingers: Wasps and bees use a : Wasps and bees use a stinger for protection when stinger for protection when frightened or threatened.frightened or threatened.

EjectionEjection: (Octopus & Squid) : (Octopus & Squid) Release a black ink cloud that Release a black ink cloud that causes the water to get cloudy so causes the water to get cloudy so they can escape from predators. they can escape from predators. When the horned lizard gets really scared, it shoots blood out of its eyes by increasing the blood pressure in its sinuses until they explode. The blood doesn't hurt the lizard's The blood doesn't hurt the lizard's enemy but it scares them, so the enemy but it scares them, so the horned lizard has time to escape.horned lizard has time to escape.

MimicryMimicry: a weaker animal copies : a weaker animal copies stronger animals' stronger animals' characteristics/adaptations to warn characteristics/adaptations to warn off predators. Some flower flies off predators. Some flower flies resemble black and yellow wasps that resemble black and yellow wasps that have a powerful sting and use this have a powerful sting and use this disguise to ward off predators. Ex: disguise to ward off predators. Ex: walking stick, tree hopper looks like a walking stick, tree hopper looks like a leaf, dirt dobber looks like a wasp.leaf, dirt dobber looks like a wasp.

GroupingGrouping: this behavior occurs when : this behavior occurs when certain animals travel in groups to certain animals travel in groups to protect individuals within the group or protect individuals within the group or to fool a predator into thinking the to fool a predator into thinking the group is one large organism. Ex: group is one large organism. Ex: Herds (buffalo, zebra, cattle), packs Herds (buffalo, zebra, cattle), packs (wolves), or schools of fish.(wolves), or schools of fish.

Courtship :Courtship :When adult animals of a When adult animals of a species find a mating pair. species find a mating pair. – Courtship behaviors ensure that males and Courtship behaviors ensure that males and

females of the same species recognize females of the same species recognize each other. each other.

– Environmental stimuli such as warmer Environmental stimuli such as warmer weather and longer days will stimulate weather and longer days will stimulate courtship. courtship.

– Often sensory cues will attract a potential Often sensory cues will attract a potential mate. Chemical odor cues (deer pee) or mate. Chemical odor cues (deer pee) or color (peacocks & turkey) often serve as color (peacocks & turkey) often serve as courtship attractants in animals. courtship attractants in animals.

Animal IntelligenceAnimal Intelligence

Animal AdaptationsAnimal Adaptations

Adapting to Changes Adapting to Changes in Naturein Nature

Science of the Sea: Science of the Sea: Dolphins, Rays, and Dolphins, Rays, and Other Adaptations Other Adaptations

Draw one of these in notebook for each behavior: Hibernation, Migration, Draw one of these in notebook for each behavior: Hibernation, Migration, Camouflage, Smells, Stingers, Ejection, Mimicry, Grouping, and CourtshipCamouflage, Smells, Stingers, Ejection, Mimicry, Grouping, and Courtship

Hibernation

Who?What Process?

When?Where?

Group AssignmentGroup Assignment: Copy this : Copy this organizer on Chart Paperorganizer on Chart Paper